Sections 4 and 5 of the Executive Branch Unit
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Section 4: Evolution of the Presidency
Section 4: Evolution of the Presidency
Some feared that the president would overpower state governments using the military or that they would become just a tool of Senate.
Their biggest fear:
REELECTION (would they try to stay in office for life?)
Some feared that the president would overpower state governments using the military or that they would become just a tool of Senate.
Their biggest fear:
REELECTION (would they try to stay in office for life?)
Plan 1 for election:
Congress to elect the president (quasi-legislative)
Plan 1 for election:
Congress to elect the president (quasi-legislative)
Plan 2 for election
Chosen directly by the voters, but would all voters make an informed decision?
Plan 2 for election
Chosen directly by the voters, but would all voters make an informed decision?
Which one won?
Compromise ----- ELECTORAL COLLEGE!!
Which one won?
Compromise ----- ELECTORAL COLLEGE!!
The First Presidents
Most prominent men in the new nation
In the early years the national government had little to do
The First Presidents
Most prominent men in the new nation
In the early years the national government had little to do
The presidency was kept modest, kept simple, ex. Cannot be on a coin until after death - decided by Congress
Rarely vetoed, only when law seemed unconstitutional. Washington only used two vetoes. TJ and J Adams used 0.
The presidency was kept modest, kept simple, ex. Cannot be on a coin until after death - decided by Congress
Rarely vetoed, only when law seemed unconstitutional. Washington only used two vetoes. TJ and J Adams used 0.
Jacksonians
Vetoed 12 acts, more than all previous presidents
He saw himself as the tribune of the people
Jacksonians
Vetoed 12 acts, more than all previous presidents
He saw himself as the tribune of the people
Jacksonians cont.
Did not shrink from conflict with Congress, only intensified by their personality
Believed in a strong and independent presidency
Jacksonians cont.
Did not shrink from conflict with Congress, only intensified by their personality
Believed in a strong and independent presidency
Reemergence of Congress
After Jackson Congress reestablished much of its power
President largely subordinate to Congress
“No Names” Era
Only Lincoln broke new ground (implied, inherent, and C in Chief)
Reemergence of Congress
After Jackson Congress reestablished much of its power
President largely subordinate to Congress
“No Names” Era
Only Lincoln broke new ground (implied, inherent, and C in Chief)
Presidency now and DIVIDED GOVERNMENT
What is divided government?
One party controls the White House and the other controls Congress
16/24 elections between 1952-2000 produced divided government
Presidency now and DIVIDED GOVERNMENT
What is divided government?
One party controls the White House and the other controls Congress
16/24 elections between 1952-2000 produced divided government
Cont.
Many argue that it produces partisan bickering, political paralysis and policy gridlock, but its not clear whether this really happens.
Divided Government does well on passing important laws, conducting investigations, and ratifying treaties.
Cont.
Many argue that it produces partisan bickering, political paralysis and policy gridlock, but its not clear whether this really happens.
Divided Government does well on passing important laws, conducting investigations, and ratifying treaties.
Cont.
Checks and balances ensure the power struggle between the two branches, NOT divided government
Mid Term Elections -
Presidential party usually loses power
Cont.
Checks and balances ensure the power struggle between the two branches, NOT divided government
Mid Term Elections -
Presidential party usually loses power
White House Office-
Closest assistants have offices in the west wing
They generally oversee the political and policy interests of the presidents
White House Office-
Closest assistants have offices in the west wing
They generally oversee the political and policy interests of the presidents
Section 5: The White House Office
Section 5: The White House Office
They do not have to be confirmed by Senate because they are his/her personal staff
They are usually drawn from the ranks of the presidents campaign staff, and long time associates of the president
He looks toward the staff for advice
They do not have to be confirmed by Senate because they are his/her personal staff
They are usually drawn from the ranks of the presidents campaign staff, and long time associates of the president
He looks toward the staff for advice
Different White House Office Structures
Pyramid Structure
Ike, Nixon, Reagan, Bush Sr
Most assistants report through a hierarchy to a Chief of Staff who then deals directly with the president
Different White House Office Structures
Pyramid Structure
Ike, Nixon, Reagan, Bush Sr
Most assistants report through a hierarchy to a Chief of Staff who then deals directly with the president
Circular Structure
Carter
Cabinet secretaries and assistants report directly to the president
Circular Structure
Carter
Cabinet secretaries and assistants report directly to the president
Ad Hoc Structure
Clinton
Task forces, committees and informal groups of friends and advisors report to president
Ad Hoc Structure
Clinton
Task forces, committees and informal groups of friends and advisors report to president
Which would be most effective?
What style would you want to have?
Which would be most effective?
What style would you want to have?
Executive Office of the Presidency
Agencies and the bureaucracy
These appointments must be confirmed by Senate
Helps carry out presidents administration’s responsibilities
3 issues - Domestic, Foreign and Military
Executive Office of the Presidency
Agencies and the bureaucracy
These appointments must be confirmed by Senate
Helps carry out presidents administration’s responsibilities
3 issues - Domestic, Foreign and Military
Chief of Staff -
Top Aide to pres
Manages executive office and can control access to the pres
Because of this they have a tremendous impact on the effectiveness of president and Cabinet
Chief of Staff -
Top Aide to pres
Manages executive office and can control access to the pres
Because of this they have a tremendous impact on the effectiveness of president and Cabinet
Chief of Staff cont.
President has trust in this person
usually a long time aide or friend
Rahm Emanuel
Chief of Staff cont.
President has trust in this person
usually a long time aide or friend
Rahm Emanuel
National Security Council
Headed by the National Security Advisor, Stephen Hadley
Direct access to president in matters relating to military and foreign policy
National Security Council
Headed by the National Security Advisor, Stephen Hadley
Direct access to president in matters relating to military and foreign policy
cont
Largely free from congressional oversight and because of this it has become a favorite resource of presidents
cont
Largely free from congressional oversight and because of this it has become a favorite resource of presidents
Examples where presidents used the National Security Council
JFK-Cuban Missile Crisis
Reagan - Iran Contra
Bush Sr. and the Gulf War
Examples where presidents used the National Security Council
JFK-Cuban Missile Crisis
Reagan - Iran Contra
Bush Sr. and the Gulf War
Domestic Policy Council
Assist president in formulating policies relating to:
Energy, education, agriculture, natural resources, economic affairs, health and human resources, welfare reform, drug abuse, crime
Domestic Policy Council
Assist president in formulating policies relating to:
Energy, education, agriculture, natural resources, economic affairs, health and human resources, welfare reform, drug abuse, crime
Council of Economic Advisors
Help to make national economic policy
Designed to increase prosperity
Council of Economic Advisors
Help to make national economic policy
Designed to increase prosperity
US Trade Representatives
Responsible for negotiating complex trade and tariff agreements for the president
GATT (General Agreements on Tariff and Trade) and NAFTA are negotiated by the Trade Representatives on behalf of the president and with the guidance of the White House
US Trade Representatives
Responsible for negotiating complex trade and tariff agreements for the president
GATT (General Agreements on Tariff and Trade) and NAFTA are negotiated by the Trade Representatives on behalf of the president and with the guidance of the White House
Office of Management and BUDGET
Budget Bureau then OMB in 1921
Assembles and analyzes figures that go into the national budget which president submits to Congress
Office of Management and BUDGET
Budget Bureau then OMB in 1921
Assembles and analyzes figures that go into the national budget which president submits to Congress
OMB cont.
Studies over executive organizations and their operations
Reviews proposals of Cabinet departments
Lots of power because they have the ability to allocate $ to Cabinet departments through the budget process
OMB cont.
Studies over executive organizations and their operations
Reviews proposals of Cabinet departments
Lots of power because they have the ability to allocate $ to Cabinet departments through the budget process
The Cabinet
Procedure of tradition
Constitution does not mention this
They do not have all that much influence over presidential decisions, but it also matters on the president
The Cabinet
Procedure of tradition
Constitution does not mention this
They do not have all that much influence over presidential decisions, but it also matters on the president
Cabinet cont.
15 major departments, newest is the Department of Homeland Security
Can be dismissed at the president’s will
Cabinet cont.
15 major departments, newest is the Department of Homeland Security
Can be dismissed at the president’s will
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