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Scaffolds
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What Is A Scaffold?
An elevated, temporary work platform
Three basic types:
Supported scaffolds -- platforms
supported by rigid, load bearingmembers, such as poles, legs, frames,& outriggers
Suspended scaffolds -- platformssuspended by ropes or other non-rigid,
overhead support Aerial Lifts -- such as cherry pickers
or boom trucks
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Hazards
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Falls from elevation caused
by slipping, unsafe access, andthe lack of fall protection
Struck by falling tools / debris
Electrocution from overheadpower lines
Scaffold collapse - caused byinstability or overloading
Bad planking giving way
Employees working on scaffolds are
exposed to these hazards:
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Fall Hazards
While climbing on or
off the scaffold Working on
unguarded scaffoldplatforms
When scaffoldplatforms or planks fail
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Falls may occur:
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ProtectingWorkers from Falls
Guardrails, and/or
Personal Fall ArrestSystems (PFAS)
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If a worker on a scaffoldcan fall more than 10feet, protect them by:
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Install along open sides & ends
Front edge of platforms notmore than 14 inches from thework, unless using guardrailsand/or PFAS
Top rails - 38 to 45 inches tall
Midrails halfway betweentoprail and platform
Toeboards at least 3-1/2 incheshigh
Guardrails
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Personal Fall Arrest Systems (PFAS)
You must be trained how to properly use PFAS
PFAS include anchorage, lifeline and body harness.
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Can use PFAS instead of
guardrails on some scaffolds
Use PFAS & guardrails onsuspension scaffolds
Use PFAS on erectors and
dismantlers where feasible
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Fall Protection Requirements
The ends of this scaffoldare not properly guarded
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Falling Object Protection
Wear hardhats
Barricade area below scaffold
to forbid entry into that area Use panels or screens if
material is stacked higher thanthe toeboard
Build a canopy or erect a netbelow the scaffold that willcontain or deflect falling objects
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Overhead Power Lines
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The possibility of
electrocution is a
serious consideration
when working nearoverhead power lines
Check the clearance
distances listed in thestandard
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Scaffold Support Examples
Good support Inadequate support in danger of collapse?
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Base plate
Mud sills
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Essential Elements of Safe
Scaffold Construction Use appropriate
scaffold construction
methods
Proper scaffold access
Properly use acompetent person
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Scaffold Platform Construction
Platforms must:
be fully planked or
decked with no
more than 1 inchgaps
be able to support
its weight & 4 times
maximum load
be at least 18
inches wide
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This is not a properly
constructed scaffold
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No large gaps in frontedge of platforms
Each abutted end ofplank must rest on aseparate support
surface Overlap platforms at
least 12 inches oversupports, unlessrestrained to preventmovement
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Scaffold Platform Construction
Planks not properlyoverlapped
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Scaffold Platform Construction
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No paint on wood platforms
Use scaffold grade wood
Fully planked between frontupright and guardrail support
Component pieces used mustmatch and be of the same type
Erect on stable and level ground
Lock wheels and braces
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Scaffold Height
The height of the
scaffold should not
be more than fourtimes its minimum
base dimension
unless guys, ties,
or braces are used
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20
5
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Platform Ends
Each end of a
platform, unless
cleated or otherwiserestrained by hooks,
must extend over its
support by at least 6
inches
No Cleats
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Supported Scaffolds
Platforms supported by legs,outrigger beams, brackets,poles, uprights, posts, & frames
Restrain from tipping by guys,ties, or braces
Scaffold poles, legs, posts,frames, and uprights must be
on base plates and mud sills orother firm foundation
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This support is not adequate!
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Proper Scaffold Access
Provide access when scaffoldplatforms are more than 2 feetabove or below a point of access
Permitted types of access:
Ladders, such as portable,hook-on, attachable, stairwaytype, and built-ins
Stair towers Ramps and walkways
May use building stairs and comeout window
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Scaffold Access
No access bycrossbraces
When usingladders, bottom
rung no more than24 inches high
Can use some endframes
Can access from
another scaffold,structure or hoist
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End FrameDo not accessby crossbraces
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Suspension Scaffolds
Train employees to recognize hazards
Secure/tie to prevent swaying
Support devices must rest on surfaces
that can support four times the loadCompetent person: evaluate connections to ensure the
supporting surfaces can support load inspect ropes for defects before shift
PFAS must have anchors independent ofthe scaffold support system
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Platforms suspended by ropes or wires. Rope must be capable
of supporting 6 times the load
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Moving Scaffolds
Employees cant be on a movingscaffold unless:
Surface is level Height to base ratio is 2 to 1 Outriggers are installed on
both sides of scaffolds
Employees cant be on scaffoldpart beyond the wheels
Competent person must be onsite to supervise
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Fatal Fact Moving a Lift
Employee was operating anaerial lift, with an extendableboom rotating work platform
The boom was fully extendedand the machine apparently ranover some bricks, causing theboom to flex or spring, throwingthe employee from the basket
The employee fell 37 feet to aconcrete surface
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Using Scaffolds
Dont work on snow orice covered platforms orduring storms or highwinds
Use tag lines onswinging loads
Protect suspensionropes from heat & acid
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A covered scaffold has specialwind load considerations
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Fatal Fact Ice & No Guardrails
Laborer was working on the
third level of a tubular welded
frame scaffold which was
covered with ice and snow
The scaffold was not fully
decked, there was no
guardrail and no access
ladder
The worker slipped and fell
head first 20 feet to the
pavement below
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Overhand Bricklayingfrom Supported Scaffolds
A guardrail or personal fall arrest system is requiredon all sides except the side where the work is
being done
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Competent Person
Person capable of identifying and
promptly correcting hazards
Determines if its safe to work on ascaffold during storms or high
winds
Trains workers to recognize hazards
Selects qualified workers to conduct
work
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Scaffold Inspection
Competent personinspects scaffoldsfor visible defects
before each shiftand after anyalterations
Defective parts mustbe immediatelyrepaired
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Deformed bearer
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Scaffold Erection
Scaffolds can only beerected, moved,dismantled oraltered under the
supervision of acompetent person
Competent personselects & directs
these workers anddetermines thefeasibility of fallprotection
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Training Requirements
Train employees on scaffoldhazards and procedures tocontrol the hazards
The training must include: Nature of electrical, fall, andfalling object hazards How to deal with electricalhazards and fall protectionsystems
Proper use of the scaffold Scaffold load capacities
Retrain as necessary
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Training Erectors
Train employees involved in
erecting, disassembling,
moving, operating,
repairing, maintaining, or
inspecting a scaffold to
recognize its hazards and
the correct procedures to
use
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Avoid the Main Hazards of Scaffolds
Falls from elevation
Bad planking
Scaffold collapse
Getting struck by fallingtools or debris
Electrocution
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Summary
Use appropriate scaffold constructionmethodsy Erect, move, or alter scaffold properly
y Protect from falling objects or toolsEnsure stable accessUse a competent persony Train on scaffold construction and the hazards
involved with scaffoldsy Inspect scaffold before each shift and after
alterationsy Determine fall protection requirements
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Remember to:
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