Science - Ch2 - Body Coordination

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CHAPTER 2BODY COORDINATION

Subjek : ScienceTajuk : Body Coordination

Tahun : 2012 Tingkatan : 4Penulis : En. Mohd Fadzil Bin Abdul HanidNama Sekolah ; SMK Dato` Usman Awang

2.1 – UNDERSTANDING BODY COORDINATION

1) Body coordination is a life process that involves harmonious functioning of interrelated organs and parts in the body to produce a coordinated response.

2) Body coordination is controlled by the nervous system and endocrine system.

THE PATHWAY OF A BODY COORDINATION

3) Activities regulated and coordinated by : a) The nervous system - senses, memory and thinking,

speech, voluntary actions and physical movements, involuntary actions

such as breathing, heartbeat and digestion. b) The endocrine system - Growth, sexual maturation, blood

glucose level, amount of fluid in the body.

4) The importance of body coordination :

Enables us to protect our body from harmful stimuli such as hot objects.

Enables our body to carry out activities to respond to the stimuli.

Regulates appropriate response to stimuli.

2.2 – UNDERSTANDING THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

1) The nervous system is made up of the a)Central Nervous System (CNS)b)Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

2) The Central Nervous System consists of the brain and the spinal cord.

3) The Peripheral Nervous System consists of :

a)The cranial nerves (emerge from the brain)

b)The spinal nerves (arise from the spinal cord)

NERVOUS SYSTEM

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. These nerves arise from the brain and brain stem, carrying motor

and / or sensory information.

SPINAL NERVES

FUNCTION OF EACH COMPONENT Central nervous system

Receiving and interpreting impulse from the receptors in the sensory organs.

Peripheral nervous system

Sending and receiving information to and from the central nervous system.

Cranial nerves Connecting the brain with the sensory organs and the internal organs such as the heart and the lungs.

Spinal nerves Connecting the spinal cord with the receptors and effectors in the body.

2.3 – NERVOUS COORDINATION

RECEPTORS AND EFFECTORS

1) Receptors are sensory cells that detect and receive stimuli and turn them into electrical impulses.

2) Effectors are muscles or glands which produce responses due to stimuli. They respond to stimuli by:

• contraction• gland secretion

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RECEPTORS, NEURONES AND EFFECTORS IN THE

HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

Receive stimuli and generate impulses

Conduct impulses to the central nervous system

In central nervous system

Conduct impulses from the central nervous system

Carry out appropriate responses

REFLEX ACTION1) Reflex action is one of the simplest

responses.

2) These responses are automatic and does not require conscious thought.

3) Example : Accidentally touched a sharp object.

EXAMPLES OF SOME REFLEX ACTIONSSTIMULI REFLEX ACTION

Flash of bright light Pupil gets smaller

Insect touches eyelid

Eye blinks

You are hungry and smell food

Saliva in the mouth

Body gets hot Sweating

Body gets cold Shivering

REFLEX ARCThe nerve pathway in a reflex action.

2.4 - PROPRIOCEPTORS

1) Receptors that are sensitive to

movement, pressure or stretching.

2) They are found in muscles, joints,

ligaments and tendons.

3) When we perform movements, the

stretch in muscles, joints, tendons and

ligaments will change. These changes

will be detected by proprioceptors

called stretch receptors.

muscle

Stretch receptor

The flow of impulses involving proprioceptorsMuscles are stretched (stimulus)

Stretch receptor (generate impulses)

Sensory neuron (transmit impulses)

Brain (interpret information)

Motor neuron (transmit impulses)

Effectors (produce movement)

The importance of proprioceptors

1) Enable us to be conscious of the position and the posture of our body.

2) Enables us to detect the movements of our body parts without using our eyes.

3) Examples : a) Typing text using a computer

without looking at the keyboard. b) Buttoning shirt without looking. c) Riding bicyles without looking at

the pedals.

2.5 – THE HUMAN BRAIN

cerebrum

cerebellumMedulla oblongata

Cerebrum •The largest part of the brain.•Surface area is expanded by numerous folds.• Large number of neurones are located here.Function : Controls sensory functions, voluntary actions and mental functions.

Cerebellum

•Located under the cerebrum.•The second largest part of the brain.•Surface area is expanded by numerous folds.Function : Regulates body movements, maintains posture and balance.

Medulla Oblongata

•The lowest part of the brain.•Continuous with spinal cord.Function : Controls involuntary actions such as breathing, heartbeat, peristalsis and sneezing.

VOLUNTARY ACTION1) Is the action that you do with

consciousness and according to your will even though there is no stimuli.

2) It is controlled by the cerebrum of the brain.

3) Examples : a) writing b) dancing c) reading d) talking

INVOLUNTARY ACTION1) It is happen automatically without

consciousness and does not involve thinking.

2) It is controlled by the medulla oblongata.

3) Examples : a) Heartbeat b) Peristalsis c) Yawning d) Blinking eyes

THE EFFECTS OF INJURIES TO SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE HUMAN BRAIN

2.6 – HORMONAL COORDINATION

1) In hormonal coordination, information is carried around the body by hormones.

2) Hormones are organic chemicals made in special glands called endocrine glands.

3) Since endocrine glands do not have ducts, hormones are secreted in small quantities into the surrounding tissue fluid and diffused into blood capillaries.

4) Hormones travel in the bloodstream until they reach target organs.

5) The target organ will then react towards the hormones.

-HUMAN GROWTH-DURING ACTIVITIES SUCH AS A 100M RACE

1) The endocrine system is a system

which consists of endocrine glands.

2) These glands produce and secrete

hormones directly into the

bloodstream to be transported to

specific target organs.

3) Each hormone secreted has its own

functions.

4) The endocrine system consists of

the following endocrine glands.

THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS WITH THE RESPECTIVE HORMONES AND ITS

FUNCTION

ENDOCRINE GLAND

FUNCTION

Pituitary gland is also called the ‘master gland’

Secretes certain hormones which control the activity of other glands such as thyroid gland and ovaries. It also secretes other hormones which control body processes like growth and urine production.

Thyroid gland secretes thyroxine

Controls metabolic rate and regulates growth and body development.

Adrenal gland secretes adrenaline

Increases the blood glucose level, increases heartbeat, increases breathing rate.

Pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon

Insulin stimulates the change of glucose to glycogen while glucagon stimulates the change of glycogen to glucose.

Testes secrete testosterone

Promotes and maintains development of secondary male sex characteristics.

Ovaries secrete oestrogen and progesterone

Promotes and maintains the development of secondary female sex characteristics.

EFFECTS OF HORMONAL IMBALANCEHORMONES SHORTAGE

EFFECTEXCESSIVE

EFFECT

Growth hormone

Dwarfism Gigantism

Thyroxine Low metabolic rate.CretinismGoiterLethargy

Higher metabolic rate.Increase in body temperature and heartbeat.Irritability.

Insulin Diabetes mellitus

Hypoglycemia

Oestrogen and progesterone

Secondary sex characteristics are not well developed.Irregular menstrual cycle.

Overdeveloped of secondary sex characteristics.

Testosterone Secondary sex characteristics are not well developed including sex organ.

Overdeveloped of secondary sex characteristics.

2.7 – COORDINATION BETWEEN THE NERVOUS

SYSTEM AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

COMPARISON

SIMILARITY

To control and coordinate functions and

activities of organs in the body.

IMPORTANCETo ensure body functions such as

physical, chemical and physiological responses occur at their optimum level.

COORDINATION BETWEEN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE ENDOCRINE

SYSTEM

Brain interpret the information

Cause movement

2.8 – EFFECTS OF DRUGS

EXAMPLE TYPE EFFECTSTranquilisersBarbiturates

Depressants

•Delay reaction towards stimuli•Decrease stress•Help people to calm down

AmphetaminesCaffeineCocaine

Stimulants •Increase metabolic rate•Stay awake or active

CannabisMarijuanaLSD

Hallucinogens

•Hallucination

HeroinMorphineCodeine

Narcotics •Relieve pain•Induce sleep

Cleaning solventsGluePaint thinnersAerosol sprays

Inhalants

•Hallucinations and depression•Damage to brain, lungs, kidneys, liver and other parts of the body

2.9 – EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL

1) Alcoholic drinks contain ethanol which is a type of alcohol.

2) Examples : a) beer b) Wine c) Whisky d) Champange3) Alcohol in alcoholic drinks slows

down the transmission of impulses. 4) It slows down brain activities which

lead to misjudgement, a total loss of self-control, temporary loss of memory and delaying reaction time.

THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON INTERNAL ORGAN IN HUMAN BODY

ORGANS EFFECTS

BRAIN •Brain damage•Rapid aging•Coma

HEART •Heart disease•High blood pressure•Stroke

LIVER •Liver inflammation•Liver Scarring

STOMACH •Stomach ulcer

THE IMPORTANCE OF AVOIDING EXCESSIVE CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL

Have better health

Be free from addition

Prevent accidents

Overcome family and social problems

2.10 – THE IMPORTANCE OF A SOUND AND HEALTHY MIND

1) Mind means having the ability to think and reason.

2) A sound and healthy mind enables us to make reasonable judgements before making any decisions.

3) Factors that affect the mind a) External - Social conditions such as pressure

in family, conflicts with colleagues. - Environment, such as busy traffic,

noise pollution.

b) Internal

- Imbalance of hormone secretion can affect emotions such as when one experiences premenstrual syndrome. - Brain injury caused by accidents can result in malfunction in certain parts

of the brain. - Intake of chemical substances, consumption of drugs and alcohol affected mind because the central nervous system is not functioning properly.

Science - Ch2 - Body Coordination

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