Section 1 Seat 14 Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company
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Project Feasibility Study and Evaluation
(1203302)
Present to
Aj.Chaiyawat Thongintr
Created by
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company
Section 1
Semester 2/2555
Mae Fah Luang University
I
Preface
This project is a part of a feasibility for
study and evaluation in subject of Project
Feasibility Study and Evaluation (1203302). The
Purpose of this project is to explain how to make
the business plan of the Ton-Yang Rubber and
Latex Company.
Course in the second semester of 2012 year
academic. In this project studies the feasibility of
locating a rubber factory in Chanthaburi which are
included generally in rubber business management,
competitive analysis, market feasibility, the
technical process in a rubber factory, financial
feasibility, and also risk management. This project
makes everyone who interested to get knowledge
and information about rubber factory before
making decision to investment, including pre-
operation process and operation process of rubber
factory, for the benefit to invest and profit by doing
this rubber factory.
Student or entrepreneur who interest about
rubber business or rubber industry in Thailand
should read this project.We expect that our project
will provide benefits more and more interested
person, moreover, if they are any error in this
project or whatever, our group will make an
apologize at this opportunity.
II
Table of contents
Exclusive Summary…………………………………………………………………...IV
Chapter 1: Introduction………………………………………………………………..1
Background and Significance of the Project…………………………….2
Project Objective…………………………………………………….......3
Benefits of Project……………………………………………………….3
Activities/Time Frame…………………………………………………...4
Conclusion……………………………………………………………….6
Chapter 2: Industry Profile…………………………………………………………....7
Nature of Industry………………………………………………………..8
Situation of Industry……………………………………………………45
Product………………………………………………………………….54
Conclusion……………………………………………………………...63
Chapter 3: Market Feasibility Study……………….………………………………..64
Market Analysis………………………………………………………...65
STP Analysis…………………………………………………………...70
Marketing Mix Strategy………………………………………………...72
Sales Forecast…………………………………………………………..81
Marketing Expenses……………………………………………………87
Conclusion……………………………………………………………...97
Chapter 4: Investment Cost…………….…………………………………………….98
Cost of Investment……………………………………………………...99
Depreciation…………………………………………………………...119
Conclusion…………………………………………………………….120
Chapter 5: Production and Operations Analysis………….……………………….121
Product Characteristics………………………………………………..122
Specification, Feathers, Dimension, Life Time……………………….123
Production Process……………………………………………………131
III
Table of contents
Operating Cost………………………………………………………...132
Conclusion…………………………………………………………….146
Chapter 6: Administration analysis…………………………………….…………..147
Facility cost……………………………………………………………148
Team management…………………………………………………….151
Salary………………………………………………………………….156
Organization chart…………………………………………………….156
Conclusion…………………………………………………………….165
Chapter 7: Financial Analysis………………………………………………………166
Financial Assumption for Business…………………………………...167
Profit/ Loss Statement……………………………………170
Cash Flow………………………………………………...178
Balance Sheet……………………………………………186
Conclusion…………………………………………………………….190
Chapter 8: Risk Management………………………………………………………191
External risk…………………………………………………………...192
Internal risk……………………………………………………………193
General risk……………………………………………………………194
Conclusion…………………………………………………………….203
Chapter 9: Summary………………………………………………………………...204
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………….206
Appendix……………………………………………………………………………...214
Group members…………………………………………………...…………………297
IV
Exclusive Summary
Rubber and Latex industry is our business. It is located at 8 moo 7 Tambol
Khunsong, Amphoe Kaenghangmaew, Chanthaburi Province.‘ Kind of business it‘s
about rubber and latex. Our products are Concentrated Latex and Ribbed Smoked Sheet
(RSS). At the beginning of investment, we will invest just small areas of factory and in
the 3rd
year we will make it be bigger and we will get a profit back on the second years
of business. About the processes of our business, we will take a rubber from the rubber
gardener by our truck; we classified our customers to be 2 types of customer. First, it‘s
our customer that we will bring their rubber every morning and they are the customer
that near our factory and the second is the customer that far a ways from our factory, we
will use tanks 200 litters and if they get full about 5-10 or however that they want we
will go to take it in their garden. After we got rubber we will separated rubber into 2
parts, for the first part we use it to make Ribbed Smoked Sheet and other rubber that we
have left we will put it in the big tank and when we get it enough we will take it to the
bigger company like D.S. Rubber and latex, it‘s located in Rayong province and it‘s far
from our factory just 58 km. Our business was a great business, because being we knew
that rubber and latex are getting popular for nowadays and it can make a good profit,
good income but just invest only once in the beginning.
1
Chapter1:
Introduction
This chapter will be consists information following:
Background and
Significance of the
Project
Project Objectives Benefits of Project
Activities/Time Frame
Conclusion
2
Figure 1.1 Rubber Plantation
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background and Significance of the project
Rubber is water repellent and resistant to alkalies and weak acids. Rubber is
elasticity, toughness, impermeability; adhesiveness and electrical resistance make it
useful as an adhesive, a coating composition, a fiber, a molding compound and an
electrical insulator. In general, synthetic rubber has the following advantages over
natural rubber: better aging and
weathering, more resistance to oil,
solvents, oxygen, ozone, chemical
and resilience over a wider
temperature range. The advantages of
natural rubber are less buildup of heat
from flexing and greater resistance to
tearing when hot.1
This project was chosen because we thought that nowadays rubber is becoming
a popular industry. As we know that rubber are significantly economic plant of Thailand
and an important plant not only for world economic strategies but also for the use of
living of humankind. The more social development, the more requirements of products
made of rubber for people utilization is increasing every day. In our daily life, we are
always involving with products made of Rubber. Rubber products have long been
grown with its best outcome year after year and Thailand is the largest land of rubber
plantation in the world.2
Our business would be located in Chanthaburi at 8 M.7 TambolKhunsong,
AmphoeKaenghangmaew, Chanthaburi province. We were chosen this place because in
1908, PoomPoonnasri we was taken rubber trees to growth in Chanthaburi and it was
growth up as well, and then after that he was flexible to growth it in other provinces of
Eastern part of Thailand such as Rayong and Trad, after that rabber was became to an
important economic product of Eastern part of Thailand. After that has many people
1 http://education.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/rubber
2 http://www.murickens.com/realestate/HistoryOfRubber.asp
3
tried to take rubber trees to growth in other parts of Thailand such as on the North-
Eastern and the North of Thailand but it was not successful to do it like in Eastern and
South of Thailand.3 So we have decided this place to our location because in Amphoe
Kanghangmaew districts have a lot of rubber farm but nobody was building rubber
manufacture and there is no competitor and it‘s good to investment here.
1.2 Project Objectives
Our company it would be remarkable success over the years and can be
attributed to our long experience, unparalleled expertise and strategic planning, enabling
us to thrive even in the worst economic situation. Our most important asset is our
workforce. We value above all the professional operating methods of our management
team and well trained staff.
We hope that this project would be a benefit to everyone who is interesting to do
a business like the rubber industry. This project has a lot of information to you, such as
the definition of rubber, the history of rubber; types of rubber included the knowledge
of rubber industry so you can learn how to be a good investor or how to invest of this
kind of business.
1.3 Benefit of Project
We will know about the way to solve the problem in the real situations.
We will know about an arrangement and implementation of the plans.
Understand the financial for our business, the way to think about how
could we get more and more profit and less than that we have an
expended.
We know the strategies too appropriately and can apply it.
Well know about the information of competitors.
We can apply the information to makes it real in our real life.
We know how to do and manage this kind of business.
3 http://www.yangpara.com/gernaral/history.htm
4
1.4 Activities/Time Frame
Operation Methods
Nov-12 Dec-12 Jan-13 Feb-13
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1. Discuss about ideas to create
topics.
2. Select the topic.
3. Prepare to the presentation.
4. Discuss about background of
project.
5. Create project objective, benefit
and create project time frame.
6. Discuss industry profile.
7. Create Products and
Services, Situation, Mission,
vision and Strategy.
8. Discuss about Market
Feasibility Study.
9. Create Market Analysis,
Marketing Mix, Strategy and
Sales Forecast.
10. Review part 1-3
11. Discuss about Technical
Feasibility Study and Financial
Analysis
5
Operation Methods
Nov-12 Dec-12 Jan-13 Feb-13
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
12. Create Production and
Operations Analysis, Pre-
Operating Cost, Investment Cost,
Operating Cost and management
analysis.
13. Create Statement, cash flow
and balance sheet.
14. Create VCD/DVD advertise
15. Review all part of project.
16. Prepare draft of final report.
1.5 Brand of Company
6
1.6 Conclusion
Rubber and latex are important products of Thailand. It does can make a good of
profit and income of the business. Our factory is located at 8 moo 7, Tambol Khunsong,
Amphoe Khaenghangmaew, Chanthaburi province. We were chosen this kind of
business to become our project because it can make a good profit and more income for
our company. Our company it would be remarkable success over the years and can be
attributed to our long experiences. Our most important asset is our workforce. In our
organization consists with a good professional and well trained stuff.
7
Chapter2:
Industry Profile This chapter will be consists information following:
Nature of Industry
Situation of Industry
Product/Service
(In General)
Conclusion
8
Figure 2.1 Ribbed Smoked Sheets
Figure 2.2 Natural Rubber
Chapter 2: Industry Profile
2.1 Nature of Industry
Introduction Rubber
In 1736, a French astronomer was sent
by his government to Peru to measure an arc of
the meridian; He brought home samples of the
milky fluid and reported that the Indians used it
for lighting. He wrote that it burned without a
wick very brightly and that the Indians made
shoes from it which was waterproof. The Indians
collected the gummy fluid from trees in pear-shaped bottles on the necks of which they
fasten wooden tubes. Pressure on the bottle sends the liquid squirting out of the tube, so
they resemble syringes. Their name for the fluid, he added, was cachucha or
caoutchouc. Thirty-four years later, an English writer wrote about a different use for the
tree gum and a new name. A stationer accidentally discovered that it would erase pencil
marks and as it came from the Indies and rubbed, of course it was renamed India
rubber.4
Definitions of Rubber
Rubber is water repellent and resistant to
alkalies and weak acids. Rubber‘s elasticity,
toughness, impermeability, adhesiveness and
electrical resistance make it useful as an
adhesive, a coating composition, a fiber, a
molding compound and an electrical insulator.
In general, synthetic rubber has the following
advantages over natural rubber: better aging and
weathering, more resistance to oil, solvents,
4http://inventors.about.com/cs/inventorsalphabet/a/rubber_2.htm
9
Figure 2.3 Natural Rubber
oxygen, ozone, certain chemical and resilience over a wider temperature range. The
advantages of natural rubber are less buildup of heat from flexing and greater resistance
to tearing when hot.5
Background of Rubber
Rubber was known to the indigenous people of the Americas long before the
arrival of European explorers. In 1525, Padre d‘Anghieria reported that he had seen
Mexican tribes people playing with elastic balls. The first scientific study of rubber was
undertaken by Charles de la Condamine, when he encountered it during his trip to Peru
in 1735. A French engineer that Condamine met in Guiana, Fresnau studied rubber on
its home ground, reaching the conclusion that this
was nothing more than a ―type of condensed
resinous oil‖. The first use of rubber was an
eraser. It was Magellan, a descendent of the
famous Portuguese navigator, who suggested this
use. In England, Priestley popularized it to the
extent that it became known as India rubber.6
The para rubber tree is indigenous to South America. Charles Marie de La
Condamine is credited with introducing samples of rubber to the Academic Royale des
Sciences of France in 1736. In 1751, he presented a paper by François Fresneau to the
Academic (eventually published in 1755) which described many of the properties of
rubber. This has been referred to as the first scientific paper on rubber. In England, it
was observed by Joseph Priestley, in 1770, that a piece of the material was extremely
good for rubbing off pencil marks on paper, hence the name rubber. Later it slowly
made its way around England.
South America remained the main source of the limited amounts of latex rubber
that were used during much of the 19th century. In 1876, Henry Wickham gathered
thousands of para rubber tree seeds from Brazil, and these were germinated in Kew
Gardens, England. The seedlings were then sent to India, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Indonesia,
Singapore and British Malaya. Malaya (now Malaysia) was later to become the biggest
producer of rubber. In the early 1900s, the Congo Free State in Africa was also a
5http://education.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/rubber
6http://www.iisrp.com/WebPolymers/00Rubber_Intro.pdf
10
significant source of natural rubber latex, mostly gathered by forced labor. Liberia and
Nigeria also started production of rubber.
In India, commercial cultivation of natural rubber was introduced by the British
planters, although the experimental efforts to grow rubber on a commercial scale in
India were initiated as early as 1873 at the Botanical Gardens, Calcutta. The first
commercial Hevea plantations in India were established at Thattekadu in Kerala in
1902. In the 19th and early 20th century, it was often called "India rubber".7
History of Rubber
History of rubber in the world
Mentioned by Spanish and Portuguese writers in the 16th century rubber did not
attract the interest of Europeans until reports about it were made (1736–51) to the
French Academy of Sciences by Charles de la Condamine and Francois Fresneau.
Pioneer research in finding rubber solvents and in waterproofing fabrics was done
before 1800, but rubber was used only for elastic bands and erasers, and these were
made by cutting up pieces imported from Brazil. Joseph Priestley is credited with the
discovery c.1770 of its use as an eraser, thus the name rubber. The first rubber factory in
the world was established near Paris in 1803, the first in England by Thomas Hancock
in 1820. Hancock devised the forerunner of the masticator (the rollers through which the
rubber is passed to partially break the polymer chains), and in 1835 Edwin Chaffee, an
American, patented a mixing mill and a calendar (a press for rolling the rubber into
sheets). In 1823, Charles Macintosh found a practical process for waterproofing fabrics,
and in 1839 Charles Goodyear discovered vulcanization, which revolutionized the
rubber industry. The demand for rubber insulation by the electrical industry and the
invention of the pneumatic tire extended the demand for rubber.
7http://www.bouncing-balls.com/timeline/people/nr_condamine.htm
11
Figure 2.4
Phraya RatsadanupraditMahisonPhakdi
Despite Brazil's legal restrictions, seeds of the tree were smuggled to England in
1876. The resultant seedlings were sent to Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and later too many
tropical regions, especially the Malay area and Java and Sumatra, beginning the
enormous East Asian rubber industry. Here the plantations were so carefully cultivated
and managed that the relative importance of Amazon rubber diminished. American
rubber companies, as a step toward diminishing foreign control of the supply, enlarged
their plantation holdings in Liberia and in South and Central America. During World
War I, Germany made a synthetic rubber, but it was too expensive for peacetime use. In
1927 a less costly variety was invented, and in 1931 neoprene was made, both in the
United States. German scientists developed Buna rubber just prior to World War II.
When the importation of natural rubber from the East Indies was cut off during World
War II, the United States began large-scale manufacture of synthetic rubber,
concentrating on Buna S. Today synthetic rubber accounts for about 60% of the world's
rubber production.8
History of rubber in Thailand
The idea to bring rubber trees planted in
Thailand was first thought when Phraya
RatsadanupraditMahisonPhakdi visited in Malaysia. He
saw the Malays planting the runner trees and they
produced better productivity. So he was interested to take
rubber trees planted in Thailand but at that time the
owner of rubber plantations did not want to give him the
rubber breed. In 1901 PhraSathonSathaphitak visited
Indonesia and could bring rubber seeding which their
roots were wrapped by moistened cotton and wrapped
again with the newspaper before containing into rain tree
wooden boxes. Then he came back Thailand immediately
by his personal steam boat.
8http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/rubber-history.html
12
Figure 2.5 Natural Rubber
There were 4 boxes of rubber seeding which were planted in front of
PhraSathonSathaphitak‘s house at Kantang district, Trang province. Nowadays, there is
only one left in front of the Agriculture cooperative. PhraSathonSathaphitak expanded
the planting area about 45 plantations. It could be considered that
PhraSathonSathanphitak was the first rubber plantation owner of Thailand. After that
Phraya Ratsadanupradit sent the group of provincial Governors Marshals, village chiefs
and Headmen going to study the method of rubber growing abroad. Then he assigned
them to teach and support about rubber growing and rubber seeding contribution. It
could be said that this time was an era of rubber booming which called ―Tesa Rubber‖.
Now rubber trees were planted in the South and the East which there are about 9
million plantations owned by 5 hundred thousand Families. Rubber is significant to be
an economic plant of Thailand after rice. It makes income for the country about billions
baht per year. So PrayaRatsadanupraditMahisonPhakdi was praised to be the ―Father of
Rubber‖.9
History of rubber in Chanthaburi province.
In 1908, PoomPoonnasri we were taken rubber trees for growth in Chanthaburi
province and it was growing up as well, and then after that he was flexible to grow it in
other provinces of Eastern part of Thailand such as Rayong and Trad province, after that
rubber was becoming to an important economic product of Eastern part of Thailand.
After that has many people trying to take rubber trees to grow in other parts of Thailand
such as on the North-Eastern and the North of Thailand but it was not successful to do it
like in the East and South of Thailand.10
Evolutions of Rubber
Not until recently it was originally
thought that rubber was first discovered in
Europe in the nineteenth century; when in
fact its roots stem back to the year sixteen-
hundred B.C. A professor at M.I.T. By the
name of Dorothy Hosler and a couple of
9http://www.rubber.co.th/web/history_en.php
10http://www.yangpara.com/gernaral/history.htm
13
Figure 2.6 Natural Rubber
her associates started to do some research and they traced back the usage of rubber back
to the Mayan‘s of Mesoamerica. Mesoamerica is now known to the world as South
America. The Mayan‘s discovered a plant that produced a sap that had sticky and
springy characteristics. This plant today is now commonly known as a rubber plant.
This sap was known as latex which the Mayan‘s used to bind things together like ax
heads to their handles. Once the latex material is exposed to the air it becomes even
more durable and had a better springy quality to it. The latex by itself is not very useful
although; it is not that durable and tended to not stay in the shape that it was molded
into. After experimenting with the latex the Mayan‘s eventually found out that if they
mixed the latex with the juice of morning glory vines the new substance became twice
as durable, more elastic, and a lot less brittle. The good thing about mixing the sap with
the morning glory juice is that these two plants tended to grow close to one another
which made it easier to harvest them.
In 1791 an Englishman named Samuel Peal
discovered how to waterproof clothing by mixing
rubber with turpentine. This discovery made rubber the
most sought after material in the world. Everything
being sold in Europe at the time was being made from
rubber; from boots to jackets. People could not get
enough of this material; it seemed as though it had
changed the world forever. It wasn‘t till 1839 until a
bankrupt hardware merchant from Philadelphia by the
name of Charles Goodyear realized that rubber had so
much potential. He was so impressed with rubber when
it first started to become popular. He thought to himself
that there must be some way of making the product
better. One of his ideas was that since rubber was naturally sticky he could mix it with
some type of dry powder such as magnesium powder. He tried this experiment with
several different types of powders and all of them failed miserably. He went bankrupt
several more times while he was trying to figure out the mystery to the rubber. All the
time he knew he was on to something but he just couldn‘t put his finger on it.11
11
http://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/25743.html
14
Figure 2.7 Natural Rubber
Figure 2.8 Natural Rubber
Varieties of Rubber
The major commercial source of natural rubber latex is the Para rubber tree
(Heveabrasiliensis), a member of the spurge family, euphorbiaceae. This species is
widely used because it grows well under cultivation and a properly managed tree
responds to wounding by producing more latex for several years. Many other plants
produce forms of latex rich in isoprene polymers, though not all produce usable forms
of polymer as easily as the Para rubber latex does; some of them require more elaborate
processing to produce anything like usable rubber, and most are more difficult to tap.12
Types of Rubber
Natural Rubber
Natural rubber is obtained from the milky
secretion of various plants, but the only important
commercial source of natural rubber. The only
other plant under cultivation as a commercial
rubber source is guayule, a shrub native to the arid
regions of Mexico and the SW United States. To
soften the rubber so that compounding ingredients
can be added, the long polymer chains must be
partially broken by mastication, mechanical
shearing forces applied by passing the rubber between rollers or rotating blades. For
most purposes, the rubber is ground, dissolved in a suitable solvent, and compounded
with other ingredients, e.g., fillers and pigments such as carbon black for strength and
whiting for stiffening, antioxidants plasticizers
usually in the form of oils, waxes, or tears
accelerators and vulcanizing agents. The
compounded rubber is sheeted, extruded in
special shapes, applied as a coating or molded,
then vulcanized. Most Para rubber is exported as
crude rubber and prepared for market by rolling
slabs of latex coagulated with acid into thin
12
http://www.atlantic-cable.com/Article/GuttaPercha/
15
sheets of crepe rubber or into heavier, firmly pressed sheets that are usually ribbed and
smoked.13
Natural rubber (abbreviated to NR) primarily comprises polyisoprene and is
harvested from the milky white latex of a number of species of plants which flourish in
the tropics, above all of the Spurge family. The rubber tree has achieved considerable
commercial importance. The tree is native to the Amazon region and is now cultivated
in virtually all tropical regions of South America, Africa and Asia. 90% of the world‘s
production of natural rubber is harvested from the rubber tree. A diagonal incision is
made in the bark, allowing the latex to exude. The latex has approximately the
following composition:
Constituents Percentage
Water 55...70
Rubber 30...40
Resins 1.5...2
Protein 1.5...3
Ash 0.5...1
Sugar 1...2
The latex, which is rich in rubber, can be preserved by adding ammonia
any for special purposes it can be transported to the countries in which it processed as
latex concentrate in liquid form. This is done in barrels or in tank containers. It‘s far
more common to filter the harvested latex, dilute it with water and then to cause it to
coagulate using substances such as acetic acid or formic acid or my means of
electrophoresis. This separates the raw natural rubber from the water, forming a solid
mass (coagulum) that is then further processes. Coagulation can also take place in the
13
http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/rubber-natural-
rubber.html#ixzz2J40SPmT9
Table 2.1 Natural rubber
16
Figure 2.9 Crepes
form of auto-coagulation on the tapping panel and the collection cups. Such coagulum
has a greater degree of contamination and is hence used in the natural rubber grades
which have less stringent requirements with respect to contamination.
A distinction is drawn between the following forms of natural rubber:
Crepes
Pale crepe rubber is among the
highest quality crepes. Coagulation of this high-
quality natural rubber is achieved with sodium
hydrogen sulfide. The clean coagulum is washed
and milled. This produces sheets between 1.2 and
1.5 mm thick and 24 cm wide. The washing
process removes from the coagulum considerable
amounts of the serum constituents which can cause rotting. The sheets are dried in
drying rooms for 2.5 to 4 days at 37 °C or air-dried for 5 to 10 days on drying floors.
Excessive temperatures lead to discolored patches in the sheets as a result of oxidation.
The sheets are packed as bales and marketed as ―thin pale crepe‖. The 10-mm crepe
from Sri Lanka is marketed as ―thick pale crepe‖.
In addition to the high quality thick and thin pale crepes, there are further
categories which are made from high-grade rubber scrap, e.g.:
- Estae brown crepe
- Thin brown crepe
- Thick blanket crepe
- Flat bark crepe
- Smoked blanket crepe
Pale crepe rubber is either packed in a double-layered bag or the bales
are wrapped in plastic sheeting and packed in wooden crates. Thicker crepes can also be
packed in sacking. The entire surface of the bale should be covered with sufficient
talcum to prevent the fibers from adhering to the rubber.
17
Figure 2.10 Rubber Sheets
Figure 2.11 Rubber Sheet
Sheet Rubber
Rubbers sheets are rubber molded into flat sheets with an even
thickness and are often sold on a roll of a specific length for easy handling. Common
thicknesses of rubber sheets vary from super-thin films to 1/4-inch (6.53 mm) thick; the
thickness of the sheet combined with the type of rubber used in the sheet determines its
use. Once the material type is known, tools
designed to cut through the rubber are used to cut
different shapes from the sheet to form gaskets. The
gaskets cut from rubber sheeting keep fluids and
gases from penetrating products or keep them
contained within vessels or low-temperature
mechanical systems.
Tools designed to straight cut rubber sheets vary depending on
the thickness of the material. Sharp utility knives and scissors cleanly cut rubber
sheeting measuring less than 3/4-inch (19.05 mm) thick. Larger stamping press-type
cutters are required to cut through thicker rubber sheet. A straight clean cut through
rubber sheets is vital to the success of the finished gasket's ability to seal the area
between parts. Cutting small holes in a rubber sheet requires tools that remove rubber
from the area rather than drilling material from the sheet.14
Leather punches starting at 1/8-inch (3.175 mm) diameter and
larger are used with hammer or mallet-cut circular shapes in a rubber sheet. The
thickness of the rubber sheet determines the amount of force required to send the cutting
end of the punch through the rubber sheet. Using drill bits in an attempt to place holes
in a rubber sheet causes the rubber to heat up and
bind to the fluted shaft of the drill bit, tearing the
area around the hole. Mishandling the rubber sheet
also leads to brittleness and eventual tears across
the sheet's surface. Proper handling techniques
extend the life of the rubber sheet both before and
after cutting.
14http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-rubber-sheets.htm
18
Figure 2.12 Rubber Sheet
Neoprene and other dark-colored rubber sheeting break down when exposed to
ultraviolet (UV) light. Keeping rubber sheeting out of direct sunlight ensures the bonds
in the rubber sheet do not break down and allow the rubber to become brittle. Cracks
running across the surface of a rubber sheet are the first sign that the rubber has broken
down and become unusable. Chemicals and petroleum products will also break down
the bonds in a rubber sheet and cause the sheet to weaken and become brittle. Storing a
rubber sheet properly ensures the rubber remains usable.15
Two different types of sheets are distinguished:
- ADS (Air Dried Sheets)
Air dried sheets are less common. They have an appearance similar to
RSS but are more transparent, as they are manufactured in smoked-free rooms.
- RSS (Ribbed Smoked Sheets)
The fresh latex is diluted to a rubber content of 15-16 % and coagulated in
coagulation tanks using formic acid or acetic acid. Lumps of coagulum are formed after
the acid has acted for 3-4 hours. After milling and washing, sheets between 2.5 and 3.5
mm thick, 24 cm wide and 90 or 135 cm in length are produced. The final mill is an
embossed mill, which gives the sheets their ribbed structure. Since these rubber sheets
are not washed as intensively as crepes, they contain a higher proportion of serum
constituents which encourage mold and rotting. For this reason, the sheets are hung in
the smokehouses and dried for a week at temperatures up to 60°C. The smoke resulting
from burning rubber tree wood and other organic materials such as coconut husks
preserves the smoke. The sheets are pressed in the bales and wrapped in protective
sheets. The surface is protected from oxidation by application of a bale coating solution
and talcum.
15http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-rubber-sheets.htm
19
Ribbed smoked sheets are graded on the basis of visual assessments. The grades
have been described in the Green Book, published by the International Rubber Quality
and Packing Conference. Prior to grading, the sheets are separated and inspected,
Oxidized spots or steaks, weak, heated, under-cured, over smoked, opaque and burnt
sheets are not permissible. The rubber must be provided by the producer in an excellent
drying quality. The rubber must be dry, clean, strong, sound and evenly smoked and
free from blemishes, specks, rust, blisters, sand, dirty packing and any other foreign
matter. That packing must be clean. Small pinhead bubbles if scattered, will not be
objected to. The remaining grades RSS represent a sequential lifting of these
requirements. Under-cured rubber displays patches which have not been dried
sufficiently during smoking or drying.
Rubber sheets are folded to form bales (e.g. 60 cm and 100 – 113 kg per bale),
compressed and wrapped in protective sheets. A protective coating and talcum are
applied to the surface to protect against oxidation and to prevent the sheets from
sticking to each other.
These form a background for stenciling the shipping marks. Bales are
transported in crates or loose in containers. Skim rubber should not be used as
protective sheets. Sheets can also be simply folded and packed in plastic bags in the
form of 35 kg bales. 36 bales together form a load unit of 1269 kg per pallet. These are
Figure 2.13 Manufacture of ribbed smoked sheets
20
unitized using shrink-wrap sheeting or a shroud of plastic film. Metal creates can also
be used.
Technically specified natural rubber (TSR)
TSRs are diving into a number of grades which are laid down in
technical specifications drafted by ISO and are manufactured using new processing
techniques. Depending on the TSR quality, different forms of coagulum are used: latex
coagulated naturally in the collecting cups, rubber sheets or latex coagulated by adding
acid. Different methods are used to product TSRs, e.g. the heveacrumb or dynat
processes. In the heveacrumb process, rubber coagulum is passed through creping rolls
set at friction speed and the shear forces involved tear the coagulum into small pieces.
This process is described as crumbing. The dynat process primarily uses cup lumps.
After natural coagulation or acid coagulation, the rubber is granulated by means of a
rotary knife cutter. After granulation, the crump is washed and dried at elevated
temperature up to 140°C. Then the crumbs are compressed into blocks of about 1.3 kg,
wrapped in synthetic plastic sheeting and packaged in wooden or steel chests.
The advantages of Technically Specified Rubbers over the conventional
sheet and crepe grades of rubbers are as follows:
- Since it is available in a limited number of well-defined grades,
correct choice of grades according to requirements by the consumers
is rather easy.
- Since it is possible to assess the actual content of foreign and volatile
matter, mistakes can be avoided in deciding the actual worth of the
material.
- Since it is marketed as compact, polyethylene wrapped bales,
degradation of the rubber on storage, handing and transportation can
be reduced.
- Since sizes have been standardized and the bales are compact,
considerable saving can be made in transport through mechanized
handing and containerization.
21
The International Standards Organization (ISO) first published the draft
Technical Specification for Natural Rubber during 1964. Based on these Specifications,
Malaysia introduced their Standard Malaysia Rubber scheme in 1965 and since then all
the natural-rubber0producing countries have started producing and marketing NR as
Technically Specified Rubbers. This resulted in the introduction of further national
standards in addition to SMR:
- Standard Malaysia Rubber SMR
- Standard Indonesia Rubber SIR
- Standard Sri Lanka Rubber SSR
- Standard Vietnam Rubber SVR
- Indian Standard Natural Rubber ISNR
- Standard Thai Rubber STR
These quality standards lay down the maximum permissible content of dirt,
ash, nitrogen and volatile substance. The following table shows some SMR values:
Parameters Dirt content
(max. %)
Ash content
(max. %)
Nitrogen content
(max. %)
Volatile
matter
(max. %)
Color
coding
SMR 5 0.05 0.60 0.60 0.80 pale green
SMR 10 0.08 0.75 0.60 0.80 brown
SMR 20 0.16 1.00 0.60 0.80 red
Table 2.2 Standard Malaysia
Rubbersheets
22
Figure 2.14 Packaging of Standard Malaysia Rubber
SMR 10 and SMR 20 are general-purpose grades, with SMR 10 being a high
grade, SMR 20 a medium grade and SMR 5 a lower grade.
TSRs are wrapped individually in plastic sheeting and stacked on pallets. These
are unitized using shrink-wrap sheeting or a shroud of plastic film and are also attached
to the pallet with plastic strapping. A labeling strip must be attached to each load unit.
SVR 10 CV, TSR from Vietnam, individually wrapped in plastic film and
stacked on a pallet. These are unitized using shrink-wrap sheeting or a shroud of
plastic film and are also attached to the pallet with plastic strapping.
Figure 2.13 Standard Malaysia Rubbers
23
Figure 2.15 Packaging of Standard Malaysia Rubber
Alternatively, TSRs can be packed in wooden or steel creates and secured to
pallets. The creates unitized by being attached to the pallet with steel straps.
Highly purified natural rubber from Malaysia packed in wooden crates
And secured to pallets with steel straps.
Preserved latex concentrates
Ammonia is added to the latex to keep it liquid and this is concentrated
either by creaming or centrifuging. The resulting concentrate can be transported as a
liquid. Depending on the quantity of ammonia added, a distinction is made between
high-ammonia latex with 0.60 – 0.80% ammonia and low-ammonia latex with 0.20-
0.29% ammonia. Latex can be processes to make other raw rubber products:
- Skim rubber: It is produced from skim latex. Skim latex is
produced as a byproduct during the preparation of latex concentrate. It has a dry rubber
content of only 3 to 7%. However, it also has very low dirt content. Coagulation of skim
latex can be either spontaneous or by acid treatment. It is important that the ammonia
content it kept as low possible. Further processing is the same as for smoked sheets.
- Rubber powder: In order to reduce transportation costs, the latex
can be converted to a fine rubber powder instead if transporting it in the form of latex
concentrates. This is done by atomizing the latex and drying it with hot air. This form of
rubber can be kept for long periods and is particularly resilient.
24
Table 2.3 Storage duration
Table 2.4 Temperature
Table 2.5 Storage of latex concentrates
Aging of Natural Rubber
Rubber aging processes, particularly as a result of atmospheric
conditions, may start as early as the transportation and negatively impact the quality of
the rubber. The effects of oxygen, heat and light are the primary causes of aging
symptoms, with oxidation processes leading to the formation of hydroxides. These in
turn react either by splitting molecules or establishing new cross linkages. The result is
softening or hardening: oxidized rubber.
Hardening of Natural rubber during transport and storage can be
prevented by adding chemical substance to achieve a constant viscosity.
Recommended storage duration for natural rubber
Initial storage 5 years
Extended storage 2 years
Recommended storage temperature for natural rubber
Optimum storage temperature 15 - 30°C
Storage of latex concentrates
Max. duration of storage 6 - 12 months
Storage and transport temperature 5 - 35°C
25
Intended use
There are a huge variety of applications for natural across the world. The
unique combination of properties found in natural rubber cannot be fully duplicated
synthetically. However, each individual property can be improved on by synthetic
rubber.
Processing of natural rubber to form rubber products
Natural rubber id mixed with various additives designed to give the end
product the required properties, shaped and then vulcanized.
Figure 2.16 Diagram showing the processing of rubber
sheets
26
Figure 2.17 Rubber Sheets
sheets
Figure 2.18 Rubber Sheets
sheets
For the figure 2.16 Mastication is a preliminary stage to processing the raw
rubber. This process involves the use of special mechanical equipment and additives at
low temperatures to shred the rubber molecules into smaller units. This improves the
plasticity and reduces the viscosity. After mastication, the rubber is mixed together with
fillers, plasticizers and rubber chemicals to form a homogeneous mass in mills or closed
kneaders. The subsequent end product is performed by compression molding or
calendaring. Compression molding machines, for example are used to produce car tires,
soles and heels for shoes and bungs. Thin, seamless rubber products, for examples are
produced by dipping.
In the final processing step, the molded rubber mixture is vulcanized. The most
important vulcanization medium is sulfur, which added to the rubber mixtures before
this is heated. The tire-manufacturing industry is the world‘s largest consumer of natural
rubber. Tires for cars, bicycles and aircraft as well as many other kinds of rubber
products such as seals, hoses, drive belts, floor coverings, conveyor belts, molded
articles, foam rubber, impregnation substances and medical equipment are all made
from natural rubber.
27
Table 2.6 Temperature range
Risk Factors and loss prevention of Natural rubber
- Risk Factor Temperature
Natural rubber requires particular temperature, humidity, moisture
and possible ventilation conditions.
Term Temperature range
Favorable travel temperature range 5 - 25°C
Optimum travel temperature 20°C
Temperature greater than 30°C and exposure to sunlight, even for periods of a
few hours, result in activation of the rot-causing bacteria, especially in conjunction with
moisture and proteins. In addition, oxidation and the associated molecular breakdown
are encouraged and the rubber develops soft patches, stickiness and becomes deformed.
If the destination is in a colder climate, the bales jam as a result of the drop in
temperature and this makes the job of unloading the container or means of transport
more difficult.
Mean maximum (daytime temperature), mean minimum (nighttime temperature) and
temperature of surface water during a voyage from Singapore to Europe in June16
16
http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/kautschuk/naturkautschuk/abb9.htm
Figure 2.19 Temperature of surface water during a
voyage
sheets
28
Mean maximum (daytime temperature), mean minimum (nighttime temperature) and
temperature of surface water during a voyage from Singapore to Europe in January17
Figures 2.19 and Figures 2.20 illustrate the typical temperature condition during
a voyage from Singapore to Europe. In this case, the highest temperatures are recorded
in the Gulf of Aden and in the Red Sea. Since the travel temperature of 30°C should not
be exceeded, the containers should be stowed below deck where possible. The optimum
travel temperature for rubber is 20°C. A temperature of 25°C should be maintained
virtually constantly over a long period. The rubber starts to melt at approx 180°C.
The lower limit is 5-6°C, as there is a risk of hardening as a result of
crystallization. This can cause difficulties unloading the container or mean of transport
because the jammed bales tear. Latex concentrates also should be protected against
extreme temperatures during transport and storage. If barrel loads are exposed to direct
sunlight in tropical and subtropical climates, the high temperature can result in a drop in
quality. At temperatures below 4°C, the latex concentrates tend to coagulate, which is
an irreversible process. This results in difficulties when unloading, damage and
additional costs.18
17
http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/kautschuk/naturkautschuk/abb10.htm 18
Lloyds Survey Handbook, 7th edition 1999, Information Publishing Group Ltd
Figure 2.20 Temperature of surface water during a
voyage
sheets
29
Table 2.7 Risk factor Humidity/Moisture
- Risk factor Humidity/Moisture
Natural rubber requires particular temperature, humidity/moisture
and possibly ventilation condition.19
Term Humidity/water content
Relative humidity 70...75 %
Water content 1.08 %
Maximum equilibrium moisture content 75%
Moisture due to rain, seawater or condensation water must be strictly avoided, as
it can lead to rot, mold mildew stains and discoloration. Rubber which has become wet
and absorbed too much moisture is termed bleached rubber. Natural rubber is not
hygroscopic. The poor thermal conductivity of rubber may lead to condensation on the
surface from capillary water, which in turn leads to mold and rot.
Since mold and mildew stains can occur in the middle of the cargo block, it is
not possible to detect damage when the consignment is accepted. This can only be
detected when the container or means of transport is unloaded. Moisture damage is
accompanied by unpleasant or penetrating odors. In any instance of damage, the
question must always be raised as to whether the rubber was damp for the start, is it a
case of pre-carriage damage, which is the responsibility of the producer or did the
damage occur during transportation as a result of rain, condensation water or seawater.
Three aspects are taken into account
Observation of the stages of mold growth
Temperature requirements of the mold
Oxygen requirements of the microorganisms
19
Scharnow, R.: CodiertesHandbuch der Güter des Seetransports, VE
KombinatSeeverkehr und Hafenwirtschaft - Deutfracht/Seereederei -
IngenieurhochschulefürSeefahrtWarnemünde/Wustrow, Rostock 1986, Bd. 1: Stückgut
A-K, Bd. 2: Stückgut L-Z, Bd. 3: Spezialgut
30
- Risk factor Ventilation
Natural rubber requires particular temperature, humidity/moisture and
possibly ventilation conditions. If the rubber is dry for shipment or container dry, there
is no need for ventilation.
- Risk factor Biotic activity
Natural rubber displays 3rd
order biotic activity. It belong to the class of
good in which respiration processes are suspended, but in which biochemical, microbial
and other decomposition processes still proceed.
- Risk factor Gases
Chemical decomposition and the evolution of gas during processing lead
to cavities on or in the rubber sheets. The inner surfaces of the blisters are often sticky,
whereas those of the bubbles are dry and not sticky.
- Risk factor Self-heating/spontaneous combustion
Smoking must be prohibited when loading the containers and in the
warehouses, as natural rubber is readily combustible due to its high hydrocarbon
content. When natural rubber combusts it generates considerable heat and smoke. A
large quantity of gaseous product and unburned solid particles in the form of thick,
black smoke are released, which make access to the seat of the fire more difficult.
Burning rubber produces sputtering, burning drops of resin, which can cause the fire to
spread. If there is a risk of fire, the firefighting personnel should wear automatic
breathing apparatus and protective clothing.20
20
www.kautschukgesellschaft.de
31
Table 2.8 Odor factor
Table 2.9 Contamination factor
- Risk factor Odor
Bales of rubber emit a strong odor of rubber which can become a
penetrating odor in the event of damage.
Active behavior Unpleasant smell, so do not stow in the vicinity of foodstuffs,
semi luxury items and animal feedstuffs. Sour and foul odors:
These are due to rotting rubber.
Passive behavior Non-odor-sensitive.
- Risk factor Contamination
Active behavior None.
Passive
behavior
The rubber is very sensitive to contamination. The thermoplastic
properties of rubber mean that foreign bodies are absorbed either by
penetration or sticking. Splinters become embedded in the rubber
bales. This also applies to rubber packing in thin plywood crates.
These can splinter even under low loads, and are hence also known
as ―dirty packing‖.
Depending on the degree to which the contamination has penetrated,
it can be removed by peeling.
The warehouses and containers must be kept absolutely clean, as
any contamination such as grass, pipe splinters, paper, textile scraps,
graphite, coal, ore dust, cement, copper crumbs from cathode copper
plates, sulfur, copper sulfate, and manganese residue will break
down the rubber. This would cause holes to be formed during the
production of rubber gloves, for instance.
32
- Risk factor Mechanical influences
The rubber should be stowed in such a ways as to avoid the risk of
crashing. The fragile wooden creates can splinter even under normal load conditions.
Holes in the caused by wood splinters can adversely affect the value. Strong rubber:
rubber which is resistant to deformation, i.e. resistant to tension on compression. Weak
rubber: ribbed smoked sheets which tear easily or part when tension is applied.
- Risk factor Toxicity/Hazards to health
This risk factor has no major influence on transportation of this product.
- Risk factor Shrinkage/Shortage/Theft
It is recommended that loading and unloading should be supervised.
- Risk factor Insect infestation/Diseases
When wooden packaging containers or cargo securing materials are used,
it may under certain circumstances, be necessary to comply with the quarantine
regulations of the country of destination and a phytosanitary certificate may have to be
enclosed with the shipping documents. Information may be obtained from the
phytosanitary authorities of the countries concerned.
Synthetic Rubber
Synthetic rubber, invariably a polymer, is any type of artificial elastomer
mainly synthesized from petroleum byproducts. An elastomer is a material with the
mechanical (or material) property that it can undergo much more elasticdeformation
under stress than most materials and still return to its previous size without permanent
deformation. About 15 billion kilograms of rubbers are produced annually, and of that
amount two thirds are synthetic.
The more than one dozen major classes of synthetic rubber are made of
raw material derived from petroleum, coal, oil, natural gas, and acetylene. Many of
them are copolymers, i.e., polymers consisting of more than one monomer. By changing
the composition it is possible to achieve specific properties desired for special
applications. The earliest synthetic rubbers were the styrene-butadiene copolymers,
Buna S and SBR, whose properties are closest to those of natural rubber. SBR is the
most commonly used elastomer because of its low cost and good properties; it is used
33
mainly for tires. Other general purpose elastomers are cis -polybutadiene and cis -
polyisoprene, whose properties are also close to that of natural rubber. Among the
specialty elastomers are copolymers of acrylonitrile and butadiene that were originally
called Buna N and are now known as nitrile elastomers or NBR rubbers. They have
excellent oil resistance and are widely used for flexible couplings, hoses, and washing
machine parts. Butyl rubbers are copolymers of isobutylene and 1.3% isoprene; they are
valuable because of their good resistance to abrasion, low gas permeability, and high
dielectric strength. Neoprene (polychloroprene) is particularly useful at elevated
temperatures and is used for heavy-duty applications. Ethylene-propylene rubbers
(RPDM) with their high resistance to weathering and sunlight are used for automobile
parts, hose, electrical insulation, and footwear. Urethane elastomers are called spandex
and they consist of urethane blocks and polyester or polyester blocks; the urethane
blocks provide strength and heat resistance, the polyester and polyester blocks provide
elasticity; they are the most versatile elastomer family because of their hardness,
strength, oil resistance, and aging characteristics. They have replaced rubber with
elasticized materials. Other uses range from airplane wheels to seat cushions. Other
synthetics are highly oil-resistant, but their high cost limits their use. Silicone rubbers
are organic derivatives of inorganic polymers.21
Synthetic rubber is a white, crumbly, plastic mass which can be processed and
vulcanized in the same ways as natural rubber. Synthetic rubber is produced in different
ways. Figure 3 illustrates one of the common production processes.
21
http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/rubber-
synthetrubber.html#ixzz2J445sjow
34
Synthetic rubbers are artificially produced materials with properties similar to
natural rubber. Most are obtained by polymerization or poly-condensation of
unsaturated monomers. A wide range of different synthetic rubbers has emerged,
reflecting the various different applications and the chemical and mechanical properties
they require. Co-polymerization of different monomers allows the material properties to
be varied across a wide range. Polymerization can take place under hot or cold
conditions, which result in hot polymers or cold polymers. Synthetic rubbers are
marketed as compressed bales and square blocks. They are also produced in the form of
powder rubber, talcum-coated chips granules and as latex concentrates in liquid form.
Figure 2.21 Production process for synthetic rubber
sheets
35
Quality/Duration of storage
The benefits compared with natural rubber include better oil and the
possibility of a product with an extremely constant quality. Synthetic rubbers made
from butadiene rank as the most important synthetic rubbers produced. The following
list indicates some of the most import synthetic along with their properties in
comparison with natural rubber.
- Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR)
General purpose rubber made up of different types; better abrasion
resistance, lower elasticity, poorer low-temperature behavior, better heat and aging
resistance, excellent electrical insulation material similar to rubber.
- Poly-butadiene Rubber (BR)
Poor processing properties mean that BR is not used on its own, blended
with SBR or NR, abrasion-resistant, good elasticity, flexible at low temperatures.
- Isoprene Rubber (IR)
Properties large comparable with natural rubber, more uniform, cleaner,
transparent.
- Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR)
Oil and fuels resistant, good heat distortion temperature property and
abrasions resistant.
- Butyl Rubber (IIR)
Low permeability‘s to gases, resistant to aging, ozone and chemicals,
good mechanical property, abrasion resistant and good electrical insulation properties.
The mechanical properties are improved by adding fillers such as carbon
black during vulcanization with sulfur. Temperature resistance, abrasion resistance,
resistance to oxygen and chemicals such as acids and petrol are properties which are
improved in this way.
Duration of storage varies depending on the type synthetic rubber. For example,
a range of 6-36 months if the ideal conditions recommended by the manufacturer, such
as a storage temperature between 10 and 25°C, are observed. Synthetic rubber must be
stowed dry, some synthetic rubbers must be stored cool and they are to be protected
from direct sunlight.22
22
www.lanxess.com
36
Table 2.10 Storage duration SBR
Recommended storage duration for synthetic rubber, in particular Styrene
Butadiene Rubber (SBR)
Initial storage 5 years
Extended storage 2 years
Meyers NeuesLexikon, Bd. 7, Isota-Kongu, VEB BibliographischesInstitut, Leipzig 1973.
Here are advantages and limitations of some kind of synthetic rubber.
- Natural Rubber (NR)
Advantages
Good dynamic properties.
Good tensile and tear strength.
Good abrasive resistance.
Limitations
Poor resistance to chemicals and oil substances.
No long time exposure to sunlight, ozone and heat.
- Styrene-butadiene Rubber (SBR)
Advantages
Good tensile strength, dynamic properties and
abrasive resistance.
Good substituent for NR (but sometimes more cost-
efficient)
Limitations
Poor resistance to chemicals and oil substances.
No longtime expo-sure to sunlight, ozone and heat.
37
- Butadiene Rubber (BR)
Advantages
Excellent dynamic properties.
Good cold resistance.
Good tear strength.
Limitations
Poor resistance to chemical and oil substance.
No longtime expo-sure to sunlight, ozone and heat
- Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM)
Advantages
Excellent resistance to ozone, oxidants and weather
(water) conditions.
Excellent insulator
Good chemical resistance (not oil).
Limitations
Poor resistance to oil substances.
Less mechanical properties compared to NR.
- Chloroprene Rubber (CR)
Advantages
Good resistance to ozone, weather conditions (water)
and sunlight.
Good chemical and medium oil resistance.
Good high temperature resistance.
Good resistance to gas permeability.
Limitations
More expensive than general purpose synthetic
rubbers.
No resistance to strong oxidizing acids, esters,
ketones, chlorinated and aromatic hydrocarbons.
38
- Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR)
Advantages
Good oil and solvent resistance.
Good heat resistance.
Good mechanical properties.
Good resistance to gas permeability.
Limitations
Not good resistance to ozone, ketons, esters,
aldehydes hydrocarbons.
Higher price only justified when oil resistance in
required.
- Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (HNBR)
Advantages
Very good heat and low temperature resistance.
Good oil and solvent resistance.
Good ozone and weather resistance.
Good mechanical properties.
Limitation
High cost.
- Methyl Vinyl Silicone Rubber (MVQ)
Advantages
Excellent heat resistance.
Very good low temperatures resistance.
Good insulator.
Limitations
Higher price only justified when excellent heat
resistance is required.
Low tensile strength
39
- Fluor polymer (EPM)
Advantages
Excellent heat resistance.
Excellent chemical, ozone, weather, oil and solvent
resistance.
Good resistance to gas permeability.
Limitations
Very high price.
Intermediate mechanical properties.
- Isobutene-Isoprene Rubber (IIR)
Advantages
Excellent resistance to gas permeability.
Good resistance to chemical, ozone, weather and oil.
Limitation
Intermediate mechanical properties.
- Chloro sulphonated Polyrthyle (CSM)
Advantages
Good heat resistance.
Good ozone and weather (water) resistance.
Good chemical resistance.
Color-proof.
Excellent abrasive resistance.
Limitation
Intermediate oil resistance.
**The information presented herein has been compiled from several sources considered to be
in dependable and is accurate and reliable to the best of our knowledge and belief but is not
guaranteed to be so. Nothing herein is to be construed as recommending any practice of any
product in violation of any patent or in violation of any law or regulation.23
23
http://www.hercorub.com/media/hercorub/pdf/elastomer.pdf
40
Intended use
Like natural rubber, synthetic rubber has a wide range of applications,
such as in the tire industry (car, aircraft and bicycles tires), drive belts, hoses, medical
equipments, seal, floor coverings, conveyor belts, molded parts. The following list
shows the operating temperature and applications for some important types of synthetic
rubber.
- Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR)
-40°C to 100°C
Tire industry (tread and carcasses), conveyor belt, seals, and
technical rubber products.
- Poly Butadiene Rubber (BR)
-80°C to 90°C
Tires, conveyor belts, clutches, engine bearing, technical
products of all types, drinking water seals.
- Isoprene Rubber (IR)
-40°C to 130°C
Technical products of all types, especially construction
sections, cooling and heating hoses for vehicles, high-
performance tires, foodstuffs utensils.
- Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR)
Operating temperature: up to approx 110°C
Motor vehicle parts, oil and fuel hoses, technical product of
all types, plates and mats, rollers, seals and for foodstuff such
as milk.
- Chloroprene Rubber (CR)
-40°C to 150°C
Automotive hoses tire inner liners, seals, membranes,
rubberized fabrics, steam hoses, cable insulation.
Packaging
- The bales are wrapped in plastic sheeting or in boxes lined with
polyethylene. Bales are unitized in crates on pallets or with a shrink cover for instance.
41
Figure 2.22 Marking of packages
sheets
- Powder rubbers are packed in paper sacks or cardboard boxes
lined with polyethylene and palletized. Flexible bulk packages are also used as packing.
- Granulated synthetic rubber is packed in polyethylene sacks and
palletized. The polyethylene sacks can additionally be packed in cardboard and then
palletized. Flexible bulk package can also be used as packaging.
When wooden packaging containers or cargo securing materials are used,
it may under certain circumstances be necessary to comply with the quarantine
regulations of the country of destination and a phytosanitary certificate may have to be
enclosed with the shipping document. Information may be obtained from the
phytosanitary authorities of the countries concerned.
Marking of packages
Keep dry
Top
Keep away from heat
(Solar radiation)
42
Table 2.11 Temperature
Risk factors and loss prevention of Synthetic Rubber
- Risk factor temperature
Synthetic rubber requires particular temperature, humidity/moisture and
possibly ventilation condition.24
Term Temperature range
Travel temperature range 5 - 30°C
Synthetic rubber withstands temperatures of up to 30°C. When this
temperature is exceeded, cold flow starts. The rubber beings to flow and ruptures the
wrapping. The material beings to stick or combined with the package. Further
consequences of excessive temperatures are softening and artificial aging, combined
with hardening. In this event, the recipient has to pick over the blocks in a separate
operation. If the exposure to sunlight is of longer duration, oxidative cross-linking
occurs on the surface of the rubber even at temperatures of 10-20°C. UV radiation also
causes this degradation. The temperature threshold for transportation is 5°C; the rubber
crystallizes at -15°C. This process is irreversible in synthetic rubber, which means that it
becomes unusable.
24Scharnow, R.: CodiertesHandbuch der Güter des Seetransports, VE
KombinatSeeverkehr und Hafenwirtschaft - Deutfracht/Seereederei -
IngenieurhochschulefürSeefahrtWarnemünde/Wustrow, Rostock 1986, Bd. 1: Stückgut
A-K, Bd. 2: Stückgut L-Z, Bd. 3: Spezialgut
43
Table 2.12 Factor Humidity/Moisture
- Risk factor Humidity/Moisture
Synthetic rubbers require particular temperature, humidity/moisture and
possibly ventilation conditions.
Term Humidity/water content
Relative humidity 65 %
Water content 0.2...0.4 %
Critical water content 0.75 %
Maximum equilibrium moisture content 65%
The water content of synthetic rubber is 0.2 – 0.4% and synthetic rubber
with low water content thus belongs to water contents. Despite its low water content,
synthetic rubber is very sensitive to moisture/humidity. The critical water content within
the wrapping is 0.75%.
The bales are wrapped in heat-sealed foils and must not be damaged. If
moisture penetrates the bales soak it up like a sponge, with the result that expensive
additional operations are required or the material can no longer be approved for
processing in certain machines. If water bubbles can be seen inside the wrapper, the
goods may have been damaged 65% relative humidity is recommended by the
manufacture.
- Risk factor Ventilation
Synthetic rubber requires particular temperature, humidity/moisture and
possibly ventilation conditions. If the rubber is dry from shipment or container dry,
there is no need for ventilation.
44
Table 2.13 Odor factor
Table 2.14 Contamination factor
- Risk factor Biotic Activity
Synthetic rubber are goods in which respiration processed are suspended,
but it which biochemical, microbial and other decomposition processes still proceed;
they thus exhibit 3rd
order biotic activity.
- Risk factor Gases
This risk factor has no major influence on transportation of this product.
- Risk factor Self-heating/Spontaneous combustion
Synthetic rubber is highly flammable. If an upper temperature of 320°C
is exceeded, it also tends to ignite spontaneously and generates considerable quantities
of smoke while burning. The fire is best extinguished with CO2, not with water or foam.
Smoking is absolutely prohibited. If there is a risk of fire, the firefighting personnel
should wear automatic breathing apparatus and protective clothing.
- Risk factor Odor
Active behavior Despite the packaging, a rubber-like smell is to be
expected, so synthetic rubber must not be stowed with
foodstuffs, semi luxury items and animal feedstuffs.
Passive behavior Non-odor-sensitive.
- Risk factor Contamination
Active behavior Does not cause contamination.
Passive behavior Damaged films allow the raw material to become
contaminated with foreign bodies, such as dust, chemicals,
metal filings, jute fibers etc. This considerably reduces the
quality and can cause high processing costs or render the
material completely unusable.
45
- Risk factor Mechanical influences
The rubber should be stowed in such a way as to avoid the risk of
crashing. The bales are wrapped in heat-sealed foils and must not be damaged. Use no
hooks.
- Risk factor Toxicity/Hazards to health
This risk factor has no major influence on transportation of this product.
- Risk factor Shrinkage/Shortage
This risk factor has no major influence on transportation of this product.
- Risk factor Insect infestation/Diseases
When wooden packaging containers or cargo securing materials are used,
it may under certain circumstances, be necessary to comply with the quarantine
regulations of the country of destination and a phytosanitary certificate may have to be
enclosed with the shipping documents. Information may be obtained from the
phytosanitary authorities of the countries concerned.25
2.2 Situation of Industry
Rubber industry situation in the world
Rubber World Industries were established in 1993 to manufacture a
comprehensive and versatile range of technically advanced Rubber Insulation products.
It seemed particularly apt at IRC ‘96 to present the life history of natural rubber
in what was almost exactly 500 years to the day that Christopher Columbus returned
from his second voyage, bringing back the first rubber balls from the West Indies. There
was, Spanish observers said, ‗nothing comparable in the world in the ways that the balls
bounced‘. Previously only packed leather balls had been known in Europe and this new
rubber was a total novelty. The next landmark in the history of natural rubber was the
Spanish discovery of the use of latex for the water proofing of leather and fabric in
1615. Because no method of preserving latex was known at that time, a thriving fabric
proofing industry grew up in Mexico and the finished product exported.
25
http://www.gulfoflex.com/new/index.html
46
Figure 2.23 Natural Rubber processes
sheets
The rubber industry in Europe really
started with Charles Macintosh in 1818. Many had
sought suitable solvents for rubber since its arrival
in Europe as a raw material in the late 1700s, but
none had been successful. Charles Macintosh was
an industrial chemist in Glasgow, then a major
centre of the chemical industry and was eager to
exploit the waste products of the new coal
gasification process. James Syme, a medical
student found that coal tar naphtha-was a good
solvent for rubber and so Macintosh‘s specific
skill came in exploiting the naphtha-based rubber solution as a waterproofing layer
between 2 fabrics. Hence the ‗Macintosh‘ was born. Only 2 years later, in 1829,
Thomas Hancock discovered mastication. Hancock was using rubber in elastic
fastenings for gloves, shoes and stockings. These ‗garters‘ were made by cutting strips
from ‗bottles‘ of pure rubber and led to much waste. Hancock noticed that fresh cut
edges of rubber would unite perfectly and it occurred to him that if such pieces were
minced up very small, the amount of fresh cut edges would be greatly increased and
with heat ‗Pickle‖ or wooden masticator. He found that effort to shred the rubber did
not decrease with time, but increased and when opened a homogeneous roll of rubber
was found. He used his ‗Pickle‘ to supply the Macintosh factory and kept his
mastication process secret until he was forced to patent in 1837.
The final landmark in the early history of rubber was the discovery of
vulcanization by Charles Goodyear. Whilst the rubber industry was developing rapidly
in the temperature climate of Britain, with Macintosh and others producing a whole
range of products from rubber fishing dinghies to beer hoses, the US industry was
losing confidence with factories closing down due to the extremes of climate. Excessive
high temperature made product sticky, whilst at very low temperatures they became
rigid. Thus Charles Goodyear in the US was seeking modification to rubber to avoid
these temperature defects. He tried magnesia, boiling in lime, bronze powder and nitric
acid but all were of no avail. In September 1858, however a Nathaniel Hayward
introduced Goodyear to the idea of sulphur on, rather than in the rubber. Unfortunately
47
at that time Goodyear suffered both financial and personal difficulties so it was not until
1841 that he actually accidentally over-heated a mixture of rubber, sulphur and white
lead, which resulted in the discovery of vulcanization and a rubber which not harden in
winter and soften in the summer. This was patented on 6 December 1842. Public
opinion in the US was still hostile to rubber, however and Goodyear entrusted his idea
to a Stephen Moulton, who was about to return to England, to take his improved rubber
to the Macintosh Company. Samples reached Thomas Hancock via a certain William
Brockendon and Hancock deduced from the bloom that sulphur had been used. He
subsequently discovered that strips of rubber immersed in molten sulphur changed its
character and patented the process in November 1843 – only a few weeks before
Goodyear‘s belated English patent. Hence both names being ascribed to the discovery.
From that time on, the natural rubber industry really began to expand and was
fuelled by the additional supplies of rubber that became available from the Far East.
This was due to Sir Henry Wickham who transported 70,000 seeds from Brazil to Kew
Garden in 1876. Some 1900 of these germinated and the resulting seeding were shipped
on to Ceylon and Singapore, from Henry Ridley developed tapping techniques and
instigated many of the methods used to this day.
There were then a whole series of developments in natural rubber science and
technology in the 40s, 50s and 60s, which led to a range of new materials derived from
it and new uses. For example, ‗rubber in roads‘ is not new. The first rubberized bitumen
were laid in the Rue Ferrier, Geneva in 1947 by Ashaltiques Geneva and subsequently
in Acre Lane in London in 1950. By 1955, 70 miles had been laid in the UK. It was
reported to give non-slip properties, one-third improvement in life and was much more
resistant to low temperatures. In 1952, the first liquid rubber rub bone was produced by
the mechanical working of softened rubber with chemical plasticizers (6-8 hours in a 2-
blade mixer at 120-140°C. This was used for textile machinery components, printers‘
rollers and for prototype manufacturing. Then there was posited in 1952, latex which
was processed to give the rubber particles a positive charge for the wool industry and
methyl methacrylate grafted rubber in 1954 for making very hard rubber or adhesives if
only 30% is grafted. New uses saw the first rubber-metal laminated bridge bearing in
1957 on the Pelham Bridge in Lincoln and oil-extended natural rubber to improve the
grip of unstudied winter tires in 1967.
48
In the 1970s and 1980s the natural rubber industry still forged ahead. Further
new materials and new uses have appeared. We have seen the advent of deoxidized
natural rubber, a rubber derived from natural rubber but with high damping
characteristics, oil resistance and gas permeability equal to halo butyl rubbers.
Thermoplastic natural rubber is a blend of natural rubber with polypropylene to give a
recyclable rubber and new liquid natural rubbers have been developed for a variety of
uses. The early work in the 50s on laminated rubber bearings for bridges, now used
universally to accommodate bridge deck movements, spawned bearing for the base
isolation of whole building against ground-born vibrations. These in turn were further
developed in the mid-1980s and 1990s for bearing to protect building against
earthquakes. Seventy percent or more of all natural rubber goes into tires mostly into
large truck tires, off-the-road giant tires and aircraft tires. Here, low heat generation
properties in services are of paramount importance, along with low rolling resistance.
Recent work in the 80s has seen the development of natural rubber-based compounds
for truck tire retreading to match the wear of all synthetic compounds and these because
of their lower rolling resistance, give the added benefit of better fuel economy. More
recently, the advent of all-season passenger car tires has called for an improvement in
grip on ice and snow. Here, the earlier oil-extended natural rubber technology used for
winter tires can provide better grip on ice and snow combined with lower rolling
resistance.26
The future for natural rubber looks bright. Ever increasing volumes are being
produced. At 5.92 million tonnes per annum, natural rubber has 39% of the world
rubber consumption of 15.14 million tons per annum. The earthquake-bearing market
will take off when people realize that such systems system not only save lives, but also
the contents of the building. Powder-free surgical gloves are on the way and this
achieved by a polymer coating both on the inside and out, will eliminate the protein
allergy problem. All predictions of future cars see them continuing to use rubber tires.
The space shuttle lands on all natural rubber tires because of the superb performance of
this 500 years old polymer. With space travel around the corner, surely natural rubber
has a guaranteed future.
26
http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=2101
49
Figure 2.24 Natural Rubber Harvest
sheets
Rubber industry situation in Asia
Asia is now home to around 92% of the
world supply of natural rubber, raw material for the
production of thousands of articles of everyday use.
The tire is prominent among them. Them continent
provides a major portion of the vehicles in use
around the world and around 70% of the global
requirement of tires to make them mobile. More
than half of the synthetic rubber produced and
consumed in the world also is now in Asia. In the
production of other rubber-based articles like auto
rubber components, rubber-based industrial and engineering products, footwear
products, latex-based products like latex foam and fibber foam, gloves, condoms, latex
thread, catheters, nipples, sport goods like balloons, bladders and balls, the situation is
not different. Moreover, South and South-East Asia from the hub of nearly 90% of the
dipped products reaching the world market.
Produced of all these moved ahead mostly in the last quarter of a century, from
1985. Rubber consumption steadily gained momentum in the East and Asia grew into a
formidable force in the world rubber industry during the period. In 1985, the Asian
output of natural rubber was exceedingly high with 99.3% of 4,369,500 tons out of the
world total of 4,400,000 tons. The output more than doubled to 9,585,000 tons by 2010,
but the share came down to 93% of the world total of 10,291,000 tons. Thailand and
Indonesia are in the forefront of NR production and the global supply of NR continues
to be centered round these two nations.
Rubber consumption had made tremendous progress by 1985, aided by
expanding use of motor vehicles and rapid development in the downstream tire and
rubber industries. The Asian rubber consumption of that year of 3.46 million tons was
only one-fourth of the world total of 13.43 million tons. In the next 15 years, industrial
development gathered momentum and the Asian NR consumption rose to 8.37 million
tons by 2001. Then Asia had the largest share with 47% of the world total, well ahead of
Europe‘s share of 28%, North America‘s 18%, Latin America‘s 6% and Africa‘s 1%.
The continent consumed 15,124,000 tons of rubber in 2010, around 62% in the world
50
Figure 2.25 Rubber Plantation
sheets
total of 24,422,000 tons. Of this, the share of NR was 7,454,000 tons and of synthetic
rubber (SR) 7,670,000 tons. Obviously, Asia has been the centre-stage of the world
rubber industry since 1985.
World total of rubber plantations was around 6.1 million hectares in 1985. Asia
has the most ideal land mass for Hevea rubber cultivation in the world, mainly the Thai-
Malay peninsula, Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia, Sumatra, Java and Kalimantan
in Indonesia, southern part of India and the South-western part of Sri Lanka. The
continent‘s share in world rubber plantations is 91% at 10,489,000 hectares. Indonesia
with 3,445,000 is the single largest rubber cultivating country in Asia. At the world
level too, the country has the largest share around 30% of the total. Thailand in
2,761,000 and Malaysia with 1,019,000 are the other two major rubber growing
countries. These three combined accounted for 69% of the rubber area in Asia in 2010,
at 7,225,000. World production of natural rubber was 4.4 million tons in 1985, in which
the share of Asia was as much as 91% at 4.0 million tons. The Asian production is
mostly smallholder based, but relatively large, State-owned plantations dominate in
China, Vietnam and Cambodia. While Thailand has a little over 95% participation of
small holdings, their share in Malaysia is around 90% and in Indonesia about 85%. Asia
continues to be the largest supplier NR to the world. The world NR production rose to
10,291,000 tons in 2010 and the Asian share increased to 93% of this at 9,585,000 tons.
Asia has come a long way during the past 25 years in the production of synthetic
rubber. The 1985 production of 1.57 million tons of SR was only around 17.6% of the
world output of 8.94 million tons. Europe was the largest SR producer in 1985 with
4.21 million tons, while North America composed of Canada, Mexico and USA, could
produce only 2.24 million tons. Europe was continuing the lead from the time of
polymerizing methyl isoprene in 1909 in Germany, the first form of synthetic rubber
51
ever to be made in the world. The erstwhile USSR with 2.13 million tons was the top
producer in 1985, both in Europe and at the world level. The Asian share steadily rose
to 50.7% at 7.1 million tons in 2010. The Asian majors in SR production are China,
Japan, South Korea and Taiwan while Thailand, Malaysia, India, Indonesia and Iran
follow with modest production. China emerged as the largest world producer of SR in
2008 with 2.33 million tons, while USA which held the top billing until that time, and
could produce only 2.31 million tons. China‘s SR output in 2010 rose to 3.14 million
tons, against USA‘s 2.32 million tons. The Asian output of SR was 7,072,000 tons in
the year, against 3,787,000 tons in Europe including the Russian Federation and
2,458,000 tons in North America. While the Asian output grew by 447% over the 25-
year period, growth in North America was only 10%. In the case of Europe, there was
negative growth by 10%.
Asia has the largest base in making rubber products. With advent of the World
Trade Organization and the consequent globalization of trade, many multinational
companies from Europe and North America started rubber manufacturing ventures in
the cost effective Asian countries, particularly in China. Most of the natural rubber
producing countries attracted investment of multinationals on account of less labor cost,
availability of technically educated manpower and the major raw material, i.e. NR. This
has helped advanced technologies in product manufacture to percolate into the Asian
region and Asia is now better placed to provide quality rubber products to the world
market. Tires coming in around 500 varieties in pneumatic and solid versions are the
prime products among the rubber articles. Out of the top 75 global tire makers, 49 are
from Asia - 17 from China and 10 from India. The continent is home to five out of 10
multinationals — Bridgestone, Sumitomo, Yokohama, Hankook and Kumho. The other
five — Michelin, Goodyear, Continental, Pirelli and Cooper – do not stand isolated;
they have production facilities in Asia, attracted by the comparatively low cost of
production and the fairly large pool of technical manpower. The Asian facilities of these
companies tap the gigantic Asian market, in addition to meeting part of the tire demand
in Europe and North America. A major portion of the new capacity creation in tire
production took place in Asia in the last decade, particularly in China and India. Of the
global truck tire market of 146 million a year, Asia accounts for 45% at 65.7 million,
while Europe‘s share is only 18% at 26.28 million, North America‘s 16% at 23.36
52
Figure 2.26 Rubber Plantation
sheets
million, South America‘s 11% at 16.06 million and Africa and the Middle East
combined also with 11% at 16.06 million. The robust demand ahead for new vehicles in
the Asian region, especially in the two economically advancing most populous countries
China and India, will stimulate
Rubber industry situation in Thailand
Rubber is a very important industrial crop for Thailand, both for the local
consumption as well as the global market. The major export markets for Thai rubbers
are Germany, China and Japan, with the export value of US$ 134.9 billion in 2008.
Since Thailand has a large number of rubber plantations, a large quantity of rubber can
also be produced. Most rubber plantations are in the southern part of Thailand and are
likely to expand further. However, Thailand is still facing both internal and external
obstacles that affect the wide range of Thai rubber industry27
Thailand led the pack of major NR producing nations with output of
3,252,000 tons in 2010, followed by Indonesia with 2,829,000 tons. Though Indonesia
possessed the largest NR planted area, the country could not match the yield levels of
Thailand. In the last 25 years Thailand vastly
expanded the rubber area at an annual average
of 40,000 using high yielding planting material
and adopting systematic cultivation practices,
while modern cultivation practices were alien
to majority of the small holdings in Indonesia.
The average productivity of Thailand sharply
rose to 1,720 kg in 2010, while Indonesia‘s
average could reach only 987 kg. Malaysia was
a distant third with 939,000 tons of NR output
in 2010. However, the country did Asia proud
by becoming the largest producer of dipped
goods — latex gloves, catheters and condoms
— meeting almost 45% of their world
requirement. India was the 4th NR producer
27
http://www.thaitrade.com/trade_detail.php?id=257
53
Figure 2.27 Rubber Holder Co-operatives Federation of Chanthaburi Co.,Ltd
sheets
with 851,000 tons in 2010. This country holds record for the highest world average
productivity in rubber continuously for about two decades. The average productivity in
2010 was at 1,784 kg/ha. Vietnam was the 5th largest NR producer with 754,500 tons in
2010 and China the 6th with 647,000 tons. China has over one million hectares of
rubber plantations, more than what India and Vietnam hold at 0.7 million apiece, but the
Chinese output remained low owing to substantial difference in productivity. China‘s
productivity averaged 1,143 kg in 2010 against India‘s 1,784 kg and Vietnam‘s 1,720
kg.The other Asian countries supported the Asian NR output in a modest way. In the
year 2010, Sri Lanka contributed 153,000 tons, Myanmar 112,000 tons, Philippines
99,000 tons, Cambodia 42,200 tons, Bangladesh 18,000 tons and Laos an estimated
7,500 tons. Almost the entire production of Cambodia and Laos was exported.
Rubber industry situation in Chanthaburi province
Nowadays, rubber industry situation in Chanthaburi province is quite good.
Agricultures can create a lot of incomes because 2 factors. First, because winter is
coming that means can create and make a profit can be respond of demand on world
market that is getting high by THB 119/kg. Second, because rubber plantations in
Southern part of Thailand was gotten flood and that could makes a problem by cant
make more profit or rubber or latex at all, but by the way Chanthaburi province did not
get any flood problem.28
28
http://www.rubbernongkhai.com/index.php/component/content/article/1-
newrubber/79-2010-12-01-02-56-38
54
Figure 2.28 Concentrated Latex packages
sheets
2.3 Products
Concentrated Latex
Controlled from even the collection
of fresh field latex from small holders,
concentrated latex is pure and is one of the
cleanest raw materials in terms of rubber.
Fresh field latex is preserved with added
chemicals and centrifuged to obtain
concentrated latex of 60% DRC (dry rubber
contents). Ammonia is added during the
process to enhance the preservation of latex but depending on specific requirements of
the customer, various degrees are added to the concentrated latex.29
Concentrated latex is also known as cenex. Large amount of concentrated latex
is produced by centrifuging. Latex concentration is a process which involves the
removal of serum from field latex & thus making the latex rich in rubber content. You
may be thinking whether the concentration of latex is necessary. Concentration of latex
is necessary due to the following reasons.
There is better uniformity in quality.
Higher degree of purity.
Another point is related to economy in transportation.
There are different methods used for concentrating latex.
Evaporation
Creaming
Centrifuging
Electro-decantation.
Among these, evaporation is the oldest method used. Creaming,
centrifuging & electro-decantation involve the partial removal of non-rubber& smaller
rubber particles. As a result, a high degree of purity is obtained in the product.30
29
http://www.thaihua.com/v4/en/product/latex.php 30
http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/121850-Concentrated-latex-its-
analysis.aspx
55
Figure 2.29
Ribbed Smoked Sheets Grades sheets
There is good market for preserved latex concentrate, as it is an important raw
material with a wide range of applications. Two important methods of processing latex
into preserved latex concentrate are commercially practiced.
The processing of latex into creamed concentrate involves the mixing of a
creaming agent such as ammonium alginate or tamarind seed powder with properly
preserved field latex and allowing the latex to separate into two layers; an upper layer of
concentrated latex and a lower layer of serum containing very little rubber. The lower
layer of serum is removed, leaving the latex concentrate having about 50-55% DRC
(dry rubber content), which is often tested, packed and marketed. The processing of
latex into latex concentrate by centrifugation involves the separation of preserved field
latex into two fractions, one containing the concentrated latex of more than 60% dry
rubber and the other containing 4-8% dry rubber (skim latex). Skim latex is generally
coagulated with sulphuric acid, made into crepe, dried and marketed as skim rubber,
which is a low-grade rubber.31
Ribbed Smoked Sheets
Ribbed smoked sheets are used in
various industries due to their variety in the
requirements of cleanliness and tear strength of
the sheets. There are five major grades: RSS 1 to
RSS 5. The difference in the grades is the result
of the preparation of the coagulated field latex
during the production of the Un-smoked Sheets.
The sheets are selected and smoked at a controlled timing and temperature window to
ensure that they are properly smoked without causing a negative impact on the rubber
properties. RSS grades still depend heavily on visual inspection, thus, there is a high
probability of inconsistency in grading.32
31
http://rubberboard.org.in/ManageCultivation.asp?Id=192 32
http://www.thaihua.com/v4/en/product/rss.php
56
Latex is coagulated in suitable containers into thin slabs of coagulum and rolled
through a set of smooth rollers followed by a grooved set and dried to obtain sheet
rubber. Depending upon the drying method, sheet rubbers are classified into two:
Ribbed Smoked Sheets and Air Dried Sheets. A major quantity of natural rubber
produced in this country (about 74.7%) is marketed in sheet form at present, as it is the
oldest and the simplest method of processing latex into a marketable form.
For processing latex into sheet rubber, it is important that the latex collected is
brought to the processing center before pre-coagulation sets in. In cases where the latex
is found to be prone to pre-coagulation, an anticoagulant is used.
Latex brought to the centre is strained through 40 and 60 mesh stainless steel
sieves. The volume of latex is measured with a standard vessel and a calibrated rod. The
dry rubber content (DRC) is estimated with a metrolac, which is a special type of
hydrometer calibrated to directly read the DRC. However, laboratory methods are
employed for accurate determination. Latex is diluted in bulking tanks to a standard
consistency of 1/2 kg of dry rubber for every 4 litres of the diluted latex (12.5% DRC).
The diluted latex is allowed to stand in the bulking tank for a fixed time (usually 15 to
20 minutes) for the heavy dirt particles to sediment.
The diluted latex is drawn out from the bulking tank without disturbing the
sediment layer of impurities into the coagulation pans or tanks. Four liters of latex is
usually transferred to each pan.
Formic acid or acetic acid is generally used for coagulation. The quantity of acid
required for satisfactory coagulation depends on various factors like the amount and
type of anticoagulant used the duration of coagulation, the season, and the nature of the
latex.
The acid requirement may slightly change under varying conditions and can be
fixed up by experience. Only diluted acid should be used for coagulation and should be
thoroughly mixed with latex.
The sheets after two or three hours of dripping in shade are placed in the smoke
house where the temperature is maintained between 40°C and 60°C. In the smoke
house, sheets are dried gradually whereby blisters are avoided. In addition, the creosotic
substances present in the smoke prevent mould growth on smoked sheets. It is
preferable to smoke the sheets on the first day at a low temperature (40°C to 45°C). For
57
the subsequent days (i.e. the second to the fourth day) the sheets are to be dried at a
higher temperature (not exceeding 60°C) and fairly low relative humidity. Sheets can be
dried by placing them on the first day on the reapers at the bottom region of the smoke
house and at the higher regions on the subsequent days of smoking.
There are various types of smoke houses, all working on the same general
principle. The essential features of a smoke house are a chamber in which the sheets can
be placed on reapers, a furnace outside the chamber and a flue duct connecting the
furnace to the chamber.
Generally, the sheets are turned on the reapers every day for uniform smoking
and drying and to avoid reaper marks on dry sheets. Four days of smoking is generally
sufficient under normal conditions, but during the rainy season five to six days are
required for satisfactory drying of sheets. Drying of sheets in a smoke house has definite
advantages. It is quicker than sun-drying and does not cause oxidation by ultraviolet
radiation. Inside the smoke house, there is only limited supply of air and it is mostly
filled with smoke and carbon dioxide. Hence chances for oxidation of rubber are very
limited, provided the temperature is within limits. Also, the creosotic i.e. materials
present in smoke, get deposited on the surface of the sheets thereby preventing mould
growth on sheets. The requirements of a good smoke house are:
-Minimum drying time
-Maintenance of temperature in the range of 40-60o C
-Maximum fuel efficiency
-Minimum heat loss
-Minimum drying cost
-Easy loading/unloading of sheets
-Minimum labor requirement
-Continuous operation
-Good ventilation
-Minimum number of defective sheets
58
A smoke house consists of a chamber into which the sheets are loaded either on
trolleys carrying reapers or on reapers fitted on a wooden framework. Smoke is
generated in the furnace, which is usually outside the chamber. Smoke and hot air from
the furnace are directed into the chamber through flu. Air inlets and ventilators are
provided at the bottom and top of the chamber respectively. These can be opened or
closed for controlling temperature. Temperature can also be regulated by adjusting the
rate of burning of the firewood by opening or closing the air inlets in the furnace door.
A damper is usually provided at the main flue outlet, as a safety measure to prevent fire
entering the chamber in an event of opening the furnace door. The chamber may be of
brickwork with a reinforced concrete frame. The smoke house shall be provided with
adequate drainage to facilitate removal of serum dripping from the sheets. The roof and
the ceiling may be of asbestos sheets and the gap between the roof and the ceiling at the
top of the walls shall be closed from all the four sides of the smoke house, so as to avoid
heat loss due to air currents over the ceiling and to prevent condensed moisture
containing carbon from dripping on sheets. Smoke houses are of two types, those in
which the furnace is inside the drying chamber and those in which the furnace is
outside.
Smoke house of the pit-fired-type and trolley box type which are used in Sri
Lanka come under this. In the pit-fired-type, smoke is generated by burning firewood in
a central pit, which is inside the smoke house. A thick gauge galvanized iron sheet,
slightly larger in size than the mouth of the pit, is fixed 25 cm above so as to spread the
smoke. The sheets are hung inside the chamber and a minimum space of 180 cm
between the fire and the bottom layer of the sheet is given to avoid overheating of the
sheet near the pit. In the trolley box furnace-type, smoke is generated in a fire trolley on
wheels. The advantage of this type of smoke house over the pit-fired-type is that the
smoke house can be kept clean since operations such as loading of firewood and
removing the ash can be done outside the smoke house.
There are two types of smoke houses with external furnaces, the ground-floor
type and the tunnel-type. In the ground-floor type, the smoke from the furnace is
directed to the centre of the smoking chamber. The sheets are hung on reapers fitted on
a wooden framework. Fresh sheets, after dripping, are put on reapers near the ground
and on the next day they are taken from the lower reapers and hung on the upper ones.
59
The usual drying time in this type of smoke house is four to five days. The
disadvantages of this type of smoke house are that only batch wise operation is possible
and more labour is required, since sheets are replaced on the reapers every day.
Drying of sheets in direct sunlight increases the chances of oxidation of sheets,
especially when they are exposed to sunlight for longer periods. However, solar energy
could be indirectly used for drying the sheets using flat plate solar collectors. In this
system, hot air from the solar collectors is blown into the drying chamber in which the
sheets are placed on reapers placed on trolleys. The system also contains a furnace for
burning firewood which acts as a back-up heat source for maintaining the inside
temperature during night and also on cloudy days. Reports show that with the back-up
heat source, drying time could be brought down to five days. Compared to conventional
smoke drying, the saving in firewood using the solar-cum-smoke drier is around 60 to
70 per cent and the quality of sheets is comparable to that of sheets prepared by
conventional smoke drying.
Smallholders dry rubber sheets partially in sunlight and partially in a smoke
dryer/kitchen hearth. During this process, a lot of dirt, dust, and other contaminants
accumulate on the surface of the sheet leading to downgrading of the dried sheet.
Drying of rubber sheets put on wooden rods fixed on trolleys can eliminate surface
contamination to a great extent. The trolley can be used to dry rubber sheets in open
sunlight as well as in a smoke dryer, thereby substantially reducing the drying time,
surface contamination and improving the grade of the sheet. The trolley for sunlight-
cum-smoke drying of natural rubber sheets consists of four sliding layers, one guard
layer and a top layer which are fixed on a mild steel (M.S.) angle framework. The
sliding layers can be drawn out in four directions. Slots are cut, 75mm apart, on the
sliding and fixed frames to insert wooden rods of 20mm diameter on which the rubber
sheets are hung. For drying in open sunlight the trolley is rolled out of the smoke
chamber and the sliding layers are drawn out in four directions thereby avoiding the
shade of the top layer of sheets from falling on the bottom ones. This provides direct
sunlight to sheets on all the layers, better aeration through layers of sheet and avoids
water dripping from one layer to the other. The cumulative effect of all the above is
faster and uniform drying of the sheets. During night the sheets on the trolley can be
dried in a smoke house, for which the sliding layers are pulled in and arranged one
60
above the other. As the trolley is designed for maximum use of sunlight with minimum
handling, the period of drying is reduced. Since the trolley is fitted with swivel caster
wheels of 100 mm diameter it can be easily moved in and out of the smoke house and
rolled into the open space for sun drying.
The main frame of the trolley is made of M.S angles of 50x50x6mm size. The
sliding and guard layers are of 35x35x5mm M.S angles and the top layer has
40x40x6mm M.S angles. The guard layer is intended for collecting the sheet that may
accidentally fall down, thereby preventing it from catching fire in the smoke house. The
sliding layer when drawn out are supported on 10mm. iron rods thereby providing
overall balance of the trolley carrying the sheets. Each layer can carry 30 sheets of 500
g, leading to a total capacity of 75 kg. of dried sheets per trolley.Trials conducted at
RRII indicated 50-60 per cent savings in fire wood by the use of this new trolley for
sun-cum-smoke drying.
A major portion of smallholder‘s sheet rubber is of very poor quality, due to
incomplete drying, mould growth and a lot of surface contamination. These problems
could be overcome at least partially if such sheets are properly cleaned even after
drying. The manual method of cleaning is laborious and costly. Hence, a mechanical
device for cleaning of low quality sheet rubber is developed. The machine consists of a
set of cast iron/mild steel rolls having a specific design and which run at an rpm of 90, a
set of brush rolls with 300 rpm and a third set of rolls (brush) of 360 rpm, arranged in a
row. The length of each roll is 70 cm. The brushes are made of nylon bristles of 2.5 cm
in length and are fixed on a PVC/nylon roll which has a steel shaft at its core. The
sheets are first fed to the cast iron rolls and as they come out they are pulled by the first
set of brush rolls under a forced spray of water which is applied on the sheet from the
bottom and top sides. This semi-cleaned sheet passes through the second set of brush
rolls under the same conditions as in the previous case. For easy movement of the
sheets, rolls are arranged in a slanting manner. There are two motors, each of 2HP. One
motor drives all the bottom rolls whereas the other one drives all the upper rolls. Rolls
are arranged on mild steel framework which is provided with stainless steel/aluminum
feeding and receiving trays. Aluminum plates are also provided between each set of
rolls to prevent the sheets from falling down. The top rolls have an upper and lower
movement facility to accommodate sheets of different thickness. This machine can
61
Table 2.15 Major Defects in Smoked Sheets
sheets
Clean dry sheets after soaking in water which will upgrade the quality of sheets
on drying. The sheet is stretched due to the speed difference and brushed well when it
passes through the rolls. Cleaning of both the surfaces of the sheets takes only two to
three seconds, leading to an output of 20 to 30 sheets per minute depending on the
setting of the rolls and size of sheets.
Defects Causes Prevention
Small sand dirt, or foreign particles
in the sheet
Due to improper
bulking and
sieving
Practice proper bulking in suitable tanks
for the sedimentation of the dirt and use
proper sieves.
Small bubbles along the edges of
rubber sheets
Due to (1)
insufficient
mixing of the acid
with latex and (2)
insufficient acid
for coagulation
Ensure thorough mixing of acid with
latex. Use adequate quantity of acid.
Pinhead bubbles in clusters all over
the sheets
Caused by
bacterial growth
The latex tanks and coagulating pans
should be cleaned regularly, preferably
with a small quantity of disinfectant
solution (Lysol or formalin).
Small white specks and irregular
bubbles
Mainly due to
precoagulated
latex
Use of anticoagulants in the field.
Blisters and large Bubbles
Rapid drying in
the smoke house
Resort to gradual drying by regulating
the temperature.
62
Table 2.16 Major Defects in Smoked Sheets
sheets
Defects
Causes Prevention
Burnt and oxidized Sheets
High temperature
drying and flame
directly reaching
the sheet
Sheets have to be initially dried at 40oC
- 45oC and then at 60
o C until
completely dry.
Weak sheets
High dilution of
field latex and
sheeting before
maturation. Use of
latex from
slaughter tapping.
Dilute the field latex to 12.5% DRC and
roll the coagulum after obtaining
sufficient strength.
Mould
Improper drying
and storage under
moist conditions.
Dry the sheets after dipping in
paranitrophenol solution. Proper drying
and storing in dry atmosphere.
Rust
Improper washing
of the coagulum
during and after
sheeting.
Wash the coagulum during and after
sheeting.
Stickiness
High dosage of
coagulant and high
temperature drying
and drying in
sunlight alone.
Use only sufficient quantity of acid and
dry at the specified temperature.
Discolouration
Atmospheric
oxidation during
coagulation.
Use sodium bisulphite solution before
coagulation.
*The completely dried sheets are removed to the packing shed where they are carefully inspected and graded according to the s tandards published by the Rubber
Manufacturers Association (RMA) Inc. Washington in Green Book. This system at present provides for six grades of ribbed smoked sheets, viz, RSS IX, RSS 1, RSS 2, RSS 3,
RSS 4 and RSS 5. The grading of sheet rubber is carried out by visual examination. Normally this is accomplished by holding rubber sheets against light when the most obvious
defects become apparent.33
33http://rubberboard.org.in/ManageCultivation.asp?Id=192
63
2.4 Conclusion
As we knew that rubber was known to the indigenous people of the Americas
long before the arrival of European explorers. The first scientist study of rubber was
undertaken by Charles de la Condamine, when he encountered it during his trip to Peru
in 1735. The first use of rubber was an eraser. It was Magellan, a descendent of the
famous Portuguese navigator, who suggested this use. In England, Priestley popularized
it to the extent that it became known as India rubber.
Rubber was came in Thailand for the first time when Phraya Ratsadanupradit
Mahison Phakdi visited in Malaysia and he was interested to take rubber trees plant in
Thailand, but at that time the owner of rubber plantations did not want to give him the
rubber breed and in 1901 Phra Sathon Sathaphitak, he was visited Indonesia and he
could bring rubber seeding which their roots were wrapped by moistened cotton and
wrapped again with the newspaper before containing into rain tree wooden boxes and it
was 4 boxes of rubber seeding and grew it about 45 plantations. So Praya
Ratsadanupradit Mahison Phakdi was praised to be the ―Father of Rubber‖.
About the rubber in Chanthaburi province it was popular in 1908, Poom
Poonnasri we was taken rubber trees to growth in Chanthaburi province and it was
growth up as well, and then after that he was flexible to growth it in other provinces of
Eastern part of Thailand such as Rayong and Trad, after that rubber was became to an
important economic product of Eastern part of Thailand. After that has many people
tried to take rubber trees to growth in other parts of Thailand such as on the North-
Eastern and the North of Thailand but it was not successful to do it like in Eastern and
South of Thailand.
64
Chapter 3:
Market Feasibility Study This chapter will be consists information following:
Market Analysis
General Environment
Analysis
Political, Economical,
Social and
Environment and
Technology
Competition Analysis
Competitor Analysis
Customer Analysis
Competitive Analysis
STP Analysis
Marketing Mix Strategy
Sales Forecast/Profit
Estimation
Marketing Expenses (Sales
Incentive)
Conclusion
65
Chapter 3: Market Feasibility Study
3.1 Market Analysis
3.1.1 General Environment
Rubber is industrial drop and exports are an important of Thailand. Rubbers
make money and create career that people have income. Rubber and processing of
rubber products, it is recognized that quality standard that export is not have a problem.
- Political
The price of rubber fell as a result, the rubber planters protested and demanded
the government to offer measure to stabilize the rubber prices.
On 24 January 2012, government notice measure to stabilize the
rubber prices, with a goal at 120 Baht/kg. By Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives
Bank loans 0 interest rate and credit facilities is 15,000 million. Allocating to the rubber
planters is 5,000 million and rubber estate organization is 10,000 million for the
purchase of rubbers.34
- Economy
Rubber help revive the economy of Thailand because rubber is a plant that make
a revenue for the county.
In 2000, gross value is 134,143 million; the material is 60,743 million
which it is goods in the top 10 export.
Income distribution of the rubber planters with career rubber has more
than 6 million people, so rubbers are the distribution of income to rubber
planters.
34
http://www.bangkokbiznews.com/home/detail/politics/opinion/jangsibia/20120403/44
5056/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B
8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%88%E0%B
8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%
B8%AD.html
66
Rubber planters have increasing income; based on rubber statistics. In 1966 has
average yield is 60 kg/unit/year and in 2000 has increasing average yield is 268
kg/unit/year. Economy increased four-fold in the last 35 years.35
Although, rubber cultivation has expanded across the country, especially in the
Northeast and the North, but in 2011, mid-February rubber prices have fallen
continuously from 180 Baht/kg to 83 Baht/kg. It affect to the rubber planters, they call
for government measures to stabilize rubber prices in early 2012.36
According to office of Agricultural Economics, situation in 2011; demand for
natural rubber in the world market increased 1.86 percent per year. And situation in
2012; rubber production increased to 10.60 million tones.37
- Social and Environment
Rubber industry is an industry that relate with the rubber planters because rubber
is creating job. The development of rubber industry, whether it is large industry or
small industry cause both indirect and indirect income to the rubber planters. Increasing
in domestic consumption and using natural rubber in products, it positively effect to the
rubber planters, so the rubber planters are have a job every day. Growing rubber is a
green area because it is forest plantation and restore of degraded environment.
- Technology
The advancement of technology has to take applied to rubber that help in
breeding the rubber provide more latex and there was more disease resistant.
Breeding technology made rubber of Thailand to be leading one of the world‘s
natural rubber productions even though Thailand has planted area 1.43million hectares,
while Indonesia has planted area 3.37 million hectares.38
35
http://www.rubber.co.th/knowledge_1m.html 36
http://glamdring.baac.or.th/ViewContent.php?ContentID=8250 37
http://www.cad.go.th/cadweb_org/ewt_news.php?nid=14689 38
http://www.afet.or.th/v081/thai/product/rss3/index.php?page=2
67
3.1.2 Competition Analysis
3.1.2.1 Competitor Analysis
Now in Chanthaburi province we have only company that is will be our
company, in addition rubber gardeners needs more rubber and latex company to buy
their products, so our company will not have more competitor, but in Thailand have
many company that trading about the rubber as following;
The Thai Rubber Associations39
:
- A.T.S. RUBBER CO.,LTD.
- BOTHONG RUBBER FUND COOPERATIVE LTD.
- B.RIGHT RUBBER CO.,LTD.
- CHALONG LATEX INDUSTRY CO.,LTD.
- C.P. INTERTRADE CO.,LTD.
- GUANGKEN RUBBER (SATUN) CO.,LTD.
- INTER RUBBER LATEX CO.,LTD.
- L T RUBBER CO.,LTD.
- MAL TECH RUBBER CO.,LTD.
- MENG TAI CO.,LTD.
- MITRATHAI HOLDING CO.,LTD.
- NIYOM RUBBER CO.,LTD.
- NORTH EAST RUBBER CO.,LTD.
- P.C. RUBBER CO.,LTD.
- PAN STAR CO.,LTD.
- PIANPRADIT RUBBER CO.,LTD.
- R1 INTERNATIONAL (THAILAND) LTD.
- RANAD (THAILAND) CO.,LTD.
- RUBBER HOLDER CO-OPERATIVES FEDERATION OF CHANTHABURI
LIMITED (RCFC&KYM)
- SADAO P.S. RUBBER CO.,LTD.
- SANG TONG RUBBER CO.,LTD.
39http://www.thainr.com/en/index.php?detail=member
68
The Thai Rubber Associations40
(cont.):
- SOUTHLAND RUBBER CO.,LTD.
- SRIJAROEN RUBBER CO.,LTD.
- SRI TRANG AGRO-INDUSTRY PUBLIC CO.,LTD.
- TRANG LATEX CO.,LTD.
- TAVORN RUBBER INDUSTRY (1982) CO.,LTD.
- TAVORN T.T.R. INDUSTRY CO.,LTD.
- TECK BEE HANG CO.,LTD.
- THAI ASIA RUBBER CO.,LTD.
- THAI EASTERN RUBBER CO.,LTD.
- THAI HUA RUBBER PUBLIC CO.,LTD.
- THAI MAC STR CO.,LTD.
- THAI RUBBER LATEX CORPORATION (THAILAND) PUBLIC CO.,LTD.
- THAITECH RUBBER CORPORATION LTD.
- THAI SENG RUBBER CO.,LTD.
- THAI UNION RUBBER CO.,LTD.
- THONG THAI A.S. CO.,LTD.
- THUNGSONG SISAWAD CO.,LTD.
- TI RUBBER CO.,LTD.
- TONG THAI RUBBER CO.,LTD.
- TT RUBBER INDUSTRY CO.,LTD.
- UNIMAC RUBBER CO.,LTD.
- UNITED KRABI RUBBER CO.,LTD.
- VON BUNDIT CO.,LTD.
- YONGLONG RUBBER CO.,LTD.
- GRAND RUBBER CO., LTD.
- THAI RUBBER H P NR CO., LTD.
- THE RUBBER ESTATE ORGANIZATION
- VON BUNDIT CHUMPHON CO., LTD.
- SOUTH-EAST RUBBER CO., LTD.
40http://www.thainr.com/en/index.php?detail=member
69
3.1.2.2 Customer Analysis
Our customer will be the company in Rayong province and in the future
our company will expand to nearby province in the Eastern. Customers want to buy
concentrated latex and RSS3 in our product because they took to resell and processed
into other products such as car tire, eraser, etc. Our company will ship to customers in
every month. However if customers suddenly requires, our company is prepared to keep
up with customer requirement. The customer can contact our company about ordering
by phone, FAX, and e-mail.
3.1.2.3 Competitive Analysis
The Rivalry among current competitor
In Chanthaburi we has not have more competitors, only our company
that covered this type of industry, so if the rubber farmer from Kaeng Hang Maew
district, Soi Dao district, Makham district and Khaokitchakood district wants to sales
their product they have sales for our company, because they did not have others
competitive yet in Chanthaburi but for Thamai district and Nayayarm district they wants
to sales their products our company can have competitors from Rayong.
Bargaining power of suppliers
Thai rubber market is vulnerable lack of bargaining power and do not get
their fair due from the sale of tire dealers be purchased including assessment quality
rubber than the reality because most poor farmers have to sell products to the market as
well as the immediate livelihood Rubber multi-level dealers and margins in each level
resulted in farmers selling at a low price for rubber tire market in Thailand is having
problems as well, because the sender used the method of direct trade between producers
and users
Bargaining power of buyers/customers
Customer is not only benefit from the purchase but it is also the
bargaining power of customers further reduced by the method that uses the price of
goods up within the group is treated the same price. This can be done very easy because
the supply of goods, production and cost are the same. Customers will not be able to
negotiate a trade because the price out of each stores are the same
70
Threat of substitute product or services
Rubber products had a quite a vehicle and industrial rubber products and
its synthetic rubber by-product is distilled from crude oil. The price of rubber has a
close relationship with the oil price in world market. There are also issues about the
relationship between the price of rubber in the market AFET and the price of rubber in
the international market liked become possible in the same direction.
Threat of new entrance
Rubber is currently increasing in the market need; that is normally if
some new rubber company gonna happen, if like that our company will turn to the new
interesting and the rubber production will increase because of the importance of rubber
and to more of demand and will be used in many benefit.
3.2 STP Analysis
3.2.1 Segment
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company divided the market segment into 3
segments are geographic, demographic, and behavioral.
3.2.1.1 Geographic
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex
Company divided the geographic from province of
Thailand which based on characteristics of
geography are Northern, Central, Northeastern,
Eastern, Western, and South.41
3.2.1.2 Demographic
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex
Company divided the demographic from occupation
which it concern about rubber both direct and
indirect. Demographic segmentation from occupation
is the companies that buy rubbers and the middleman
because they are related directly to the rubber.
41
http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photos-map-thailand-image8983853
Figure3.1 Geographic of Thailand
sheets
71
3.2.1.3 Behavioral
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company divided the behavioral from the
order of the rubber are the company are always order rubber and the company are
occasionally order rubber.
3.2.2 Target Market
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company focus on the companies that buy rubber
in Eastern and they are always demand for products. Our customers are D.S RUBBER
AND LATEX Co.,Ltd and SHUN THAI RUBBER GLOVES INDUSTRY PUBLIC
CO.,LTD.
D.S RUBBER AND LATEX Co.,Ltd is to active in natural rubber business in
which the 20 years old and have been exporting products to worldwide such as USA,
Singapore, Hongkong, Taiwan, Argentina, Mexico and Middle East Countries.42
SHUN THAI RUBBER GLOVES INDUSTRY PUBLIC CO.,LTD. is a leading
manufactures disposable latex examination gloves. The Company exports majority of its
products to the European, Latin America, and USA markets.43
3.2.3 Positioning
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company located in Chanthaburi at 8 moo7
Tambol Khunsong, Amphoe Kaenghangmaew, Chanthaburi province. We were chosen
this place because in 1908, PoomPoonnasri we was taken rubber trees to growth in
Chanthaburi and it was growth up as well, and then after that he was flexible to growth
it in other provinces of Eastern part of Thailand such as Rayong and Trad province,
after that rubber was became to an important economic product of Eastern part of
Thailand. So we have decided this place to our location because in Amphoe
Kanghangmaew districts have a lot of rubber farm but nobody was building rubber
manufacture and there is no competitor and it‘s good to investment here.
42
http://www.dsrubberlatex.com/web/home/index.php 43
http://www.shunthaiglove.com/main.html
72
Table 3.1 Price of latex
sheets
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company specify exporting of rubber follows price
and quality. We evaluate quality and purchase price of the central rubber market.
Company considered about the rubber product that considering market price is up or
down depending on the economic and the demands of customer.
Price of Latex follows quality
Average price/kilogram
Concentrated
latex RSS3
70 100
Units: Baht
3.3 Marketing Mix Strategy
3.3.1 Product
Thailand is the world's largest rubber exporter and over 90 percent of Thailand's
natural rubber and products made from rubber are exported to overseas markets. The
country's dependence on the world market means the industry is sensitive to price
fluctuations in international trade, which in turn, is influenced by the prevailing global
demand for natural rubber. Strong competition from other major natural rubber
producing countries, like Malaysia and Indonesia, and climatic conditions are also
important factors that significantly affect the rubber industry in Thailand. Then Ton-
Yang Rubber and Latex Company will produce high-quality rubber thread products,
reliable standards and continuous product development.44
44
http://www.thaitexgroup.com/main_page/index_our_company.php
73
Figure3.2 Brand Company
sheets
Branding Strategy
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company, ―Ton-Yang‖ in Thai language the
meaning is trees rubber .the name of the company is easy to read and remember. And
our company has designed a unique logo for of the company and can be easily
recognized. The tree is a symbol of the rubber trees and the meaning of brown and
green colors is natural, white circle is the world of rubber trees and white color is a
symbol of prosperity. The logo and company name that is easily recognizable as one of
the company strategies.
3.3.2 Price
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company has considered about the price of rubber
market in Thailand. We evaluate quantity and purchase price of the central rubber
market. And company considered about the rubber product that considering market
price is up or down depending on the economic and the demands of customer. We also
considered the analysis of rubber prices in the international market because the
company has exported products to competitive on the international market. The price
offers its sellers different competitors in each country.
74
Table 3.3 Purchase price of RSS3
sheets
Table 3.2 Price of latex
sheets
Price of latex follows quality
Average price/kilogram
Concentrated
latex RSS3
70 100
Units:Bath
Purchase price: RSS3 of the central rubber market
Source: http://www.rubberthai.com/price/price_index.htm
75
Quantity and the buying-sale price of rubber in central market7 December 2012
List
Central Rubber Market
Songkhla Suratthani Nakorn-
Srithammarat
Amount of rubber
on the market
(kg).11:30 AM
9,700* 117,000* 23,000*
Auction price
(THB / kg) 80.85 80.29 81.18
Local prices
(THB / kg)
78.50 78.50 77.00
Value of
rubber(THB) 784,245 9,393,930 1,867,140
Value added (THB) 22,795 209,430 96,140
Annotation* Weight estimated.
Source: http://www.rubberthai.com/price/price_index.htm
3.3.3 Place
“Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company‖ located in Chanthaburi province it is
the eastern of Thailand. We focus on Amphoe Kaeng Hang Maeo because in
Chanthaburi province has the rubber plantation but the company for production and
buying rubber sheets and latex less. And nearby province of Chantaburi are
Chachoengsao , Rayong and Sa Kaeo. Province that has the rubber plantation but also
not have company for production and buying as well.
Table 3.4 Quantity and the buying-sale price of rubber
sheets
76
3.3.3.1 General information of Chanthaburi province
Chanthaburi province it is located in the east of Thailand the nearby provinces
are Trat, Rayong, Chonburi, Chachoengsao and Sa Kaeo.
Geography
While the southern part of the province is located at the shore to the Gulf of
Thailand and thus is mostly coastal alluvial plains, the hinterlands of the province are
quite mountainous. The Chanthaburi mountain range in the north has the highest
elevation of the province, the 1556 m high Soi Dao Nua Peak. The main river of the
province is the Chanthaburi River.
Together with the neighboring province Trat, Chanthaburi is the center
of gemstone mining, especially rubies and sapphires. Tropical fruits are also among the
main products of the province. In 2000, it produced nearly 380,000 tones of durian,
which was 45.57% of Thailand's durian production and approximately 27% of the world
production of this fruit.45
45
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanthaburi_Province
Figure 3.3 Geography of Thailand
sheets
77
The table show about rubber plantation areas in the eastern of Thailand
Province
Area
Year 2009 Year 2010 Year 2011
1. Kanchanaburi 102,180 131,000 132,400
2. Chanthaburi 470,234 479,192 484,180
3. Chachoengsao 122,112 125,653 126,224
4. Chonburi 189,043 193,188 196,130
5. Trat 257,566 268,169 288,145
6. Prachinburi 16,167 20,613 20,888
7. Rayong 718,607 744,708 746,070
8. Ratchaburi 15,026 23,900 22,812
9. Sa Kaeo 30,543 31,547 335,635
10. Prachuabkirikhan 130,010 142,793 143,270
11. Phetchaburi 8,760 9,855 9,900
12. Suphanburi 2,100 2,415 2,462
13. Pathumthani - - -
14. Nakornnayok - 411 -
15. Saraburi 678 678 657
16. Lopburi 392 871 871
Unit:Rai
Source: http://www.rubberthai.com/statistic/stat_index.htm
Table 3.5 Areas in the eastern of Thailand
sheets
78
3.3.4 Promotion
For let people know that quality rubber of our company and to make our
company more to be known, so we need to be advertising variety of media. Such as
o Signboard
We used the signboard for advertising our company because it is remarkable
makes is known of others.
o Internet and Leaflet
We will use the internet for
advertising by create the website of
company and have advertising on others
website. And our company will
advertise the leaflet to distribute to
various places.
Figure 3.4 Signboard
sheets
Figure 3.5 Advertising Company
sheets
79
o Souvenir
Our company will have a souvenir for the customer that is advertisement of
Ton-Yang Company. Such as bags, glass and T- shirt have logo of our band for
promote.
Figure 3.6 Souvenir
sheets
Figure 3.7 Souvenir
sheets
Figure 3.8 Souvenir
sheets
80
Figure 3.9 Banner
sheets
Figure 3.10Banner
sheets
o Radio
We will promote our company by the advertising on the radio FM 95.75
MHz. (WittayuchoomchonSumpan AmphorGanghangmaew) and FM
95.75MHz.Hitstation Ra Yong.
o Agriculture Fair
It is about agriculture46
, plants and gardens in Chanthaburi province.47
46
http://forum.fernsai.com/index.php?topic=554.0 47
http://www.chanforchan.com/index.php?lay=show&ac=article&Id=538728961&Ntyp
e=11
81
Table 3.6 Concentrate latex
sheets
3.4 Sales Forecast
Rubber is a crop that is important to the national economy and is an important to
market and is likely to increase
Chanthaburi province in 2012 has grown the para rubber more than 352,307 rai
and trends increase in the future. In one month, which is the spring harvest is about 20
days to produce about 9 kg /rai and can be devided RSS 3 into 2.4 kg/rai/day. We
estimate the production of concentrate latex in Chanthaburi province, there will be like
the table following
Table shows, forecasting eight years for harvest rubber.
Year Concentrate latex per rai
2013 170,000
2014 280.000
2015 390,000
2016 520,000
2017 630,000
2018 750,000
2019 890,000
2020 1,060,000
When we already estimate price forecasting, we will get the sale forecasting in
each year following
82
Sales Forecast
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company
Year1, 2013 Sales Forecast
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
RSS3 units sold
50,000
-
-
50,100
30,000
30,000
50,200
50,200
50,300
50,300
50,400
50,450
461,950
Sale price @ unit
90
-
-
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
Total of RSS3
4,500,000
-
-
4,509,000
2,700,000
2,700,000
4,518,000
4,518,000
4,527,000
4,527,000
4,536,000
4,540,500
41,575,500
Concentrated latex units sold
50,000
-
-
50,100
30,000
30,000
50,200
50,200
50,300
50,300
50,400
50,450
461,950
Sale price @ unit
70
-
-
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
Total of Concentrated latex
3,500,000
-
-
3,507,000
2,100,000
2,100,000
3,514,000
3,514,000
3,521,000
3,521,000
3,528,000
3,531,500
32,336,500
Total
8,000,000
-
-
8,016,000
4,800,000
4,800,000
8,032,000
8,032,000
8,048,000
8,048,000
8,064,000
8,072,000
73,912,000
Table 3.5 Sales Forecast
sheets
83
Table 3.7 Sales Forecast
sheets
Year2, 2014 Sales Forecast
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
RSS3 units sold
60,600
-
-
60,650
30,050
30,050
60,550
60,660
60,700
60,770
60,800
60,800
545,630
Sale price @ unit
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Total of RSS3
6,060,000
-
-
6,065,000
3,005,000
3,005,000
6,055,000
6,066,000
6,070,000
6,077,000
6,080,000
6,080,000
54,563,000
Concentrated latex units sold
60,600
-
-
60,650
30,050
30,050
60,550
60,660
60,700
60,770
60,800
60,800
545,630
Sale price @ unit
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
Total of Concentrated latex
5,151,000
-
-
5,155,250
2,554,250
2,554,250
5,146,750
5,156,100
5,159,500
5,165,450
5,168,000
5,168,000
46,378,550
Total
11,211,000
-
-
11,220,250
5,559,250
5,559,250
11,201,750
11,222,100
11,229,500
11,242,450
11,248,000
11,248,000
100,941,550
Year3, 2015 Sales Forecast
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
RSS3 units sold
70,400
-
-
70,500
36,200
36,200
70,605
70,700
70,800
70,850
70,860
70,880
637,995
Sale price @ unit
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
Total of RSS3
7,744,000
-
-
7,755,000
3,982,000
3,982,000
7,766,550
7,777,000
7,788,000
7,793,500
7,794,600
7,796,800
70,179,450
Concentrated latex units sold
70,400
-
-
70,500
36,200
36,200
70,605
70,700
70,800
70,850
70,860
70,880
637,995
Sale price @ unit
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
Total of Concentrated latex
6,688,000
-
-
6,697,500
3,439,000
3,439,000
6,707,475
6,716,500
6,726,000
6,730,750
6,731,700
6,733,600
60,609,525
Total
14,432,000
-
-
14,452,500
7,421,000
7,421,000
14,474,025
14,493,500
14,514,000
14,524,250
14,526,300
14,530,400
130,788,975
Table 3.6 Sales Forecast
sheets
84
Table 3.8 Sales Forecast
sheets
Table 3.9 Sales Forecast
sheets
Year4, 2016 Sales Forecast
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
RSS3 units sold
81,000
-
-
81,500
41,020
41,020
81,400
81,300
81,600
81,700
81,800
81,900
734,240
Sale price @ unit
116
116
116
116
116
116
116
116
116
116
116
116
Total of RSS3
9,396,000
-
-
9,454,000
4,758,320
4,758,320
9,442,400
9,430,800
9,465,600
9,477,200
9,488,800
9,500,400
85,171,840
Concentrated latex units sold
81,000
-
-
81,500
41,020
41,020
81,400
81,300
81,600
81,700
81,800
81,900
734,240
Sale price @ unit
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Total of Concentrated latex
8,100,000
-
-
8,150,000
4,102,000
4,102,000
8,140,000
8,130,000
8,160,000
8,170,000
8,180,000
8,190,000
73,424,000
Total
17,496,000
-
-
17,604,000
8,860,320
8,860,320
17,582,400
17,560,800
17,625,600
17,647,200
17,668,800
17,690,400
158,595,840
Year5, 2017 Sales Forecast
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
RSS3 units sold
90,000
-
-
90,500
46,000
46,000
90,600
90,600
90,800
90,900
91,000
91,100
817,500
Sale price @ unit
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
Total of RSS3
11,340,000
-
-
11,403,000
5,796,000
5,796,000
11,415,600
11,415,600
11,440,800
11,453,400
11,466,000
11,478,600
103,005,000
Concentrated latex units sold
90,000
-
-
90,500
46,000
46,000
90,600
90,600
90,800
90,900
91,000
91,100
817,500
Sale price @ unit
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
Total of Concentrated latex
9,450,000
-
-
9,502,500
4,830,000
4,830,000
9,513,000
9,513,000
9,534,000
9,544,500
9,555,000
9,565,500
85,837,500
Total
20,790,000
-
-
20,905,500
10,626,000
10,626,000
20,928,600
20,928,600
20,974,800
20,997,900
21,021,000
21,044,100
188,842,500
85
Table 3.10 Sales Forecast
sheets
Table 3.11 Sales Forecast
sheets
Year6, 2018 Sales Forecast
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
RSS3 units sold
100,000
-
-
101,500
56,000
56,000
101,600
101,700
101,800
101,900
102,000
102,100
924,600
Sale price @ unit
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
Total of RSS3
13,100,000
-
-
13,296,500
7,336,000
7,336,000
13,309,600
13,322,700
13,335,800
13,348,900
13,362,000
13,375,100
121,122,600
Concentrated latex units sold
100,000
-
-
101,500
56,000
56,000
101,600
101,700
101,800
101,900
102,000
102,100
924,600
Sale price @ unit
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
Total of Concentrated latex
11,500,000
-
-
11,672,500
6,440,000
6,440,000
11,684,000
11,695,500
11,707,000
11,718,500
11,730,000
11,741,500
106,329,000
Total
24,600,000
-
-
24,969,000
13,776,000
13,776,000
24,993,600
25,018,200
25,042,800
25,067,400
25,092,000
25,116,600
227,451,600
Year7, 2019 Sales Forecast
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
RSS3 units sold
115,000
-
-
115,000
65,000
65,000
116,000
116,500
117,000
118,500
118,900
119,500
1,066,400
Sale price @ unit
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
Total of RSS3
15,525,000
-
-
15,525,000
8,775,000
8,775,000
15,660,000
15,727,500
15,795,000
15,997,500
16,051,500
16,132,500
143,964,000
Concentrated latex units sold
115,000
-
-
115,000
65,000
65,000
116,000
116,500
117,000
118,500
118,900
119,500
1,066,400
Sale price @ unit
119
119
119
119
119
119
119
119
119
119
119
119
Total of Concentrated latex
13,685,000
-
-
13,685,000
7,735,000
7,735,000
13,804,000
13,863,500
13,923,000
14,101,500
14,149,100
14,220,500
126,901,600
Total
29,210,000
-
-
29,210,000
16,510,000
16,510,000
29,464,000
29,591,000
29,718,000
30,099,000
30,200,600
30,353,000
241,655,600
86
Table 3.12 Sales Forecast
sheets
Year8, 2020 Sales Forecast
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
RSS3 units sold
144,000
-
-
145,000
71,500
71,500
146,500
146,800
147,500
147,800
148,000
148,500
1,317,100
Sale price @ unit
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
Total of RSS3
20,016,000
-
-
20,155,000
9,938,500
9,938,500
20,363,500
20,405,200
20,502,500
20,544,200
20,572,000
20,641,500
183,076,900
Concentrated latex units sold
144,000
-
-
145,000
71,500
71,500
146,500
146,800
147,500
147,800
148,000
148,500
1,317,100
Sale price @ unit
124
124
124
124
124
124
124
124
124
124
124
124
Total of Concentrated latex
17,856,000
-
-
17,980,000
8,866,000
8,866,000
18,166,000
18,203,200
18,290,000
18,327,200
18,352,000
18,414,000
163,320,400
Total
37,872,000
-
-
38,135,000
18,804,500
18,804,500
38,529,500
38,608,400
38,792,500
38,871,400
38,924,000
39,055,500
346,397,300
87
3.5 Marketing Expenses
The Company will focus on rubber trees on the production of goods and raw
materials for more and more in the long-term of the market to be the distributor good
latex for the company .The Company was necessary expenses in the market for
advertising to ensure that the distribution of latex in good company, so it is necessary to
promote the of the Company.
In the first year at the begining to open a company. The company is also
a customer who knows we could not enough. Sales forecast of the Ton-
Yang Company we have to buy latex by up to the domestic market in
price of latex about 89% and when the subscription period of the latex
and the company will be used to make a rubber for export sales. Our
company, which is expected that rubber is likely to be around 90 Baht
and which we will give credit to the people will buy rubber from us by
the ratio is reduced to 2%.48
Our company will use radio to the promote the company by Sport
advertise at FM 95.75 MHz (Wittayuchoomchon Sumpan Amphor
Ganghangmaew)49 120 times per month/2,000 Bath and FM 95.75 MHz.
Hitstation Ra Yong50 150 times per month/2,000 Bath total price 4,000
Bath
Our company will join with Horticultural Exposition in Chanthaburi
province by using budget 50,000 Baht per day / total price 100,000
Baht.51
48http://www.rubber.co.th/menu5.php 49K.SornchaiRattanakul.Interviewed, 10 January 2013
50K.TavisakKongkharut.Interviewed, 6 January 2013
51http://www.rakbankerd.com/agriculture/print.php?id=5198&s=tblplant
88
Leaflets will be used to distribute and promote at the Agriculture Bureau
and Horticultural Exposition in Chanthaburi province. Size A5 Spec2, 4
colors 2 page Art paper 130 gram 1000 disc-sheet/2.50 bath, total 2,500
Baht.52
The Company will be advertised via the internet, including Web of the
Company and Facebook have registration fees domain 299 Bath per
year53
, as well as 8 years total price 2,392 Bath.
Our company will advertise a vinyl label in in Chanthaburi province and
the Agriculture Bureau size 1 meters wide 2 meters, 69 Bath per mater,
30 label total price 4,140 Bath.54
About the souvenir, we have to spend money for making it 12,000 Baht
per month.55
52http://bangkokprint.com/?page_id=36 53http://www.bizqsoft.com/domain.php
54http://chanthaburicity.olxthailand.com/69-iid-196513732 55http://www.thonburipremium.com/index.php?lay=show&ac=article&Ntype=9
89
Marketing Expenses
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company
Year1, 2013 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Selling expense
Discount sale 1,580
1,630
2,990
2,820
2,640
2,240
2,170
1,600
1,780
1,890
1,620
1,500
24,460
Sale commission 160,000 - -
160,320
96,000
96,000
160,640
160,640
160,960
160,960
161,280
161,440
1,478,240
Total selling expense 161,580
1,630
2,990
163,140
98,640
98,240
162,810
162,240
162,740
162,850
162,900
162,940
1,502,700
Advertising expense
Radio local 4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
48,000
Event (HORTEX) - - - - - - - - - -
100,000 -
100,000
Leaflet -
2,500 - - - -
2,500 - - - - -
5,000
Internet domand 299 - - - - - - - - - - -
299
Singbord 4,140 - - - - -
4,140 - - - - -
8,280
Souvenir 12,000 - - -
12,000 - - -
12,000 - - -
36,000
Other 1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
12,000
Total advertising
expense 21,439
7,500
5,000
5,000
17,000
5,000
11,640
5,000
17,000
5,000
105,000
5,000
209,579
Total marketing expense 183,019
9,130
7,990
168,140
115,640
103,240
174,450
167,240
179,740
167,850
267,900
167,940
1,712,279
Unit = Bath
Table 3.13 Marketing Expenses
sheets
Table 3.13 Marketing Expenses
sheets
90
Year2, 2014 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Selling expense
Discount sale 1,670 1,600 2,240 2,140 2,020 2,200 2,170 1,760 1,780 1,920 1,550 1,300 22,350
Sale commission 224,220 0 0 224,405 111,185 111,185 224,035 224,442 224,590 224,849 224,960 224,960 2,018,831
Total selling expense 225,890 1,600 2,240 226,545 113,205 113,385 226,205 226,202 226,370 226,769 226,510 226,260 2,041,181
Advertising expense
Radio local 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 48,000
Event (HORTEX) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100,000 0 100,000
Leaflet 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 0 5,000
Internet domand 299 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 299
Singbord 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 8,280
Souvenir 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 36,000
Other 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 12,000
Total advertising
expense 21,439 7,500 5,000 5,000 17,000 5,000 11,640 5,000 17,000 5,000 105,000 5,000 209,579
Total maketing expense 247,329 9,100 7,240 231,545 130,205 118,385 237,845 231,202 243,370 231,769 331,510 231,260 2,250,760
Unit = Bath
Table 3.14 Marketing Expenses
sheets
91
Year3, 2015 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Selling expense
Discount sale 1,980 2,100 2,050 2,000 1,940 1,900 1,880 1,750 1,700 1,830 1,500 1,300 21,930
Sale commission 288,640 0 0 289,050 148,420 148,420 289,481 289,870 290,280 290,485 290,526 290,608 2,615,780
Total selling expense 290,620 2,100 2,050 291,050 150,360 150,320 291,361 291,620 291,980 292,315 292,026 291,908 2,637,710
Advertising expense
Radio local 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 48,000
Event (HORTEX) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100,000 0 100,000
Leaflet 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 0 5,000
Internet domand 299 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 299
Singbord 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 8,280
Souvenir 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 36,000
Other 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 12,000
Total advertising
expense 21,439 7,500 5,000 5,000 17,000 5,000 11,640 5,000 17,000 5,000 105,000 5,000 209,579
Total maketing expense 312,059 9,600 7,050 296,050 167,360 155,320 303,001 296,620 308,980 297,315 397,026 296,908 2,847,289
Unit = Bath
Table 3.15 Marketing Expenses
sheets
92
Year4, 2016 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Selling expense
Discount sale 2,100 2,100 2,100 2,040 1,800 1,920 1,880 1,600 1,520 1,700 1,420 1,200 21,380
Sale commission 349,920 0 0 352,080 177,206 177,206 351,648 351,216 352,512 352,944 353,376 353,808 3,171,917
Total selling expense 352,020 2,100 2,100 354,120 179,006 179,126 353,528 352,816 354,032 354,644 354,796 355,008 3,193,297
Advertising expense
Radio local 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 48,000
Event (HORTEX) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100,000 0 100,000
Leaflet 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 0 5,000
Internet domand 299 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 299
Singbord 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 8,280
Souvenir 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 36,000
Other 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 12,000
Total advertising
expense 21,439 7,500 5,000 5,000 17,000 5,000 11,640 5,000 17,000 5,000 105,000 5,000 209,579
Total maketing expense 373,459 9,600 7,100 359,120 196,006 184,126 365,168 357,816 371,032 359,644 459,796 360,008 3,402,876
Unit = Bath
Table 3.16 Marketing Expenses
sheets
93
Year5, 2017 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Selling expense
Discount sale 2,750 2,920 2,400 2,200 2,120 1,900 1,880 1,600 1,750 1,700 1,020 800 23,040
Sale commission 415,800 0 0 418,110 212,520 212,520 418,572 418,572 419,496 419,958 420,420 420,882 3,776,850
Total selling expense 418,550 2,920 2,400 420,310 214,640 214,420 420,452 420,172 421,246 421,658 421,440 421,682 3,799,890
Advertising expense
Radio local 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 48,000
Event (HORTEX) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100,000 0 100,000
Leaflet 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 0 5,000
Internet domand 299 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 299
Singbord 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 8,280
Souvenir 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 36,000
Other 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 12,000
Total advertising
expense 21,439 7,500 5,000 5,000 17,000 5,000 11,640 5,000 17,000 5,000 105,000 5,000 209,579
Total maketing expense 439,989 10,420 7,400 425,310 231,640 219,420 432,092 425,172 438,246 426,658 526,440 426,682 4,009,469
Unit = Bath
Table 3.17 Marketing Expenses
sheets
94
Year6, 2018 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Selling expense
Discount sale 2,900 3,110 3,010 3,150 2,580 2,600 2,420 2,200 2,470 2,210 2,380 1,950 30,980
Sale commission 492,000 0 0 499,380 275,520 275,520 499,872 500,364 500,856 501,348 501,840 502,332 4,549,032
Total selling expense 494,900 3,110 3,010 502,530 278,100 278,120 502,292 502,564 503,326 503,558 504,220 504,282 4,580,012
Advertising expense
Radio local 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 48,000
Event (HORTEX) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100,000 0 100,000
Leaflet 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 0 5,000
Internet domand 299 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 299
Singbord 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 8,280
Souvenir 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 36,000
Other 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 12,000
Total advertising
expense 21,439 7,500 5,000 5,000 17,000 5,000 11,640 5,000 17,000 5,000 105,000 5,000 209,579
Total maketing expense 516,339 10,610 8,010 507,530 295,100 283,120 513,932 507,564 520,326 508,558 609,220 509,282 4,789,591
Unit = Bath
Table 3.18 Marketing Expenses
sheets
95
Year7, 2019 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Selling expense
Discount sale 3,120 3,330 3,150 3,150 2,780 2,940 2,610 2,420 2,470 2,440 2,170 1,980 32,560
Sale commission 584,200 0 0 584,200 330,200 330,200 589,280 591,820 594,360 601,980 604,012 607,060 5,417,312
Total selling expense 587,320 3,330 3,150 587,350 332,980 333,140 591,890 594,240 596,830 604,420 606,182 609,040 5,449,872
Advertising expense
Radio local 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 48,000
Event (HORTEX) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100,000 0 100,000
Leaflet 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 0 5,000
Internet domand 299 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 299
Singbord 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 8,280
Souvenir 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 36,000
Other 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 12,000
Total advertising
expense 21,439 7,500 5,000 5,000 17,000 5,000 11,640 5,000 17,000 5,000 105,000 5,000 209,579
Total maketing expense 608,759 10,830 8,150 592,350 349,980 338,140 603,530 599,240 613,830 609,420 711,182 614,040 5,659,451
Unit = Bath
Table 3.19 Marketing Expenses
sheets
96
Year8, 2020 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Selling expense
Discount sale 3,050 3,380 3,270 3,210 2,880 3,030 2,710 2,640 2,560 2,530 2,220 2,110 33,590
Sale commission 757,440 0 0 762,700 376,090 376,090 770,590 772,168 775,850 777,428 778,480 781,110 6,927,946
Total selling expense 760,490 3,380 3,270 765,910 378,970 379,120 773,300 774,808 778,410 779,958 780,700 783,220 6,961,536
Advertising expense
Radio local 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 48,000
Event (HORTEX) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100,000 0 100,000
Leaflet 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 0 5,000
Internet domand 299 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 299
Singbord 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 8,280
Souvenir 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 36,000
Other 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 12,000
Total advertising
expense 21,439 7,500 5,000 5,000 17,000 5,000 11,640 5,000 17,000 5,000 105,000 5,000 209,579
Total maketing expense 781,929 10,880 8,270 770,910 395,970 384,120 784,940 779,808 795,410 784,958 885,700 788,220 7,171,115
Unit = Bath
Table 3.20 Marketing Expenses
sheets
97
3.6 Conclusion
Rubber is industrial drop and exports are an important of Thailand. Rubbers
make money and create career that people have income. In Chanthaburi we have only
company that is will be our company, so our company will not have more competitors,
but in Thailand have many company that trading about the rubber. We can attract other
customer that near our company. Target market of Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex
Company are D.S RUBBER AND LATEX Co.,Ltd and SHUN THAI RUBBER
GLOVES INDUSTRY PUBLIC CO.,LTD. Promotion of Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex
Company we have be advertising variety of media such as Signboard, Internet and
Leaflet, Souvenir, Radio and Agriculture Fair. Sales Forecast and Profit Estimation are
estimation sales in future. Marketing Expenses was necessary expenses in the market
for advertising to ensure that the distribution of latex in good company.
98
Chapter 4:
Investment Cost This chapter will be consists information following:
Cost of Investment
Pre-Operating Cost
Investment Cost
Land
Buildings
Equipments
Tools
Etc.
Location
Facility Layout
Machine/Tools
/Equipments
Depreciation
Conclusion
99
Chapter 4: Investment Cost
4.1 Cost of Investment
4.1.1Pre-Operating Cost56
Memorandum fee 35,000
Cost of register the company limited 257,000
Request for industrial license 200
Cost of register industrial license 17,000
Factory fee per year 5,000
Total cost of register 314,200
Unit:Baht
*Fee rate of Business Development for organization
4.1.2 Investment Cost
o Land and Building
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company is 8 Moo 7 Khunsong,
AmphoeKaenghangmaew, Chanthaburi province. Areas will be 8 Rai and 555 square
meters. Cost of land THB 20,000,000 and the building is THB 30,000,000 57
56
http://www.dbd.go.th/mainsite/index.php?id=659 57
K.SuriyaSentart.Interviewed, 18 January 2013
Figure 4.1 Land and Building Figure 4.2 Land and Building
100
o Location
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company is 8 Moo 7 Khunsong, Amphoe
Kaenghangmaew, Chanthaburi province.58
58
http://www.thai-tour.com/eng/chanthaburi/map.htm
Figure 4.3Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company map
101
o Equipments
- Tools/Equipments
Equipment Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)
HP Pavilion a1585L
Pavilion a1585L Intel
Pentium D processor 805,
2.66GHz 512MB, 160GB,
16X DVD-RW, nVidia
GeForce 7300LE 3D PCI-
Express Graphics up to
256MB with TV-out +HP
MX705e 17 CRT Flat
Monitor with USB Speakers
26,750
16
428,000
EPSON EPL-N2500
MONOCHROME LASER
PRINTER
Fast print speed of 25
ppm (A4) & 15 ppm
(A3)
Less than 5.2 seconds
first page out
16MB memory (Max.
144MB)
Parallel, USB & Type
B interface
Duplex & network
options
51,000 4 204,000
102
Equipment Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)
EPSO
N PERFECTION V600
PHOTO
VERSATILE PHOTO
SCANNER
Epson ReadyScan LED
Technology
Multiple film format
scanning
6400x9600 DPI
scanning
Epson Digital ICE
Epson Creativity Suite
11,900 4 47,600
Canon Plain Paper Fax.
L380S + Handset.
Send the documents to
50 sheets (A4).
Maximum print
resolution of 1,200 ×
600 dpi.
Transmission speeds up
to 3 seconds / page.
Size (W x L x H): 43.8
× 58.5 × 34.8 cm
26,500 2 53,000
103
Equipment Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)
Ferrari desk drawer deck
and left - right ST165DB
+ SDA.
Particleboard is made
of wood board. Coated
25 mm thick Melamine
Top
There are three drawers
on the left and the right
two floors (ground
floor, a hanging file).
Size 165 × 80x 75 cm
13,900 16 222,400
Deck chairs String
Ferrari artificial leather
cloth.
Backrests cover with
cotton.
Foam seat upholstered
with leather lining.
Consigned by the low
hydraulic systems.
1,990 16 31,840
Total 1,003,960
Source: http://www.itfocusthai.com/index.php?lay=show&ac=article&Id=356707
http://www.epson.co.th/sites/epson_thailand/en/homepage.page
http://www.officemate.co.th
http://www.furnituretook.com
104
o Office Tools
Tools Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)
Fire extinguisher
The chassis is
made of thick
steel at the bottom
of the tank and
fenders.
Can fuel fires of
any kind.
Useful life of 5
years.
10 pounds.
940
3
2,820
24 inch industrial fan
Accord AC-24.
Thick steel blades.
Plated, chrome
plated for rust
protection.
The sturdy safety
net.
Rotor diameter of
24 inches (600
mm).
Adjust the wind
has three levels.
Size (diameter x
height): 75 × 148
cm
2,950
5
14,750
105
Tools Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)
Table 8 Standard
Equipment Governor
General Meeting
Ferrari deck.
Material from teak
wood.
Rectangular table.
8 seats for chairs.
Bargaining table
and chair legs.
The track surface.
Table size (L x W
x H): 240 × 120 x
75 cm
Chair Dimensions
(W x D x H): 53 ×
53 x 78 cm
21,500
1
21,500
3 seat sofa brown
Ferrari Deck S.
Good quality
leather. The seat
and suspension
arms were
designed to look
thicker. And ultra
soft.
Size 185 × 80x82
cm
6,650
1
6,650
106
Tools Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)
Brand Electan
100% Brass
Material
Light Indicator
(UNIVERSAL
PLUG)
VCT CABLE 2 x
0.75 : 1 x 0.35
ABS plastic with
fire retardant
quality
255
23
5,865
LED 32" Sony KLV-
32EX330 SONY KLV-
32EX330
HD,1366 X 768
Pixels
Contrast Ratio
1,000,000:1
Brightness 500
CD/M2
Response Time 2
MS
Input AV
X2,HDMI
X2,Component
X1
Output AV
12,490
3
37,470
107
Tools Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)
LG Air Condition wall-
mounted version
Heathy cool. S24-AN
E1
24,000 BTU
4D Healthy
System
triple Filter
Natural Wind
New Cyclotron
Plasma Filter
New Super Ionize
26,900
4
107,600
CCTV
KPC136ET
IR 15 m.
500TVL//CCD
1/3"/SHARP
12 VoltDC 1
Amp.
13,900
1
13,900
Total 210,555
Source: http://www.topcoolair.com/index.php?lay=show&ac=article&Id=394554&Ntype=18
http://www.itfocusthai.com/index.php?lay=show&ac=article&Id=356707
http://www.officemate.co.th
http://www.powerbuy.co.th/ProductDetail.aspx?itemNo=PWB000197698
http://www.s4designtech.com/index.php?route=product/product&path=53&product_id=148
108
o Toilet Equipment
Tools Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)
Wash basin: COTTO
Dimensions: 615 x
470 x 205 mm
Standard tap 1 tap
hole.
3,550
6
21,300
Water closet: COTTO
Size: 435 x 680 x
725 mm
5,440
6
32,640
Urinal: COTTO
Size: 460 x 335 x
750 mm
5,750
6
34,500
Shower: PREMA
Size: 20 x 20 x 20
cm
770
6
7,620
109
Tools Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)
Towels Box: PREMA
480
6
2,880
Hose Pay: PREMA
Size: 20 x 30 x 5 cm
470
6
2,820
COTTO: MC822
3,560
6
21,360
Total 123,120
Source:http://www.scgexperience.co.th/en/product/searchs-Bathroom-B04-B0408.aspx
110
o Tools Factory
Tools Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)
Water tank forPara
rubber
Have 4 size
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 1 = 126
No. 2 = 114
No. 3 = 102
No. 4 = 96
No. 1 = 60
No. 2 = 55
No. 3 = 50
No. 4 = 50
23,730
Rubber broom
Rubber broom.
From Yala
province. Made of
100% tire. And
Broom latex
204
10
2,040
Cup of water
Have three size
size 16
size 18
size 20
size 16 = 2.64
size 18 = 3
size 20 = 3.6
size 16 = 100
size 18 = 100
size 20 = 100
924
111
Tools Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)
Rolling
rubber, A2000-2
A massage.
Smooth
rolling 3
doubles.
3. Rolled
stripes 2
pairs.
70,000
10
700,000
TA-KONG cement
block
TA-KONG
cement
blocks 68
channels.
Size
60x174.5x3
7.8.
24,000
7
168,000
wheeled cart
size 75 x
125.
1,900
10
19,000
Total 913,694
Source: http://www.an-anek.com/2010/main.php?p=5&id=10
http://www.yangparatrang.com
https://sites.google.com/site/salestakong1/
http://www.trpfurniture.com
112
o Kitchen Equipments
Equipments Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)
INTERLOCK COUNTER:
COTTO
INTERLOCK
COUNTER
KITCHEN
CK11G006
58,000
1
58,000
REGINOX: Sink
Size: 11 x 5 x 1
cm
Weight 10 (kg).
15,920
1
15,920
Table 8 Standard
Equipment Governor
General Meeting Ferrari
deck.
8 seats for chairs.
Bargaining table
and chair legs.
The track
surface.
Table size (L x
W x H): 240 ×
120 x 75 cm
Chair
Dimensions (W x
D x H): 53 × 53 x
78 cm
21,500
1
21,500
Total 95,420
Source: http://www.officemate.co.th/Department/1636/B3?Paths=23
113
Dormitory tools
o Facility Management
Tools Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)
Cot
6 ft.
2,490
15
37,350
Bed
6 ft.
Mozart bed bath.
Machines wash
at the top1 with
zipper.
5 year warranty.
5,500
15
82,500
Wardrobe
80 cm.
1,250
15
18,750
Dresser
60 cm.
950
15
14,250
Total 152,850
Source: http://www.furnituretook.com
114
o Vehicle
TRUCK:HENO
SERIES 5 FM1AKLA T (PTO) Trailer 10 wheels 6 cylinder 34459
2,580,000 THB X 3 = 7,740,000 THB
Pickup
TOYOTA Prerunner 2.5 E A/T ABA (Navi)60
884,000 THB X 3 = 2,652,000 THB
59
http://www.truck.in.th/checkprice.php#HINO
60http://www.toyota.co.th/productdetail.php?model=vigo_double_cab&opt=grades
115
Facility layout
o Office Layout
Figure 4.4 Office Layout
116
o House for employees Layout
Figure 4.4 House for employees Layout
117
Merchandise cost
Merchandise Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)
Rubber rolling machine
Lengthrolls:17''*40''inch
Material : chilled cast
iron
Bush: bearing / Nylon
bush
size:3850*1700*1700
8,500
8
68,000
Creper Machine
Model: ZP150X500
Size:1570x850x700mm
Weight: 400kg
30,000
2
60,000
Cutting machine
Model: ML1600
Size: 1600× 1250mm
Motor power: 11kw
Weight: 12000 kg
25,000
2
50,000
Vinyl rubber
Model: GS+9060
size: 1430*1060* 1080
mm.
Power: 220V/50Hz
Weight: 40.7kg
18,500
3
55,500
Slab Cutter Machine
Model: P30
Size:
5800*4700*2900mm
Motor power: 18.5kw
250,000
2
500,000
118
Source: www.machine.yongfongthai.com/index.php?langtype=th&pageid=th_40
www.rubber-processing.org.cn
Merchandise Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)
Rubber Baling Press
Machine
Model: XLB-DQ
500x600
Motor power: 11.0KW
Weight: 6000kg.
300,000
2
600,000
Rubber granulating
machine
Model: XKP-400
Size: 1100*900*1700mm
Motor power: 5.5 KW
155,000
2
310,000
Prebreaker Machine
Model: J-47.50.70
Size: 3160×1320×2120
Weight: 3.8 t
95,000
2
190,000
Hammermill Machine
Model: 9PK-300
combined 9FQ-42
Power: 30KW
Weight: 550KGS
185,000
2
370,000
Total 2,203,500
119
4.2 Depreciation
Investment Amount
(THB) Depreciation
Annual
Dep.(THB)
Monthly
Dep.(THB)
Building 30,000,000 20 1,500,000 125,000
Machine 2,203,500 5 440,700 36,725
Equipment 2,499,599 5 499,919.80 41,659.98
Vehicle 10,392,000 5 2,078,400 173,200
120
4.3 Conclusion
About investment cost of our company, we just invest it at the beginning of
business. At the first year of business we just do a small business and for the 3rd
year we
will enlarge it, make it bigger, and make it better. About the equipments and some of
machines in our factory we just invest with it by the first year, because some of
equipment and machines can be used for a long period such as tanks, computers,
printers, chairs, fans, rubber rolling, cement blocked, wheeled cart, etc. Then we can use
it about 5 – 6 years to get broken or something would not broken but we have to change
it because it is not good to use it at all.
121
Chapter 5:
Production and Operations Analysis This chapter will be consists information following:
Product Characteristics
Specification, Feathers,
Dimension, Life Time, etc.
Production/Services
Process
Operating Cost
Raw material Cost
Direct Labor Cost
Logistics Management
Facility Management
Conclusion
122
Figure 5.1 Product Characteristics Figure 5.2 Product Characteristics
Figure 5.3 Product Characteristics Figure 5.4 Product Characteristics
Chapter5: Production and Operating Analysis
5.1 Product Characteristics
1. Agriculturist wholesaler must produce a quality rubber sheet to standard of the
rubber Research Institute.
2. Raw rubber sheets vendors must be selected raw rubber sheets with the same at
10-15 tied each piece.
3. Agriculturist arrangement rubbers at the same quality with clear of rubber each
class. While the rubber in the central market.
4. Agriculturist must not field with below standard quality of rubber into tied. If it
is detected from the first up to the sheet. Will be cut all tied.
5. Agriculturist be careful and make sure not to have foreign objects such as
knives, scissors, hook, or other materials campsites of rubber smoked sheet
before sale to the middle market.
123
Figure 5.5 Product RSS3
6. During transport to the central market of rubber. Use a sailcloth cover rubber for
completely because to prevent dust, or rainwater to make a rubber a dirty, or wet
of rubber during transportation.61
5.2 Specification, Features, Dimension and Life Time.
Specification
Specification of Rubber and Latex
Concentrated latex RSS3
70 100
Average price/kilogram
RSS362
61
http://www.yardc.go.th/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17:prepari
ng-rubber-method&catid=6:rubbermarket&Itemid=11 62
http://www.sirichai-intertrade.com/product_detail.php
124
Figure 5.6 Latex Figure 5.7 Latex
Figure 5.8 Latex
Latex63
Features
- The manufacturing process of rubber sheet.
Rubber is a good principle is to clean the rubber. Give some
rolled sheets. The regularly of rubber are standard size. And use the
water and the acid.
The methods and procedures to do following.64
63
http://www.aopdr01.doae.go.th/DRC%201.htm
http://www.sc.mahidol.ac.th/scbi/MUBIO_Webboard.php?TopicID=1850&Action=Vie
wTopic&Lang=Eng 64
http://www.rubbernongkhai.com/index.php/component/content/article/3-activity/426-
rubberdee
125
Figure 5.9 Latex
Step 1: Collect the latex
1. Should be wiped clean before the rubber cups for
latex.
2. Clean water tank before use anytime.
3. Do not wear latex leaves into the tank. Rubbers
will dirty to clot faster is hard to filter latex.
4. The latex storage tank should be closures. To
prevent the latex splash out in the water to the
factory of rubber sheet.
Step 2: Cleaning equipment
Cleanliness is the most important in making a good rubber. Equipment to clean
the rubber sheet. Before and after use tool made of rubber sheets should be wet before
each use. For easy cleaning after use is completed.
Equipment needed to do a rubber sheet.
1. The filter the wire No. 40 and 60.
2. Tray.
3. Tanks for the latex supply and water.
4. Rubber massage table.
5. A rolling slip types and kinds of flowering.
6. Greenhouse or shed simple.
7. Cans measuring cup the latex and water.
8. Paddle for stirring the latex.
9. Container mixed acid.
126
Figure 5.10 Latex
Figure 5.11 Latex
Step 3: Filtered the latex
The latexes filter with the filter wire No. 40 and 60
to remove impurity. By placing 2 the filter stacked
above the number 40 and number 60 below.
Step 4: Measuring the trays the latex
Measuring the filtered rubber latex. Add Trays
clean, 3 l.
Step 5: Mix the water with the rubber latex
Fill water into the rubber latex and then put trays, trays liters per 2 is the rate
ingredients. Between rubber latex and water at the rate of 3 per 2 (mixing ratio may
vary. If rubber latex is diluted to such as the case of rain rubber latex or from other
causes).
127
Figure 5.12 Latex
Step 6: Select acid and mixed acid
Solid rubber and so the quality is better. Meet the needs of buyers and industry
should use for Formic acid. The concentration of 90%, which are different from any
other type of acids is a colorless, pungent smell. If inhaled will severely keen nose and
dissolve in water very well.
Advantages of Formic acid.
1. Rubber solid sheets regularly.
2. High Evaporation.
3. Never made sticky rubber.
4. Rubber and flexibility of the original.
5. A house and the rubber smell.
6. Equipment does not make much damage the rubber sheets, to make a
long a lifetime.
Formic acid mixed, rubber sheet to freeze for 30 - 45 minutes to Formic acid
ratio in the acid following the Fort Mick soup mix 2 tablespoons water 3 cans of milk
and stir to combine. Pour the water into the acid. The container should be coated must
be beer or gallon plastic mixed.
Step 7: Use acid water mixed
Used paddle rubber in stirred water trays a 1-2 on the measuring mix and 1 can
of milk and pour acid into water over trays. Pour the acid is mixed with water to paddle
stirring for about 6 flights (Formic acid 1 bottle made rubber is about 90 to 100 sheets.
Step 8: Sweep the bubbles of rubber latex
While Stir the rubber latex with
bubbles. The paddle sweep out bubbles from
trays. A container for a Collected of fine
rubber scrap latex bubbles, if not sweep out.
When smoked the rubber to see the spots the
air in sheets rubber. The rubber quality is
lower than it should be.
128
Figure 5.13 Latex
Step 9:
Use zinc sheets or any other material to prevent dust particles off trays. Or the
dirt in the rubber latex is captured. Leave it for about 30 - 45 minutes.
Step 10: Massage rubber sheets
When the rubber coagulation on it
before the massage. Clean water should be
poured into mold trays for easy pour out of
trays rubber. Rubber tires on a massage
table, massage should be clean are paved
with aluminum or Zinc sheets. Massage
with hands or sticks. Or have a massage
every rubber should be cleaned before
massage. Rubber massages and a thickness
of about 1 cm.
Step 11:
Rolled with rubber Gliding. The rubber sheets massage. Gliding machine 3-4
times, some estimated 3-4 mm.
Step 12: Rubber sheets rolled with rolled flowering
After the rubber sheets rolled machine, rubber sheets and slipped it into the
machine 1 more time flowering will let sheets rubber rolling flowering on stacked and
dry faster when to smoke.
Step 13: To clear sheets rubber
Flowering then rolled sheets of rubber. Rubber should be washed with clean
water to remove acid. And the dirt trapped under the surface of the rubber sheets out.
129
Figure 5.14 Latex
Figure 5.15 Latex
Step 14: Airing rubber sheets
The rubber sheets that washed
with clean water washed with clean
water and sheets of rubber. Rubber
should be airing in the shade. Should
not be taken out to dry in the sun due to
sheets deteriorate rubber easily. Do not
put rubber sheets on the ground, or
laying rubber sheets in the presence of
dust or the dirt easily.
Steps 15: To rubber sheets to storage wait for selling
After airing the rubber sheets for about 6 hours was collected. By resting on the
rail. Greenhouses to pending for sale.
130
Figure 5.16Latex
Dimension
Our company produces high quality of rubber sheets. The rubber sheets quality
have the following characteristics.
1. Rubber sheet regularly, Thickness not exceeding 3 mm.
2. A size of rubber is 38-46 cm long, 80-90 cm.
3. Weighing 0.8 to 1.2 kg / piece.
4. Dirt and mold clean air contamination.
5. A rectangular shape. No color contracted neck regularly.
6. Humidity should not exceed 2% rubber.
7. Has good flexibility. 65
Life Time
Period of the manufacturing rubber sheets. Time to wait for dry the rubber, it
takes about 10 to 15 days then is can be collected and to sell. If will take the rubber to
smoked. After airing of the rubber sheets. When the water stops flowing. Was able bake
or smoked it. To make Rubber smoked sheets. Smoked by the factory. Temperature of
50-60 ° C for about 4-10 days.66
65
http://www.live-rubber.com/para-rubber-articles/51-para-rubber/189-unsmoked-sheet-
rubber-method 66
http://km.rubber.co.th/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4350:2012-
06-05-03-56-20&catid=124:2012-06-05-03-34-48&Itemid=236
131
5.3 Production Process
5.3.1 Ribbed Smoked Sheet Processes
- We collect our "Raw Material" from local farmers, Rubber Sheet as it comes to
us contain humidity and impurity that must be removed during the smoking and
drying process.
- RSS processing starts with the cleaning phase, rubber sheet is immersed in water
tank with soap added, then passed through a cleaning machine to remove
external dirt.
- They are hanged on bamboo stem for drying, the rubber sheets are put into an
oven of dimension of about 4m wide by 8m depth by 6m height and stay there
for 3 to 5 days depends on the thickness of the sheet.
- The oven is heat by wood that we obtain from old rubber tree, because the
temperature inside the oven is maintained constant at about 70 degrees Celsius.
- After smoking, the rubber sheet becomes more transparent, impurity is hence
more visible and removed.
- Smoked sheets are then classified into 5 different grades, namelyRSS1, RSS2,
RSS3, RSS4 and RSS5 depending on many factors such as purity, elasticity,
color, etc.
- For "Bale" packing, the rubber sheet is pressed by hydraulic machine into a cube
shape with dimension 60cm x 60cm and weighs about 111.11
kilogrammes/bales, which comply to international export packing.
- For "Shrink Wrap", the rubber sheet is simply folded, put in a plastic bag of 35
kgs/bales, then 36 bles forms a pallet of 1260 kilogrammes/pallets.67
5.3.2 Concentrated Latex Processes
- Field latex collected and transported to factory, keep in good condition by
ammonia solution added or other included chemicals.
- The field latex properties were adjusted to factory standards.
- The field latex was then centrifuged by centrifugal machine.
67
http://www.thaihua.com/v4/en/factory/rss-process.php
132
- The concentrated latex achieved will be 60% of dry rubber content. The
concentrated latex properties were then adjusted to be standard value and kept in
good condition by ammonia or secondary preservative.
- Concentrated latex achieved are HA (High Ammonia Latex) and MA (Medium
Ammonia Latex).
- The final product is packed in standard drums with the capacity of 205
kilogram‘s, each drum net weight is exactly 205 kilogram‘s.68
5.4 Operating Cost
In the production, Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company use many of
merchandise to manufacture products. All of this we can calculate the operating cost
with is 51,301,780 Baht.
5.4.1 Raw material Cost
Formic acid
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company use a tank formic acid 35
Kilogram, 39 Baht/kg. , so it has 1,365 Baht. In 8 years Ton-Yang Rubber and
Latex Company will pay for formic acid is 3,407,040 Baht.
Latex
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company purchase latex from group of
rubber gardener at the price of 70 Baht/Unit. In 8 years Ton-Yang Rubber and
Latex Company will pay for latex is 17,617,600 Baht.
Water
For mixes latex and cleaning rubber and tools. Our company pays 580
Baht/Month. In 8 years Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company will pay for
water is 55,680 Baht
Rubber gloves
Workers of Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company use rubber gloves for
mix latex and activities that are contaminated. Rubber gloves are good quality
and Chemical protection. It has 135 Baht/Pair. So, in 8 years Ton-Yang Rubber
and Latex Company will pay for rubber gloves is 8,573,460 Baht.
68
http://www.reothai.co.th/Present/2555/Market/Eng/Latex60.pdf
133
5.4.2 Direct Labor Cost
Worker salary
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company have workers with 15 people in
every line of production. They are working 8 hours in one day and take with 26
days per month. The salary will be increase 5% every year. So, in 8 years Ton-
Yang Rubber and Latex Company will pay for worker is 13,406,949 Baht.
Minimum wage in Chanthaburi is 300 Baht/Day or 117,000 Baht/Month.
Staff salary
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company have staffs with 5 people; 3
people of lab staff and 2 people of technician. Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex
Company will pay money for them with 26 days per month. The salary will be
increase 5% every year. So, in 8 years Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company
will pay for staff is 6,417,001 Baht.
Lap staff
12,000 Baht/person or 36,000 Baht/Month.
Technician
10,000 Baht/person or 20,000 Baht/Month.
Housekeeper
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company have housekeeper with 1 people.
They are working 8 hours in one day and take with 26 days per month. The
salary will be increase 5% every year. So, in 8 years Ton-Yang Rubber and
Latex Company will pay for housekeeper is 916,714Baht.
8,000 Baht/person or 8,000 Baht/Month.
134
Driver
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company have driver with 2 people for
driving to transport raw material and goods. They are working 8 hours in one
day and take with 26 days per month. The salary will be increase 5% every year.
So, in 8 years Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company will pay for driver is
1,833,429 Baht.
8,000 Baht/person or 16,000 Baht/Month.
Security guard
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company have security guard with 3
people. The salary will be increase 5% every year. So, in 8 years Ton-Yang
Rubber and Latex Company will pay for security guard is 3,265,795Baht.
9,500 Baht/person or 28,500 Baht/Month.
135
Table 5.1 Raw material cost
Table 5.2 Raw material cost
Raw material cost
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company
Year 2013
Raw material
cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Formic acid 40,950 40,950 40,950 40,950 40,950 40,950 40,950 40,950 40,950 40,950 40,950 40,950 491,400
Latex 182,000 127,400 109,200 182,000 182,000 182,000 182,000 200,200 182,000 182,000 218,400 236,600 2,165,800
Water 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 6,960
Rubber gloves 87,750 63,180 63,180 70,200 87,750 66,690 66,690 98,280 91,260 103,300 105,300 122,850 1,026,430
Total 311,280 232,110 213,910 293,730 311,280 290,220 290,220 340,010 314,790 326,830 365,230 400,980 3,690,590
Unit:Baht
Year 2014
Raw material
cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Formic acid 32,940 30,500 28,060 42,700 40,260 40,260 36,600 42,700 37,820 45,140 46,360 47,580 470,920
Latex 182,000 109,200 109,200 200,200 182,000 182,000 182,000 200,200 182,000 200,200 218,400 236,600 2,184,000
Water 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 6,960
Rubber gloves 87,750 63,180 52,650 98,280 66,690 87,750 87,750 98,280 91,260 103,300 105,300 105,300 1,047,490
Total 303,270 203,460 190,490 341,760 289,530 310,590 306,930 341,760 311,660 349,220 370,640 390,060 3,709,370
Unit:Baht
136
Table 5.3 Raw material cost
Table 5.4 Raw material cost
Year 2015
Raw material
cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Formic acid 34,160 30,500 29,280 43,920 34,160 34,160 34,160 43,920 35,380 45,140 45,140 47,580 457,500
Latex 182,000 109,200 109,200 200,200 182,000 182,000 182,000 200,200 182,000 200,200 218,400 236,600 2,184,000
Water 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 6,960
Rubber gloves 87,750 87,750 87,750 98,280 66,690 66,690 87,750 98,280 91,260 94,770 94,770 122,850 1,084,590
Total 304,490 228,030 226,810 342,980 283,430 283,430 304,490 342,980 309,220 340,690 358,890 407,610 3,733,050
Unit:Baht
Year 2016
Raw material
cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Formic acid 32,940 24,400 26,840 31,720 31,720 31,720 31,720 41,480 39,040 43,920 45,140 48,800 429,440
Latex 182,000 109,200 127,400 200,200 200,200 182,000 182,000 200,200 200,200 200,200 218,400 236,600 2,238,600
Water 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 6,960
Rubber gloves 87,750 59,670 52,650 87,750 87,750 87,750 87,750 98,280 91,260 98,280 101,790 105,300 1,045,980
Total 303,270 193,850 207,470 320,250 320,250 302,050 302,050 340,540 331,080 342,980 365,910 391,280 3,720,980
Unit:Baht
137
Table 5.5 Raw material cost
Table 5.6 Raw material cost
Year 2017
Raw material
cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Formic acid 31,720 24,400 19,520 42,700 39,040 39,040 31,720 42,700 40,260 42,700 46,360 47,580 447,740
Latex 182,000 109,200 127,400 200,200 182,000 182,000 182,000 200,200 200,200 200,200 218,400 236,600 2,220,400
Water 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 6,960
Rubber gloves 87,750 70,200 63,180 87,750 87,750 91,260 87,750 98,280 94,770 103,300 105,300 122,850 1,100,140
Total 302,050 204,380 210,680 331,230 309,370 312,880 302,050 341,760 335,810 346,780 370,640 407,610 3,775,240
Unit:Baht
Year 2018
Raw material
cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Formic acid 31,720 24,400 19,520 42,700 39,040 39,040 31,720 42,500 40,260 42,700 46,360 48,400 448,360
Latex 182,000 109,200 109,200 200,200 182,000 182,000 182,000 200,200 200,200 200,200 218,400 236,600 2,202,200
Water 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 6,960
Rubber gloves 87,750 63,180 63,180 87,750 87,750 87,750 87,750 98,280 94,770 103,300 105,300 122,850 1,089,610
Total 302,050 197,360 192,480 331,230 309,370 309,370 302,050 341,560 335,810 346,780 370,640 408,430 3,747,130
Unit:Baht
138
Table 5.7 Raw material cost
Table 5.8 Raw material cost
Year 2019
Raw material
cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Formic acid 31,720 24,400 19,520 42,700 39,040 31,720 31,720 42,500 45,140 42,700 46,360 48,400 445,920
Latex 182,000 109,200 109,200 200,200 182,000 182,000 200,200 200,200 200,200 218,400 218,400 236,600 2,238,600
Water 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 6,960
Rubber gloves 87,750 63,180 63,180 87,750 87,750 87,750 87,750 98,280 103,300 103,300 105,300 122,850 1,098,140
Total 302,050 197,360 192,480 331,230 309,370 302,050 320,250 341,560 349,220 364,980 370,640 408,430 3,789,620
Unit:Baht
Year 2020
Raw material
cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Formic acid 31,720 24,400 19,520 31,720 31,720 39,040 42,500 42,500 42,700 42,700 46,360 48,800 443,680
Latex 182,000 109,200 109,200 182,000 182,000 182,000 182,000 200,200 200,200 200,200 218,400 236,600 2,184,000
Water 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 6,960
Rubber gloves 87,750 63,180 63,180 87,750 87,750 87,750 87,750 98,280 94,770 94,770 105,300 122,850 1,081,080
Total 302,050 197,360 192,480 302,050 302,050 309,370 312,830 341,560 338,250 338,250 370,640 408,830 3,715,720
Unit:Baht
139
Table 5.9 Direct Labor Cost
Direct Labor Cost
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company
Year1, 2013
Direct Labor
Cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Worker salary
117,000
117,000
117,000
117,000
117,000
117,000
117,000
117,000
117,000
117,000
117,000
117,000
1,404,000
Staff salary
56,000
56,000
56,000
56,000
56,000
56,000
56,000
56,000
56,000
56,000
56,000
56,000
672,000
Housekeeper
8,000
8,000
8,000
8,000
8,000
8,000
8,000
8,000
8,000
8,000
8,000
8,000
96,000
Driver
16,000
16,000
16,000
16,000
16,000
16,000
16,000
16,000
16,000
16,000
16,000
16,000
192,000
Security guard
28,500
28,500
28,500
28,500
28,500
28,500
28,500
28,500
28,500
28,500
28,500
28,500
342,000
Total
225,500
225,500
225,500
225,500
225,500
225,500
225,500
225,500
225,500
225,500
225,500
225,500
2,706,000
Unit:Baht
140
Table 5.11 Direct Labor Cost
Year2, 2014
Direct Labor
Cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Worker salary
122,850
122,850
122,850
122,850
122,850
122,850
122,850
122,850
122,850
122,850
122,850
122,850
1,474,200
Staff salary
58,800
58,800
58,800
58,800
58,800
58,800
58,800
58,800
58,800
58,800
58,800
58,800
705,600
Housekeeper
8,400
8,400
8,400
8,400
8,400
8,400
8,400
8,400
8,400
8,400
8,400
8,400
100,800
Driver
16,800
16,800
16,800
16,800
16,800
16,800
16,800
16,800
16,800
16,800
16,800
16,800
201,600
Security guard
29,925
29,925
29,925
29,925
29,925
29,925
29,925
29,925
29,925
29,925
29,925
29,925
359,100
Total
236,775
236,775
236,775
236,775
236,775
236,775
236,775
236,775
236,775
236,775
236,775
236,775
2,841,300
Unit:Baht
Year3, 2015
Direct Labor
Cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Worker salary
128,992.50
128,992.50
128,992.50
128,992.50
128,992.50
128,992.50
128,992.50
128,992.50
128,992.50
128,992.50
128,992.50
128,992.50
1,547,910
Staff salary
61,740.00
61,740.00
61,740.00
61,740.00
61,740.00
61,740.00
61,740.00
61,740.00
61,740.00
61,740.00
61,740.00
61,740.00
740,880
Housekeeper
8,820.00
8,820.00
8,820.00
8,820.00
8,820.00
8,820.00
8,820.00
8,820.00
8,820.00
8,820.00
8,820.00
8,820.00
105,840
Driver
17,640.00
17,640.00
17,640.00
17,640.00
17,640.00
17,640.00
17,640.00
17,640.00
17,640.00
17,640.00
17,640.00
17,640.00
211,680
Security guard
31,421.25
31,421.25
31,421.25
31,421.25
31,421.25
31,421.25
31,421.25
31,421.25
31,421.25
31,421.25
31,421.25
31,421.25
377,055
Total
248,614
248,614
248,614
248,614
248,614
248,614
248,614
248,614
248,614
248,614
248,614
248,614
2,983,365
Unit:Baht
Table 5.10 Direct Labor Cost
141
Year4, 2016
Direct Labor
Cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Worker salary
135,442
135,442
135,442
135,442
135,442
135,442
135,442
135,442
135,442
135,442
135,442
135,442
1,625,306
Staff salary
64,827
64,827
64,827
64,827
64,827
64,827
64,827
64,827
64,827
64,827
64,827
64,827
777,924
Housekeeper
9,261
9,261
9,261
9,261
9,261
9,261
9,261
9,261
9,261
9,261
9,261
9,261
111,132
Driver
18,522
18,522
18,522
18,522
18,522
18,522
18,522
18,522
18,522
18,522
18,522
18,522
222,264
Security guard
32,992
32,992
32,992
32,992
32,992
32,992
32,992
32,992
32,992
32,992
32,992
32,992
395,908
Total
261,044
261,044
261,044
261,044
261,044
261,044
261,044
261,044
261,044
261,044
261,044
261,044
3,132,533
Unit:Baht
Year5, 2017
Direct Labor
Cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Worker salary
142,214.23
142,214.23
142,214.23
142,214.23
142,214.23
142,214.23
142,214.23
142,214.23
142,214.23
142,214.23
142,214.23
142,214.23
1,706,571
Staff salary
68,068.35
68,068.35
68,068.35
68,068.35
68,068.35
68,068.35
68,068.35
68,068.35
68,068.35
68,068.35
68,068.35
68,068.35
816,820
Housekeeper
9,724.05
9,724.05
9,724.05
9,724.05
9,724.05
9,724.05
9,724.05
9,724.05
9,724.05
9,724.05
9,724.05
9,724.05
116,689
Driver
19,448.10
19,448.10
19,448.10
19,448.10
19,448.10
19,448.10
19,448.10
19,448.10
19,448.10
19,448.10
19,448.10
19,448.10
233,377
Security guard
34,641.93
34,641.93
34,641.93
34,641.93
34,641.93
34,641.93
34,641.93
34,641.93
34,641.93
34,641.93
34,641.93
34,641.93
415,703
Total
274,097
274,097
274,097
274,097
274,097
274,097
274,097
274,097
274,097
274,097
274,097
274,097
3,289,160
Unit:Baht
Table 5.12 Direct Labor Cost
Table 5.13 Direct Labor Cost
142
Year6, 2018
Direct Labor
Cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Worker salary
149,325
149,325
149,325
149,325
149,325
149,325
149,325
149,325
149,325
149,325
149,325
149,325
1,791,899
Staff salary
71,472
71,472
71,472
71,472
71,472
71,472
71,472
71,472
71,472
71,472
71,472
71,472
857,661
Housekeeper
10,210
10,210
10,210
10,210
10,210
10,210
10,210
10,210
10,210
10,210
10,210
10,210
122,523
Driver
20,421
20,421
20,421
20,421
20,421
20,421
20,421
20,421
20,421
20,421
20,421
20,421
245,046
Security guard
36,374
36,374
36,374
36,374
36,374
36,374
36,374
36,374
36,374
36,374
36,374
36,374
436,488
Total
287,801
287,801
287,801
287,801
287,801
287,801
287,801
287,801
287,801
287,801
287,801
287,801
3,453,618
Unit:Baht
Year7, 2019
Direct Labor
Cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Worker salary
156,791.19
156,791.19
156,791.19
156,791.19
156,791.19
156,791.19
156,791.19
156,791.19
156,791.19
156,791.19
156,791.19
156,791.19
1,881,494
Staff salary
75,045.36
75,045.36
75,045.36
75,045.36
75,045.36
75,045.36
75,045.36
75,045.36
75,045.36
75,045.36
75,045.36
75,045.36
900,544
Housekeeper
10,720.77
10,720.77
10,720.77
10,720.77
10,720.77
10,720.77
10,720.77
10,720.77
10,720.77
10,720.77
10,720.77
10,720.77
128,649
Driver
21,441.53
21,441.53
21,441.53
21,441.53
21,441.53
21,441.53
21,441.53
21,441.53
21,441.53
21,441.53
21,441.53
21,441.53
257,298
Security guard
38,192.73
38,192.73
38,192.73
38,192.73
38,192.73
38,192.73
38,192.73
38,192.73
38,192.73
38,192.73
38,192.73
38,192.73
458,313
Total
302,192
302,192
302,192
302,192
302,192
302,192
302,192
302,192
302,192
302,192
302,192
302,192
3,626,299
Unit:Baht
Table 5.14 Direct Labor Cost
Table 5.15 Direct Labor Cost
143
Year8, 2020
Direct Labor
Cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Worker salary
164,631
164,631
164,631
164,631
164,631
164,631
164,631
164,631
164,631
164,631
164,631
164,631
1,975,569
Staff salary
78,798
78,798
78,798
78,798
78,798
78,798
78,798
78,798
78,798
78,798
78,798
78,798
945,571
Housekeeper
11,257
11,257
11,257
11,257
11,257
11,257
11,257
11,257
11,257
11,257
11,257
11,257
135,082
Driver
22,514
22,514
22,514
22,514
22,514
22,514
22,514
22,514
22,514
22,514
22,514
22,514
270,163
Security guard
40,102
40,102
40,102
40,102
40,102
40,102
40,102
40,102
40,102
40,102
40,102
40,102
481,228
Total
317,301
317,301
317,301
317,301
317,301
317,301
317,301
317,301
317,301
317,301
317,301
317,301
3,807,614
Unit:Baht
Table 5.16 Direct Labor Cost
144
Figure 5.17 Logistic Figure 5.18 Logistic
Figure 5.19 Map Chantaburi to Rayong
Logistics Management
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company send finish goods (rubber) to customer at
D.S Rubber and Latex Company69
Address: 160 SukhumvitRd. Moo 4, T.KongDin,
Amphoe Klaeng, Rayong 22160. Tel.038-806357-8 and SHUN THAI Rubber Gloves
Industry Public Co.,Ltd70
Address: 9 HatYai - Chandi Rd, Moo 4, T.Kachet, Amphoe
Muang, Rayong 21100. Tel.038-634072-3 by truck. Start from transportation rubber
from Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company by truck.
Transportation rubber and latex of the Ton-Yang rubber and latex Company. We
will take the route Sukhumvit Road 3 / AH123 from our company in Chantaburi
province to Rayong province.This route will through the Amphoe Klaeng before to the
Amphoe Muang Rayong.Distance112 Km. And length 1 hour 33 minutes.71
69
http://dsrubberlatex.com/web/home/ 70
http://www.108company.com/rubber-industry/249-shun-thai-rubber-gloves-industry-
public-coltd 71
https://maps.google.co.th/maps?hl=th&ie=UTF8&gl=th&daddr=%E0%B8%88.%E0
%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87&saddr=%E0%B
8%88.%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9A%E0%B
8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5&panel=1&f=d&fb=1&dirflg=d&geocode=KUNyV
OwLdgMxMYEXznkgQ9jH%3BKSE_wzg4_AIxMYhAJVrvHvvA&ei=73n6UPO6Mt
HprQfmroGQAQ&ved=0CC0Q-A8wAA
145
Figure 5.20 Rubber Figure 5.21 Rubber
Figure 5.22 Rubber Figure 5.23 Rubber
Our company will purchase latex from agriculturist in Chanthaburi province and
neighboring provinces. The price of the purchase and sale of a used tire in the central of
the rubber market because the price is reasonable and the price of rubber in each month
is different.72
72
http://www.rubber.co.th/menu5.php
146
5.5 Conclusion
As we knew that our products are Concentrated Latex and Ribbed Smoked
Sheets. About the Concentrated latex, we would controlled from even the collection of
fresh field latex from small holders, the latex that we were chosen would be pure and is
one of the most clean raw material in terms of rubber. Fresh field latex is preserved with
added chemicals and centrifuged to obtain concentrated latex of 60% DRC (dry rubber
contents) and we will use ammonia to be added during the process to enhance the
preservation of latex but depending on specific requirements of the customer, various
degrees are added to the concentrated latex. About the Ribbed Smoked Sheets are used
in various industries due to their variety in the requirements on cleanliness and tear
strength of the sheets. For this kind of product could be classified in to 5 grades; RSS1,
RSS2, RSS3, RSS4 and RSS5. The difference in the grades is the result of the
preparation of the coagulated field latex during the production of the Unsmoked Sheets.
The sheets will be selected and smoked at a controlled timing and temperature window
to ensure that they are properly smoked without causing negative impact on the rubber
properties and the grades of Ribbed Smoked Sheets are still depend heavily on visual
inspection.
147
Chapter 6:
Administration analysis This chapter will be consists information following:
Management Analysis
Facility Cost
(Electricity, Telephone,
Fax, Etc.)
Salary
Conclusion
148
Figure 6.1 Unit of electricity
Chapter 6: Administration Analysis
6.1 Facility Cost
6.1.1 Electricity
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company have separated the electricity expanse
into 2 sections including factory and office. In addition, Rate electricity consumption in
each month is not equally because the seasons of rubber are different in each month.
Reference: http://www.eppo.go.th/power/pw-Rate-PEA-Char.html#6
Office
22 meter pressure in the normal rate1 3.6246 Baht
Estimate use of electricity 450 Units/month
Add (+) Service expense 228.17 Baht
Total electricity expense for office per month 1,859.24 Baht
149
Figure 6.2 Unit of electricity
Reference: http://www.eppo.go.th/power/pw-Rate-PEA-Char.html#6
Factory
Estimate units in peak TOU (2.6950 x 7000) 18,865.00 Baht
Estimate units in off peak TOU (1.1914 x 1,000) 1,191.40 Baht
Estimate highest demand of use (132.93 x 500) 66,465.00 Baht
Add (+) Service expense 228.17 Baht
Total electricity expense for factory per month 86,749.57 Baht
So, total estimate electricity expense of Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company
per month is 88,608.81 Baht, but we will record the transaction at 89,000 Baht that
increase or decrease depending on seasonal of suppliers.
150
Figure 6.3 Brand
Figure 6.4 Brand
6.1.2 Telephone and Internet
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company use the
internet off 3BB in the company. We are
choosing the internet package download speed
up to 13Mb upload 1Mb.We install the telephone package added in the company to use
to contact with both customers.
Internet Expense (Package/Month)73
900 Baht
Estimate Telephone Expense/Month (1.50 Baht/Minute)74
1,500 Baht
Estimate Fax (2 Baht/Time) 200 Baht
Total telephone and internet expense per month 2,600 Baht
6.1.3 Fire Insurance
Our company purchased the fire insurance from
Bangkok insurance. We have to pay 12,290 Baht/Year
included the tax in the insurance class one of each
year.75
Total fire insurance 12,290 Baht/Year
73
http://www.3bb.co.th/promotion/promotion_detail.php?id=2017 74
http://www.3bb.co.th/promotion/promotion_detail.php?id=2018 75
http://www.tqm.co.th/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0
%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%84%E
0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2
151
Figure 6.5 Brand
6.1.4 Car Insurance
Our company purchased the car insurance from
Thanachart insurance (One lite) .We have to pay
10,000 Baht/Year included the tax in the insurance
class one of each year.76
Total car insurance 10,000 Baht/Year
6.1.5 Estimate Water Expense77
580 Baht/Month
6.1.6 Gasoline Expense78
3,500 Baht/Month
6.1.7 Stationary expense 2,000 Baht/Month
6.2 Team management
Manager (1 position)
Job Description
-Planning and developing the structure of the organization.
-Develop and manage the implementation of the company.
-Find and solve the problem which occurs in the organization.
-Ensure orderly and good maintenance of office environment, including
office space planning.
-Decision Making.
Qualification
-Male/female, age over 35 years old.
-Thai nationality.
-Have high responsibility and leadership skills.
-Good management skills.
76
http://www.cymiz.com/insurances/cat1-one-lite-tnci/
77
http://www.pwa.co.th/service/tariff_rate.html
78
http://www.eppo.go.th/retail_prices.html
152
-Can handle with the problem Planning and developing the structure of the
organization.
-Find and solve the problem which occurs in the organization.
-Decision Making
Assistant Manager (2 position)
Job Description
-Collaborate with the president and also each department.
-Act for the manager in some task.
-Find and solve the problem which occurs in the organization.
-Decision Making
Qualification
-Male/female, age over 30 years old.
-Thai nationality.
-Have high responsibility and leadership skills.
-Good management skills.
-Can handle with the problem Planning and developing the structure of the
organization.
-The highest authority to staff the employee.
-Find and solve the problem which occurs in the organization.
-Decision making
Human Resource Department (2 position)
Job Description
-Developing the employees in the organization.
-Collaborate with other department to recruiting the employees
Qualification
-Male/female, age over 27 years old.
-Thai nationality.
-Bachelor degree or higher in the field of Business Administration or other
153
related field.
-Good relationships and understand task in the organization.
-Good Computer skill Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)
Customer Relation Manager (1 position)
Job Description
-Contact with the supplier and customers.
-Promote the organization such as public relation and communication.
-Collaborate with other department in term of information
Qualification
-Male/female, age over 27 years old.
-Thai nationality.
-Bachelor degree or higher in the field of Business Administration or other
related field.
-Good personality and relationship.
-Good Computer skill Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, and Power Point)
-Good command in English is considered.
-The experiential work is considered.
Customer Relation Assistant (2 position)
Job Description
-Help customer relations manager to contact the task
Qualification
-Male/female, age over 23 years old.
-Thai nationality.
-Bachelor degree or higher in the field of Business Administration or other
related field.
-Good personality and relationship.
-Good Computer skill Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, and Power Point)
-Good command in English is considered.
-The experiential work is considered.
154
Sale and Marketing department (4 position)
Job Description
-Contact with the supplier and customers.
-Recommended information rubber and price of rubber and sale of rubber
-Promote the organization such as public relation and communication.
Qualification
-Male/female, age over 25 years old.
-Thai nationality.
-Bachelor degree or higher in the field of Business Administration or other
related field.
-Good personality and relationship.
-Good Computer skill Microsoft Office (Word, Excel and Power Point).
-Good command in English is considered.
-The experiential work is considered.
Accountant department (4 position)
Job Description
-Handle full set of account.
-Related to the field of accounting.
-Analyzing and planning the money that used in the organization.
-Manage and control the budget of the firm.
-Prepared the accounting statement.
Qualification
-Male/female, age over 25 years old.
-Thai nationality.
-Bachelor degree or higher in the field of Accounting Management or
Financial Management.
-Good Computer skill Microsoft Office (Word, Excel and Power Point).
-Accountable person and cautiousness.
-The experiential work is considered.
155
Table 6.1 Salary
6.3 Salary
*Salary will be increased every two years per once about 8%
Description Position Salary (THB) Total(THB)
Manager 1 25,000 25,000
Assistant Manager 2 18,000 36,000
Human Resource Department 2 15,000 30,000
Customer Relation Manager 1 15,000 15,000
Customer Relation Assistant 2 12,000 24,000
Sale and Marketing department 4 13,000 52,000
Accountant department 4 13,000 52,000
Total Salary Expense/Month 16 111,000 234,000
156
6.4 Organization Chart
Manager
Assistant Manager
Human
Resource
Department
Customer
Relation
Department
General Staff Sale and
Marketing
department
Customer
Relation
Manager
Customer
Relation
Assistant
Drivers Export
department
Accountant
department
Housekeeper
Security Guard
157
Table 6.2 Administrative expenses
Administrative expenses
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company
Administrative expense Year1,2013
Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Estimate electricity office
1,860
1,900
1,900
2,080
2,500
1,980
2,450
2,600
2,450
2,330
2,180
2,680
26,910
Estimate electricity factory
86,750
86,750
87,700
87,700
87,980
87,500
87,990
88,000
87,990
86,870
87,850
88,540
1,051,620
Estimate
telephone and internet
2,600
2,600
2,600
2,600
2,850
2,650
2,770
2,770
2,770
2,850
2,600
2,930
32,590
Fire Insurance
12,290 - - - - - - - - - - -
12,290
Car Insurance
10,000 - - - - - - - - - - -
10,000
Estimate water
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
6,960
Estimate gasoline
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
42,000
Estimate stationary
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
24,000
Salary
234,000
234,000
234,000
234,000
234,000
234,000
234,000
234,000
234,000
234,000
234,000
234,000
2,808,000
Total
353,580
331,330
332,280
332,460
333,410
332,210
333,290
333,450
333,290
332,130
332,710
334,230
4,014,370
Unit:Baht
158
Administrative expense Year2,2014
Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Estimate electricity office
1,860
1,880
2,050
2,080
2,500
1,980
2,450
2,450
2,450
2,330
2,380
2,680
27,090
Estimate electricity factory
86,750
86,750
87,500
87,900
88,200
86,960
87,990
88,000
87,990
86,870
86,870
88,540
1,050,320
Estimate telephone and internet
2,600
2,600
2,600
2,600
2,850
2,650
2,770
2,770
2,770
2,850
2,600
2,930
32,590
Fire Insurance
12,290 - - - - - - - - - - -
12,290
Car Insurance
10,000 - - - - - - - - - - -
10,000
Estimate water
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
6,960
Estimate
gasoline
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
42,000
Estimate stationary
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
24,000
Salary
234,000
234,000
234,000
234,000
234,000
234,000
234,000
234,000
234,000
234,000
234,000
234,000
2,808,000
Total
353,580
331,310
332,230
332,660
333,630
331,670
333,290
333,300
333,290
332,130
331,930
334,230
4,013,250
Unit:Baht
Table 6.3 Administrative expenses
159
Administrative expense Year3,2015
Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Estimate electricity office
1,880
1,880
2,050
2,150
2,470
1,980
2,430
2,450
2,450
2,330
2,380
2,680
27,130
Estimate
electricity factory
86,750
86,750
87,500
87,900
88,200
86,960
87,990
88,000
87,990
86,870
86,870
88,540
1,050,320
Estimate telephone and internet
2,600
2,600
2,600
2,620
2,850
2,650
2,690
2,810
2,760
2,800
2,610
2,930
32,520
Fire Insurance
12,290 - - - - - - - - - - -
12,290
Car Insurance
10,000 - - - - - - - - - - -
10,000
Estimate water
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
6,960
Estimate gasoline
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
42,000
Estimate stationary
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
24,000
Salary
252,720
252,720
252,720
252,720
252,720
252,720
252,720
252,720
252,720
252,720
252,720
252,720
3,032,640
Total
372,320
350,030
350,950
351,470
352,320
350,390
351,910
352,060
352,000
350,800
350,660
352,950
4,237,860
Unit:Baht
Table 6.4 Administrative expenses
160
Administrative expense Year4,2016
Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Estimate electricity office
1,860
1,900
1,900
2,080
2,500
1,980
2,450
2,600
2,450
2,330
2,180
2,680
26,910
Estimate
electricity factory
86,750
86,750
87,700
87,900
88,100
87,500
87,990
89,350
87,990
86,870
87,850
89,500
1,054,250
Estimate telephone and internet
2,600
2,600
2,600
2,600
2,850
2,650
2,770
2,770
2,770
2,850
2,600
2,930
32,590
Fire Insurance
12,290 - - - - - - - - - - -
12,290
Car Insurance
10,000 - - - - - - - - - - -
10,000
Estimate water
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
6,960
Estimate gasoline
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
42,000
Estimate stationary
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
24,000
Salary
252,720
252,720
252,720
252,720
252,720
252,720
252,720
252,720
252,720
252,720
252,720
252,720
3,032,640
Total
372,300
350,050
351,000
351,380
352,250
350,930
352,010
353,520
352,010
350,850
351,430
353,910
4,241,640
Unit:Baht
Table 6.5 Administrative expenses
161
Administrative expense Year5,2017
Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Estimate electricity office
1,860
1,880
2,050
2,080
2,500
1,980
2,450
2,450
2,450
2,330
2,380
2,680
27,090
Estimate
electricity factory
86,750
86,750
87,500
87,900
88,200
86,960
87,990
88,000
87,990
86,870
86,870
88,540
1,050,320
Estimate telephone and internet
2,600
2,600
2,600
2,600
2,850
2,650
2,770
2,770
2,770
2,850
2,600
2,930
32,590
Fire Insurance
12,290 - - - - - - - - - - -
12,290
Car Insurance
10,000 - - - - - - - - - - -
10,000
Estimate water
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
6,960
Estimate gasoline
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
42,000
Estimate stationary
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
24,000
Salary
272,938
272,938
272,938
272,938
272,938
272,938
272,938
272,938
272,938
272,938
272,938
272,938
3,275,251
Total
392,518
370,248
371,168
371,598
372,568
370,608
372,228
372,238
372,228
371,068
370,868
373,168
4,480,501
Unit:Baht
Table 6.6 Administrative expenses
162
Administrative expense Year6,2018
Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Estimate electricity office
1,920
1,870
2,050
2,150
2,370
1,980
2,430
2,500
2,450
2,330
2,380
2,680
27,110
Estimate
electricity factory
86,940
86,750
87,500
87,900
88,200
86,960
87,990
88,320
88,010
87,990
88,050
88,590
1,053,200
Estimate telephone and internet
2,600
2,600
2,600
2,740
2,850
2,680
2,780
2,810
2,770
2,800
2,900
2,930
33,060
Fire Insurance
12,290 - - - - - - - - - - -
12,290
Car Insurance
10,000 - - - - - - - - - - -
10,000
Estimate water
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
6,960
Estimate gasoline
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
42,000
Estimate stationary
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
24,000
Salary
272,938
272,938
272,938
272,938
272,938
272,938
272,938
272,938
272,938
272,938
272,938
272,938
3,275,251
Total
392,768
370,238
371,168
371,808
372,438
370,638
372,218
372,648
372,248
372,138
372,348
373,218
4,483,871
Unit:Baht
Table 6.7 Administrative expenses
163
Administrative expense Year7,2019
Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Estimate electricity office
1,900
1,870
2,050
2,050
2,270
1,980
2,430
2,500
2,380
2,430
2,380
2,680
26,920
Estimate
electricity factory
86,940
86,750
87,500
87,900
88,500
86,960
87,990
88,600
88,010
87,990
88,050
88,590
1,053,780
Estimate telephone and internet
2,600
2,600
2,600
2,740
2,850
2,680
2,780
2,810
2,770
2,800
2,900
2,930
33,060
Fire Insurance
12,290 - - - - - - - - - - -
12,290
Car Insurance
10,000 - - - - - - - - - - -
10,000
Estimate water
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
6,960
Estimate gasoline
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
42,000
Estimate stationary
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
24,000
Salary
294,773
294,773
294,773
294,773
294,773
294,773
294,773
294,773
294,773
294,773
294,773
294,773
3,537,271
Total
414,583
392,073
393,003
393,543
394,473
392,473
394,053
394,763
394,013
394,073
394,183
395,053
4,746,281
Unit:Baht
Table 6.8 Administrative expenses
164
Administrative expense Year8,2020
Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Estimate electricity office
1,860
1,900
1,900
2,080
2,500
1,980
2,450
2,600
2,450
2,330
2,180
2,680
26,910
Estimate
electricity factory
86,750
86,750
87,700
87,900
88,100
87,500
87,990
89,350
87,990
86,870
87,850
89,500
1,054,250
Estimate telephone and internet
2,600
2,600
2,600
2,600
2,850
2,650
2,770
2,770
2,770
2,850
2,600
2,930
32,590
Fire Insurance
12,290 - - - - - - - - - - -
12,290
Car Insurance
10,000 - - - - - - - - - - -
10,000
Estimate water
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
6,960
Estimate gasoline
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
42,000
Estimate stationary
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
24,000
Salary
294,773
294,773
294,773
294,773
294,773
294,773
294,773
294,773
294,773
294,773
294,773
294,773
3,537,271
Total
414,353
392,103
393,053
393,433
394,303
392,983
394,063
395,573
394,063
392,903
393,483
395,963
4,746,271
Unit:Baht
Table 6.9 Administrative expenses
165
6.5 Conclusion
Now, the rubber is very popular and the income of agriculturist in Chanthaburi
province. Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company is interested in manufacturing and
exporting natural rubber sheet rubber type RSS3 (Ribbed smoked sheet3). RSS3 is to be
smoked natural rubber 100% of their own sheet then through the smoke, 75 to 100c°
with the heat on through the RSS3 rubber smoked, then aged for upto 8-12 months, can
be transported long distance by no more mold be processed into rubber STR 20,the
rubber compound and the most preferred type of rubber on the world market.
Our company will purchase latex from agriculturist in Chanthaburi province and
neighboring provinces. The price of the purchase and sale of a used tire in the middle of
the rubber market because the price is reasonable. The Company will purchase latex
directly in order to obtain fresh latex to produce rubber RSS3 (Ribbed smoked sheet3)
to the best quality for export. Because the price of rubber smoked sheet grade 3 in
agricultural products futures markets is important to the agriculturist and the company
export rubber. Terms of reduced Price Risk in the future of rubber in order to decide on
the operator a valid.
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company invest at Chanthaburi province. Our
company has 16 staffs which are 1 manager, 2 assistants manager, 2 human resources
department, 2 staffs of customer relation department, 1 customer relation manager, 2
customer relation assistants, 4 staffs of sale and marketing and 4 staffs of accountant
department. For our customer we emphasize to the employee have higher skill. Ready to
cooperation with the product exported company and increase the responsibility to work.
The employee has the high effectiveness in the future.
166
Chapter 7:
Financial Analysis This chapter will be consists information following:
Financial Assumption for
Business.
Profit/ Loss Statement
Cash Flow
Balance Sheet
Conclusion
167
Chapter7: Financial Statement
There are 3 main statements in the financial analysis including: income
statement, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows.79
Income statement
The income statement presents the results of the entity's operations during a
period of time, such as one year. The simplest equation to describe income is;
Net Income = Revenue - Expenses
Revenue refers to inflows from the delivery or manufacture of a product or from
the rendering of a service. Expenses are outflows incurred to produce revenue.
Income from operations can be separated from other forms of income. In this
case, the income can be described by;
Net Income = Revenue - Expenses + Gains - Losses
Where gains refer to items such as capital gains, and losses refer to capital
losses, losses from natural disasters, etc.
Balance sheet
The balance sheet is based on the following fundamental accounting model:
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
Assets can be classed as either current assets or fixed assets. Current assets are
assets that quickly and easily can be converted into cash, sometimes at a discount to the
purchase price. Current assets include cash, accounts receivable, marketable securities,
notes receivable, inventory, and prepaid assets. Fixed assets include land, buildings, and
equipment.
Liabilities represent the portion of a firm's assets that are owed to creditors.
Liabilities can be classed as short-term liabilities and long-term liabilities. Current
liabilities include accounts payable, notes payable, interest payable, wages payable, and
taxes payable. Long-term liabilities include mortgages payable and bonds payable.
Equity is referred to as owner's equity in a sole proprietorship or a partnership, and
stockholders' equity or shareholders' equity in a corporation. The equity owners of a
business are residual claimants, having a right to what remains only after the creditors
have been paid.
79
http://www.quickmba.com/accounting/fin/statements/
168
Statement of Cash flows
The statement of cash flows is useful in evaluating a company's ability to pay its
bills. For a given period, the cash flow statement provides the following information:
Sources of cash
Uses of cash
Change in cash balance
The cash flow statement represents an analysis of all of the transactions of the
business, reporting where the firm obtained its cash and what it did with it. It breaks the
sources and uses of cash into the following categories:
Operating activities
Investing activities
Financing activities
The information used to construct the cash flow statement comes from the
beginning and ending balance sheets for the period and from the income statement for
the period.
Payback Period
=
=
= 1.3 years
*We used the average annual income to estimated for payback period
169
NPV: Net Present Value
Initial Investment = (65,409,299) Discount Rate = 10%
Net cash flow in year 1 = 34,917,615.22 baht
Net cash flow in year 2 = 51,529,634.80 baht
Net cash flow in year 3 = 60,688,848.36 baht
Net cash flow in year 4 = 68,110,360.71 baht
Net cash flow in year 5 = 75,696,836.81 baht
Net cash flow in year 6 = 83,715,156.61 baht
Net cash flow in year 7 = 91,206,435.51 baht
Net cash flow in year 8 = 107,038,768.66 baht
NPV = 572,901,714.26 – 65,409,299 baht
= 507,492,415.26 baht
So, we will show the table of income statement, balance sheet, and statement of
cash flows of the Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company for eight years following by;
170
Income Statement
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company
Table 7.1 Income Statement
171
Income Statement
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company
Table 7.2 Income Statement
172
Income Statement
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company
Table 7.3 Income Statement
173
Income Statement
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company
Table 7.4 Income Statement
174
Income Statement
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company
Table 7.5 Income Statement
175
Income Statement
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company
Table 7.6 Income Statement
176
Income Statement
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company
Table 7.7 Income Statement
177
Income Statement
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company Table 7.8 Income Statement
178
Cash Flow Statement
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company
Table 7.9 Cash Flow Statement
179
Cash Flow Statement
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company
Table 7.10 Cash Flow Statement
180
Cash Flow Statement
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company
Table 7.11 Cash Flow Statement
181
Cash Flow Statement
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company
Table 7.12 Cash Flow Statement
182
Cash Flow Statement
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company
Table 7.13 Cash Flow Statement
183
Cash Flow Statement
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company
Table 7.14 Cash Flow Statement
184
Cash Flow Statement
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company
Table 7.15 Cash Flow Statement
185
Cash Flow Statement
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company
Table 7.16 Cash Flow Statement
186
Balance Sheet
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company
Table 7.17 Balance Sheet
187
Table 7.18 Balance Sheet
188
Table 7.19 Balance Sheet
189
Table 7.20 Balance Sheet
190
Conclusion
Our business is a good business, as we knew that rubber and latex are popular in
Thailand for nowadays. So we will get the profits back within 1.3 years, because we
have investment just at the beginning and the equipments and machines can be use for a
long time and another reason is around Amphoe Kaenghangmaew areas there no have
rubber factory on that area. But on February and March we may get just a little bit of
profit because most of rubber farmers they will stop to get rubber water because of the
reason and this season is not got to do that.
191
Chapter 8:
Risk Management This chapter will be consists information following:
External Risk
Internal Risk
General Risk
Conclusion
192
Chapter 8: Risk Management
For risk, it means the opportunity of Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company will
be excellent with the problem expected to occur in the future. Operating is losses or
cannot perform a successful plan or target. The implementation of all activities will be
faced with the risk 2 types. First, risk is the certainty risk that is caused by factors within
the company. It will occur at the level of rubber to face certainly and do not avoid.
These risks can happen from the first phase of operations and currently operating.
Second, risk is uncertainty risk 2 or the risks happen to external factors. Rubber cannot
be predicted and beyond the control but can prevent or eliminate the risks incurred. The
company has identified risks that may occur as follows.
8.1 External Risk
8.1.1 Politic
The government of Thailand is much supported agriculture because it is one of
the main incomes. Especially rubber, but if business rubber will open will need to
accept inspection by law from government. Which is will be affected if the occurrence
of conflicts such as rubber prices demonstrating the problem, rising oil prices. The tax
will be charged. These problems have been affected enable the company and may have
a decreased the export of rubber. Government policies cannot satisfy the needs of all
groups concerned with the proper and timely. If the company does not advance planning
will make production or transportation may lead to failure as well. Companies need to
be well planned and thoughtful, Check income every month. Preparation or will need
spare and researching new things to deal with state changes.
8.1.3 Economic
Economic indicator to forecast the economics are incomes, GDP, standard of
living and the rate growth of the business. It may be at risk for new and small
businesses, and may pose a risk to our business, especially agriculture. The company
will have an effect on the price of natural rubber. Because our company we purchase
and export it. Use rates of the Central Market. We will use price as an indicator of the
market. If the market price of rubber would decrease or increase the impact to the
193
company directly, as if rubber prices fall. Companies will have lower money. And
cannot control or guessing the production or export of rubber. Therefore, the risk
management organization is faced with a changing of economic.
8.1.2 Social
Our company has a need to build a factory and warehouse for the productions of
rubber and rubber sheets. Social and community risk may be affected directly from our
factory, such as smell, noise pollution, water pollution, solid waste. Cause trouble or
danger to the public may not be accepted in this society. To avoid the risk with this is
that the factory has been certified or licensed by the Ministry of Industry. And must be
controlled or closely monitored by industry standards. Our company and employees
help maintain control. Do not let society or community has been affected by pollution in
the factory.
8.1.4 Technology
Modern technology is an important to the process. Companies use in the
development, production and service. Support the operation. Communicate To make a
successful business, well done. In the factory need to have modern technology and are
of international standards. Therefore, the risk of technology is to train employees to be
knowledge the new technology. The purchase new machines may be made in the
Company's cost quite a lot. The company has greater development. Productivity and
quality get the standard. They make business successful generates revenue and more
profits.
8.2 Internal Risk
8.2.1 Employee
The company will be to succeed, dependent employees who have the knowledge
and ability to work. May have to change the environment or work harder and make
always stress to the pressure. This sometimes makes it vulnerable to physical health and
mental health and the performance of the employees. Therefore, managers should pay
attention to the details of the employees. Have activities to bring fun and function
together in harmony. Attention for all employees.
194
8.2.2 Safety and Health
The company is a business about the rubber. In the production process, may
sends smell of mixture pollution of rubber, adversely affect the environment and
machinery in the factory may pose a hazard to employees. Therefore, we should
maintain the equipment regularly. Check the availability every time before use and after
use. Have training to use it properly and the training to use it properly to manufacture
process for the employees, health and safety of employees.
8.2.3 Operational
Rubber in the production process is a complicated process, and in every step of
manufacturing so considering the quality. The products are of good quality and meet the
demands of the market. At each step, there is a risk that the non-standard products. If
this risk happens, businesses will lose revenue and profit. Therefore, Our Company
focuses on these risks in order to process all under the control of specialists to ensure
that the product is in good quality and standard.
8.3 General Risk
8.3.1 Risk from fire
Because of characteristic of rubber plant is easy to burn up so, to be on fire of
industry is the main risk. The solution, Install fire safety devices and fire extinguishers
around the factory, fire insurance. When the fire situation has happened, the insurance
will pay back for any losing property.
195
8.3.2 Financial Risk
Financial risk of our company have 2 articles are Sales increases, Cost/expense
increased by 5%,10%,15% that Sales decrease and Cost/expense decrease by
5%,10%,15%.
Decrease in sale
- If sale decrease 5% that will effect to sale revenue as following;
Year 1, 2013 sale revenue is 63,819,810 baht
Year 2, 2014 sale revenue is 89,343,803 baht
Year 3, 2015 sale revenue is 117,533,111 baht
Year 4, 2016 sale revenue is 143,812,535 baht
Year 5, 2017 sale revenue is 172,335,975 baht
Year 6, 2018 sale revenue is 208,878,272 baht
Year 7, 2019 sale revenue is 249,906,401 baht
Year 8, 2020 sale revenue is 321,554,101 baht
- If sale decrease 5% that will effect to Net Cash Flow as following;
Year 1, 2013 Net Cash Flow is 34,988,371.15 baht
Year 2, 2014 Net Cash Flow is 57,307,272.45 baht
Year 3, 2015 Net Cash Flow is 74,238,999.75 baht
Year 4, 2016 Net Cash Flow is 91,792,551.64 baht
Year 5, 2017 Net Cash Flow is 112,472,574.30 baht
Year 6, 2018 Net Cash Flow is 136,927,077.40 baht
Year 7, 2019 Net Cash Flow is 164,177,755.70 baht
Year 8, 2020 Net Cash Flow is 21,213,0871.70 baht
196
Payback period of sale decrease 5%
=
= 1.42 years
*We used the average annual income to estimated for payback period
NPV of sale decrease 5%
= 610,909,798.30 baht
- If sale decrease 10% that will effect to sale revenue as following;
Year 1, 2013 sale revenue is 60,124,210 baht
Year 2, 2014 sale revenue is 84,296,725 baht
Year 3, 2015 sale revenue is 110,993,663 baht
Year 4, 2016 sale revenue is 135,882,743 baht
Year 5, 2017 sale revenue is 162,893,850 baht
Year 6, 2018 sale revenue is 197,505,692 baht
Year 7, 2019 sale revenue is 236,363,121 baht
Year 8, 2020 sale revenue is 304,234,236 baht
- If sale decrease 10% that will effect to Net Cash Flow as following;
Year 1, 2013 Net Cash Flow is 31,567,749.65 baht
Year 2, 2014 Net Cash Flow is 52,260,194.95 baht
Year 3, 2015 Net Cash Flow is 67,699,551.00 baht
Year 4, 2016 Net Cash Flow is 83,862,759.64 baht
Year 5, 2017 Net Cash Flow is 103,030,449.30 baht
197
Year 6, 2018 Net Cash Flow is 125,554,497.40 baht
Year 7, 2019 Net Cash Flow is 150,634,475.70 baht
Year 8, 2020 Net Cash Flow is 194,811,006.70 baht
Payback period of sale decrease 10%
=
= 1.56 years
*We used the average annual income to estimated for payback period
NPV of sale decrease 10%
= 417,648,086.85 baht
- If sale decrease 15% that will effect to sale revenue as following;
Year 1, 2013 sale revenue is 67,515,410 baht
Year 2, 2014 sale revenue is 79,249,648 baht
Year 3, 2015 sale revenue is 104,454,214 baht
Year 4, 2016 sale revenue is 127,952,951 baht
Year 5, 2017 sale revenue is 153,451,725 baht
Year 6, 2018 sale revenue is 186,133,112 baht
Year 7, 2019 sale revenue is 222,819,841 baht
Year 8, 2020 sale revenue is 286,914,371 baht
- If sale decrease 15% that will effect to Net Cash Flow as following;
Year 1, 2013 Net Cash Flow is 28,147,128.15 baht
Year 2, 2014 Net Cash Flow is 47,213,117.45 baht
198
Year 3, 2015 Net Cash Flow is 61,160,102.25 baht
Year 4, 2016 Net Cash Flow is 75,932,967.64 baht
Year 5, 2017 Net Cash Flow is 93,588,324.32 baht
Year 6, 2018 Net Cash Flow is 114,181,917.40 baht
Year 7, 2019 Net Cash Flow is 137,091,195.70 baht
Year 8, 2020 Net Cash Flow is 177,491,141.70 baht
Payback period of sale decrease 15%
=
= 1.74 years
*We used the average annual income to estimated for payback period
NPV of sale decrease 15%
= 283,848,803.85 baht
Increase in cost/expense
- If cost/expense increase 5% that will have sale revenue as follow;
Year 1, 2013 sale revenue is 71,211,010 baht
Year 2, 2014 sale revenue is 99,437,958 baht
Year 3, 2015 sale revenue is 130,612,009 baht
Year 4, 2016 sale revenue is 159,672,119 baht
Year 5, 2017 sale revenue is 191,220,225 baht
Year 6, 2018 sale revenue is 231,623,432 baht
Year 7, 2019 sale revenue is 276,992,961 baht
Year 8, 2020 sale revenue is 356,193,831 baht
199
Payback period of cost/expense increase 5%
=
= 0.77 years
*We used the average annual income to estimated for payback period
NPV of cost/expense increase 5%
= 1,097,400,833.68 baht
- If cost/expense increase 5% that will have Net Cash Flow as follow;
Year 1, 2013 Net Cash Flow is 41,829,614.15 baht
Year 2, 2014 Net Cash Flow is 67,401,427.45 baht
Year 3, 2015 Net Cash Flow is 87,317,897.25 baht
Year 4, 2016 Net Cash Flow is 107,652,135.60 baht
Year 5, 2017 Net Cash Flow is 131,356,824.30 baht
Year 6, 2018 Net Cash Flow is 159,672,237.40 baht
Year 7, 2019 Net Cash Flow is 191,264,315.70 baht
Year 8, 2020 Net Cash Flow is 246,770,601.70 baht
Payback period of cost/expense increase 5%
=
= 1.20 years
*We used the average annual income to estimated for payback period
200
NPV of cost/expense increase 5%
= 724,581,097.25 baht
- If cost/expense increase 10% that will have sale revenue as follow;
Year 1, 2013 sale revenue is 74,906,610 baht
Year 2, 2014 sale revenue is 104,485,035 baht
Year 3, 2015 sale revenue is 137,151,458 baht
Year 4, 2016 sale revenue is 167,601,911 baht
Year 5, 2017 sale revenue is 200,662,350 baht
Year 6, 2018 sale revenue is 242,996,012 baht
Year 7, 2019 sale revenue is 290,536,241 baht
Year 8, 2020 sale revenue is 373,513,696 baht
Payback period of cost/expense increase 10%
=
= 0.73 years
*We used the average annual income to estimated for payback period
NPV of cost/expense increase 10%
= 891,655,540.73 baht
- If cost/expense increase 10% that will have Net Cash Flow as follow;
Year 1, 2013 Net Cash Flow is 45,250,235.65 baht
Year 2, 2014 Net Cash Flow is 72,448,504.95 baht
Year 3, 2015 Net Cash Flow is 93,857,346.00 baht
201
Year 4, 2016 Net Cash Flow is 115,581,927.60 baht
Year 5, 2017 Net Cash Flow is 140,798,949.30 baht
Year 6, 2018 Net Cash Flow is 171,044,817.40 baht
Year 7, 2019 Net Cash Flow is 204,807,595.70 baht
Year 8, 2020 Net Cash Flow is 264,090,466.70 baht
Payback period of cost/expense increase 10%
=
= 1.11 years
*We used the average annual income to estimated for payback period
NPV of cost/expense increase 10%
= 597,336,743.66 baht
- If cost/expense increase 15% that will have sale revenue as follow;
Year 1, 2013 sale revenue is 78,602,210 baht
Year 2, 2014 sale revenue is 109,532,113 baht
Year 3, 2015 sale revenue is 143,690,906 baht
Year 4, 2016 sale revenue is 175,531,703 baht
Year 5, 2017 sale revenue is 210,104,475 baht
Year 6, 2018 sale revenue is 254,368,592 baht
Year 7, 2019 sale revenue is 304,079,521 baht
Year 8, 2020 sale revenue is 390,833,561 baht
202
Payback period of cost/expense increase 15%
=
= 0.70 years
*We used the average annual income to estimated for payback period
NPV of cost/expense increase 15%
= 739,981,434.57 baht
- If cost/expense increase 15% that will have Net Cash Flow as follow;
Year 1, 2013 Net Cash Flow is 47,639,284.15 baht
Year 2, 2014 Net Cash Flow is 77,495,582.45 baht
Year 3, 2015 Net Cash Flow is 100,396,794.80 baht
Year 4, 2016 Net Cash Flow is 123,511,719.60 baht
Year 5, 2017 Net Cash Flow is 150,241,074.30 baht
Year 6, 2018 Net Cash Flow is 182,417,397.40 baht
Year 7, 2019 Net Cash Flow is 218,350,875.70 baht
Year 8, 2020 Net Cash Flow is 281,410,331.70 baht
Payback period of cost/expense increase 15%
= = 1.05 years
*We used the average annual income to estimated for payback period
NPV of cost/expense increase 15%
= 498,884,868.39 baht
203
8.4 Conclusion
Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company is likely that there is always a risk.
May be affect the company's revenue. The business not successful is based the plan.
Social risks in the company's affect the lifestyle of people in the community,
although the smell pollution of water. Risks in technology will may occur because we
have new technology. It has many competitors. Because the technology is very much
essential to business. The political risk. If the business does not pass from the law, or
legal standards. The company will be temporarily closed for upgrade and manage. To
produce is reduced, resulting in loss of revenue. And economic problems. The purchase
of new equipment for the rubber industry. Market demand reduction and lower the cost
of rubber. We will focus on financial risk. In addition, we will focus on the
implementation of risk management internally. Because there the complexity of the
production process and requirements, every step is sensitive. Risk in general, we have to
consider the logistics, fire, theft, employee error. And we have for the protection the
safety of our assets and provide importance of our employees. We should also require
the development and learn in order to cope with the risks to the company.
204
Chapter 9:
Summary
205
Summary
Rubber industry is getting popular in Thailand for nowadays. We decided to do
this project because we can see that this business would be perfect for us because rubber
and latex can make a good profit, more income but we just invest at the beginning of
business and then in a couple of year we could get all of costs that we have invested
back. Trend of rubber for nowadays is getting higher and higher and will be growth up
more and more in each year. Our factory is located in 8 moo 7 Tambol Khunsong,
Amphoe Khaenghangmaew, Chanthaburi province. At the beginning of business we
will invest just a few areas of factory and in the 3rd
we would to enlarge or expand our
factory to be bigger and we will get a rubber from rubber farmer by pick the rubber
from their garden and put it in tank of our factory, when we get enough of rubber we
will take it in to the tank with a truck and then take it to D.S. rubber and latex company
that is located in Rayong province, that is just 58 km from our factory. Our business is
will get a good of profit and income because around Amphoe Kaenghangmaew areas
until another district that connected with Amphoe Kaenghangmaew district no more
rubber factory. We may get a little bit problem of this business, such as in the rainy
season we may not get more rubber because rubber tree could not make rubber for us as
well and the quality of rubber may not good if it come from wet rubber tree but in the
winter we can get a lot of rubber and the quality is good for this season.
206
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Overview of Thai rubber industry, http://www.thaitrade.com/trade_detail.php?id=257:
2011; (21 December, 2011). The Office of International Economic Industrial
June 2011
Power Buy. Price of electric appliances.2012;. [cited (2012 Dec 16)]Available from:
http://www.powerbuy.co.th/ProductDetail.aspx?itemNo=PWB000197698
Progress on the garden.2012;. [cited (2012 Dec 8)]Available from:
http://forum.fernsai.com/index.php?topic=554.0.
Provincial Waterworks Authority. Water Tariff Table.2010;. [cited (2012 Dec
23)]Available from: http://www.pwa.co.th/service/tariff_rate.html
211
Price of sieve. [cited (2012 Dec 17)]Available from:
https://sites.google.com/site/salestakong1/
Price of truck.2007;. [cited (2012 Dec 20)]Available from:
http://www.truck.in.th/checkprice.php#HINO
Printing services.2013;.[cited (2012 Dec 9)]Available from:
http://chanthaburicity.olxthailand.com/69-iid-196513732
Quantity and the buying-sale price of rubber in central market. [cited (2012 Dec
8)]Available from: http://www.rubberthai.com/price/price_index.htm.
QuickMBA. The four financial statements.2010;. [cited (2012 Dec 24)]Available from:
http://www.quickmba.com/accounting/fin/statements/
RSS3 of the central rubber market. [cited (2012 Dec 8)]Available from:
http://www.rubberthai.com/price/price_index.htm.
Replanting Relief Fund. News Year 38: edition of 141, Rubber History in Thailand,
http://www.yangpara.com/gernaral/history.htm: (2012 Dec 3).
Rubber plantation areas in the eastern of Thailand. [cited (2012 Dec 8)]Available from:
http://www.rubberthai.com/statistic/stat_index.htm.
Rubber Research Institute Songkhla,The central market rubber in Songkhla Province:
Rubber Rubber World Industries L.L.C,
http://www.gulfoflex.com/new/index.html; (5 December, 2012).
Scgexperience. Sanitary ware.2012;. [cited (2012 Dec 16)]Available from:
http://www.scgexperience.co.th/en/product/searchs-Bathroom-B04-B0408.aspx
Shun Thai. Our commitment. 2010;.[cited (2012 Dec 8)]Available from:
http://www.shunthaiglove.com/main.html.
Siamturakij. Rubber decline because of economic or political.2012;.[cited (2012 Dec
1)]Available from:
http://glamdring.baac.or.th/ViewContent.php?ContentID=8250.
212
Sirichai. Agriculture exporter.2009;. [cited (2012 Dec 19)]Available from:
http://www.sirichai-intertrade.com/product_detail.php
Sukonrutchai.T. Situation and trends rubber. [cited (2012 Dec 3)]Available from:
http://www.cad.go.th/cadweb_org/ewt_news.php?nid=14689
s4design. Promotion of security camera.2013;, [cited (2012 Dec 16)]Available from:
http://www.s4designtech.com/index.php?route=product/product&path=53&pr
oduct_id=148
TQM insurance. Fire insurance.2010;. [cited (2012 Dec 23)]Available from:
http://www.tqm.co.th/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8
1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0
%B8%84%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2
TRA Membership. [cited (2012 Dec 4)]Available from:
http://www.thainr.com/en/index.php?detail=member.
TRP furniture. Price of furnitures.2012;. [cited (2012 Dec 17)]Available from:
http://www.taradplaza.com/tirapol/
Thai Hua Rubber PCL All right reserved,
http://www.thaihua.com/v4/en/product/rss.php;
1999 – 2013; (5 December, 2012).
Thai Hua Rubber PCL All right reserved,
http://www.thaihua.com/v4/en/product/latex.php :1999 - 2013; (5 December,
2012).
Thai Hua Rubber. Ribbed smoked sheets process.1999;. [cited (2012 Dec 21)]Available
from: http://www.thaihua.com/v4/en/factory/rss-process.php
Thai Rubber Latex Corporation (Thailand) Public Company Limited.
Introduction.2006;. [cited (2012 Dec 8)]Available from:
http://www.thaitexgroup.com/main_page/index_our_company.php.
Thai-Tour.com. Map Chanthaburi. [cited (2012 Dec 13)]Available from:
http://www.thai-tour.com/eng/chanthaburi/map.htm
213
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,Rubber History,
http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/rubber-history.html; 2011:
(2012 Dec 3).
The Provincial Electricity Authority. Electricity tariff.2001;. [cited (2012 Dec
23)]Available from: http://www.eppo.go.th/power/pw-Rate-PEA-Char.html#6
Thon buri. Price of gift. [cited (2012 Dec9)]Available from:
http://www.thonburipremium.com/index.php?lay=show&ac=article&Ntype=9
Topcoolair. LG Air Condition. [cited (2012 Dec 15)]Available from:
http://www.topcoolair.com/index.php?lay=show&ac=article&Id=394554&Nty
pe=18
Yangparatrang club. The rubber. [cited (2012 Dec 17)]Available from:
http://www.yangparatrang.com/
3broadband. Promotion of calls. [cited (2012 Dec 23)]Available from:
http://www.3bb.co.th/promotion/promotion_detail.php?id=2018
3broadband. Promotion of internet. [cited (2012 Dec 23)]Available from:
http://www.3bb.co.th/promotion/promotion_detail.php?id=2017
214
Appendix
215
Company Limited Registration
Fee Rate for Registering Company Limited
Registration Company Limited Baht
1. Registering the memorandum of association
1.1 Registered capital of no more than 1,000,000 Baht
1.2 Every 100,000 Baht of the increase of registered capital
(fraction of 100,000 Baht shall be counted as 100,000 Baht)
1.3 Registered capital of more than 50,000,000 Baht
500
50
50
25,000
2. Register for company limited‘s establishment
2.1 Registered capital of no more than 1,000,000 Baht
2.2 Every 100,000 Baht of the increase of registered capital
(fraction of 100,000 Baht shall be counted as 100,000 Baht)
2.3 Registered capital of more than 50,000,000 Baht
5,000
500
500
250,000
3. Registering the company‘s merger 5,000
4. Registering the medication
4.1 Registering the extraordinary resolution
(capital increase/capital decrease/company‘s merger)
4.2 Registering the capital increase
(Calculate according to every 100,000 Baht of the increase)
(Increase for more than 50,000,000 Baht)
4.3 Registering the capital decrease
4.4 Registering the modification of every clause of the
memorandum of association
4.5 Registering the modification of every clause of the regulation
4.6 Registering for new directors
4.7 Registering for partners‘ resignation (no limit)
4.8 Registering the modification of directors‘ authority
250,000
400
500
250,000
400
400
400
400/person
216
4.9 Registering the change of location of head office and/or
branches
4.10 Registering the modification of seal
4.11 Register other transactions that should be publicized
400
400
400
5. Registering the company‘s liquidation 400
6. Registering the change of liquidators 400
7. Registering the modification of liquidator‘s power and authority 400
8. Registering the modification of liquidation office 400
9. Registering the completeness of liquidation 400
Soure: http://www.dbd.go.th/mainsite/index.php?id=659
217
218
219
220
221
222
Depreciation Expense
Year1, 2013
Amoung Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Building
30,000,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
1,500,000.00
Machine
2,203,500.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
440,700.00
Equipment
2,499,599.00
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
499,919.80
Vehicle
10,392,000.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
2,078,400.00
Total
45,095,099.00
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
4,519,019.80
Unit: Baht
Year2, 2014
Amoung Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Building
30,000,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
1,500,000.00
Machine
2,203,500.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
440,700.00
Equipment
2,499,599.00
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
499,919.80
Vehicle
10,392,000.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
2,078,400.00
Total
45,095,099.00
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
4,519,019.80
Unit: Baht
223
Year3, 2015
Amoung Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Building
30,000,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
1,500,000.00
Machine
2,203,500.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
440,700.00
Equipment
2,499,599.00
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
499,919.80
Vehicle
10,392,000.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
2,078,400.00
Total
45,095,099.00
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
4,519,019.80
Unit: Baht
Year4, 2016
Amoung Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Building
30,000,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
1,500,000.00
Machine
2,203,500.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
440,700.00
Equipment
2,499,599.00
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
499,919.80
Vehicle
10,392,000.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
2,078,400.00
Total
45,095,099.00
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
4,519,019.80
Unit: Baht
Year5, 2017
Amoung Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Building
30,000,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
1,500,000.00
Machine
2,203,500.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
440,700.00
Equipment
2,499,599.00
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
499,919.80
Vehicle
10,392,000.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
2,078,400.00
Total
45,095,099.00
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
4,519,019.80
224
Year6, 2018
Amoung Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Building
30,000,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
1,500,000.00
Machine
2,203,500.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
440,700.00
Equipment
2,499,599.00
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
499,919.80
Vehicle
10,392,000.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
2,078,400.00
Total
45,095,099.00
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
4,519,019.80
Unit: Baht
Year7, 2019
Amoung Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Building
30,000,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
1,500,000.00
Machine
2,203,500.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
440,700.00
Equipment
2,499,599.00
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
499,919.80
Vehicle
10,392,000.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
2,078,400.00
Total
45,095,099.00
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
4,519,019.80
Unit: Baht
Year8, 2020
Amoung Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Building
30,000,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
125,000.00
1,500,000.00
Machine
2,203,500.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
36,725.00
440,700.00
Equipment
2,499,599.00
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
41,659.98
499,919.80
Vehicle
10,392,000.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
173,200.00
2,078,400.00
Total
45,095,099.00
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
376,584.98
4,519,019.80
225
Income Statement (Sale decrease 5%)
Income Statement (Sale decrease5%)
226
Income Statement (Sale decrease5%)
Income Statement (Sale decrease5%)
227
Income Statement (Sale decrease5%)
Income Statement (Sale decrease5%)
228
Income Statement (Sale decrease5%)
Income Statement (Sale decrease5%)
229
Income Statement (Sale decrease10%)
Income Statement (Sale decrease10%)
230
Income Statement (Sale decrease10%)
Income Statement (Sale decrease10%)
231
Income Statement (Sale decrease10%)
Income Statement (Sale decrease10%)
232
Income Statement (Sale decrease10%)
Income Statement (Sale decrease10%)
233
Income Statement (Sale decrease15%)
Income Statement (Sale decrease15%)
234
Income Statement (Sale decrease15%)
Income Statement (Sale decrease15%)
235
Income Statement (Sale decrease15%)
Income Statement (Sale decrease15%)
236
Income Statement (Sale decrease15%)
Income Statement (Sale decrease15%)
237
Income Statement (Cost increase5%)
Income Statement (Cost increase5%)
238
Income Statement (Cost increase5%)
Income Statement (Cost increase5%)
239
Income Statement (Cost increase5%)
Income Statement (Cost increase5%)
240
Income Statement (Cost increase5%)
Income Statement (Cost increase5%)
241
Income Statement (Cost increase10%)
Income Statement (Cost increase10%)
242
Income Statement (Cost increase10%)
Income Statement (Cost increase10%)
243
Income Statement (Cost increase10%)
Income Statement (Cost increase10%)
244
Income Statement (Cost increase10%)
Income Statement (Cost increase10%)
245
Income Statement (Cost increase15%)
Income Statement (Cost increase15%)
246
Income Statement (Cost increase15%)
Income Statement (Cost increase15%)
247
Income Statement (Cost increase15%)
Income Statement (Cost increase15%)
248
Income Statement (Cost increase15%)
Income Statement (Cost increase15%)
249
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 5%)
250
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 5%)
251
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 5%)
252
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 5%)
253
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 5%)
254
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 5%)
255
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 5%)
256
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 5%)
257
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 10%)
258
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 10%)
259
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 10%)
260
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 10%)
261
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 10%)
262
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 10%)
263
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 10%)
264
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 10%)
265
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 15%)
266
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 15%)
267
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 15%)
268
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 15%)
269
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 15%)
270
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 15%)
271
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 15%)
272
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 15%)
273
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 5%)
274
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 5%)
275
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 5%)
276
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 5%)
277
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 5%)
278
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 5%)
279
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 5%)
280
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 5%)
281
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 10%)
282
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 10%)
283
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 10%)
284
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 10%)
285
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 10%)
286
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 10%)
287
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 10%)
288
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 10%)
289
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 15%)
290
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 15%)
291
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 15%)
292
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 15%)
293
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 15%)
294
Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 15%)
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Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 15%)
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Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 15%)
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Group members
1. Mr.Nattapat Trinit ID: 5031207009
Tel: 085-0909974
E-Mail: Yogi_bear_nut@hotmail.com
2. Miss Tralinee Boonmapood ID: 5031207010
Tel: 083-2007928
E-Mail: squeeza_31@hotmail.com
3. Miss Warangrat Chutikachusanapong ID: 5231205126
Tel: 081-3985091
E-Mail: guide.gapp@gmail.com
4. Miss Lalita Sentard ID: 5231205191
Tel: 085-7053297
E-Mail: guitar_lalita@hotmail.com
5. Miss Wanalee Dejkhakew ID: 5331203104
Tel:082-3273643
E-Mail: piglet_gallery@hotmail.com
6. Mr.Watchara Pornsivakul ID: 5331203109
Tel: 083-5708688
E-Mail: bankyoblack@gmail.com
7. Mr.Pacharakorn Kanin ID: 5431203051
Tel: 084-8121126
E-Mail: pacharakorn.tle@gmail.com
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