Satellite component of UMTS : S-UMTStec.gov.in/pdf/Studypaper/S_UMTS_Final.pdf · S-UMTS defined as per the 3GPP specifications, ... technology. The end user benefits from T-UMTS
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Satellite component of UMTS : S-UMTS
Radio Division
Telecommunication Engineering Centre
Radio Division 1
1 Introduction
Success of GSM in earlier nineties in Europe brought the momentum in satellite industries for
personal communication via satellite with the aim of providing similar type of services as
GSM outside the terrestrial GSM coverage. The assumption made at that time was that the
GSM would take long time to deploy around the globe and the satellite could be deployed
quickly and hence target the mass market. Based on that assumption, mobile satellite system
(MSS) such as Iridium and Globalstar were developed with LEO satellites. The whole
development period took approximately 5 years. During that period the GSM spread into
most of the populated area around the globe. This consecutive event left very little
opportunity for MSS to grab the mass market and therefore the new MSS systems were
forced to rely on traditional niche markets such as maritime and aviation for their revenue.
This was too small as compared to the design & development and maintenance costs. This
experience has shown the reality of the satellite industries position in the personal
communication market and gave the clear indication that the technological success is not
enough for a successful communication system and the proper market and business analysis
are equally important in order to have overall success. This reality forced the satellite
industries to revise their strategies towards personal mobile communications.
The satellite industry realized that satellite systems could not penetrate the mass market as
stand-alone systems. Integration and co-operation with the terrestrial system is necessary; in
other words satellite systems must stand complementary to the terrestrial systems. The level
of complementariness though may vary. The first -characterized as geographical complement
implies that satellite systems integrated with terrestrial systems offers the same set of services
that are provided by terrestrial cellular systems to its users. The second –called service
complement or close cooperative- suggests that satellite systems integrated with terrestrial
systems should not attempt to offer voice or interactive services, where it has a disadvantage
compared to the terrestrial networks. It should rather focus on the provision of multicast and
broadcast services since it has the potential to provide these services in the most cost-efficient
manner.
On these grounds, ETSI published a Technical Report laying down the guidelines for the
integration of Satellite systems with 3rd
generation terrestrial mobile systems under the name
of Satellite component of UMTS: S-UMTS. Various study and working groups have taken up
the study of S-UMTS and have come up with numerous schemes of how a feasible
environment for implementation of S-UMTS can be developed. In this study paper, we cover
the technical aspects of S-UMTS, its advantages as well as the challenges associated with it
and also how it can be implemented in the Indian scenario.
2 Definition of Satellite Component of UMTS: S-UMTS
S-UMTS defined as per the 3GPP specifications, stands for the Satellite component of the
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System. S-UMTS systems will complement the
terrestrial UMTS (T-UMTS) and inter-work with other IMT-2000 family members through
the UMTS core network. S-UMTS will be used to deliver 3rd generation mobile satellite
services (MSS) utilizing either low (LEO) or medium (MEO) earth orbiting, or geostationary
(GEO) satellite(s). S-UMTS systems are based on terrestrial 3GPP specifications and will
support access to GSM/UMTS core networks.
Some of the benefits to be gained from a fully integrated S-UMTS/T-UMTS system
are:
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• Seamless service provision;
• Re-use of the terrestrial infrastructure;
• Highly integrated multi-mode user terminals.
The satellite component of UMTS may provide services in areas covered by cellular systems,
complementary services, e.g. broadcasting, multicasting, and in those areas not planned to be
served by terrestrial systems as shown in Figure 1 below.
Figure 1 S-UMTS Service capability
3 S-UMTS system architecture
The following Figure 2 depicts typical system architecture for S-UMTS system to be working in a
harmonized manner with the UMTS core and T-UMTS system. The elements, Radio Network
Controller (RNC), Node B, Radio Network Subsystem (RNS), Iu interface, Uu interface are
same as with T-UMTS and the elements specific to the satellite systems are network control
centre (NCC) and fixed earth station (FES)/Gateway (GW).
Figure 2 Typical S-UMTS Architecture
The architecture scenario shown in Figure 2 is based on the model S-UMTS architecture
developed by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics for the coverage oriented
and broadcast oriented architectures concept as depicted in ETSI Technical Report, also they
are explained below.
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3.1 Coverage oriented
There are two ways to provide coverage, either through a direct link between the MT and the
satellite or indirectly using intermediate equipment called intermediate module repeater
(IMR) or Gap filler. This categorization is also applicable to broadcast oriented scenario as
well.
Direct configuration
The services supported are basically the same as those provided by the T-UMTS. Due to link
budget constraints, operation in indoor conditions is limited. Therefore additional techniques
need to be adapted to cover this case. The cost for the usage of the S-UMTS will remain
higher than that of T-UMTS. Consequently, all satellite terminals will additionally support T-
UMTS as well. Whenever the T-UMTS becomes available, the bi-mode terminal will restore
to terrestrial mode.
Indirect configuration
Here satellite systems are expected to support any MT (Mobile Terminal) compatible to the
T-UMTS without modification. This requires insertion of an IMR between the MT and the
satellite. This module adapts the satellite signals to the MT interfaces and inversely and
enables full independence from the terminal segment. The satellite component ensures traffic
transportation between local networks and the public network. This has several advantages:
reduced investment and delay in the development due to a possible reduction in
complexity/constraints on the terminal design since the system is compatibility with existing
terminals, and thus enabling early introduction of service. To benefit from satellite services,
the user does not have to learn the usage of another terminal with a different man machine
interface. His environment is not affected. The S-UMTS may be improved and optimized for
capacity as well as bandwidth performance provided that the booster accommodate with new
features or S-UMTS evolutions. Two system configurations may then be envisaged,
collective and individual. A system supporting both can also be envisaged.
o Collective configuration:
The satellite-based system is inserted within a radio access network of the T-UMTS. The
system is used in a trunking mode and transports the traffic exchanged between the terrestrial
network and the local network. The intermediate module constitutes an entry point for a local
network. It consists of a part of the radio access network or of a single BS. It provides UMTS
services to all terminals within the coverage area. Rapid installation of the IMR could be an
advantageous feature. Installation on a building roof or terrestrial mast for earth fixed
coverage, on board a vehicle transporting passengers as well as maritime and aeronautical
applications can be foreseen.
o Individual configuration:
The approach is similar to the direct access to satellite system except that it is based on a
distributed terminal concept (MS: Mobile Station). It consists in a booster-equipment and a
standard terrestrial terminal. The booster converts the satellite signals into a format
compatible to the short range wireless interface of the terrestrial terminal. It relies on the
assumption, that mobile stations will support such short-range wireless interface to connect
phone accessories as well as computing devices. To reach the largest market, different kinds
of booster may be envisaged according to:
o Mobility capability criteria: The transportable or nomadic types, bigger in size but
can be installed in a vehicle or easily carried out in a suitcase.
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o Service capability criteria: Voice and low rate data only, Video, voice and high
data rate, Traffic asymmetry for video, voice, high data rate on downlink and
voice, low data rate on uplink.
3.2 Broadcast oriented
The S-UMTS is based on similar transport capabilities provided by the DAB and/or DVB
technology. The end user benefits from T-UMTS services and can simultaneously access
services offered by the S-UMTS terminal configurations in two modes indirect and direct
configuration mentioned in the coverage oriented case.
4 S-UMTS Architecture components
The main architecture components of a S-UMTS network as defined by ETSI technical
specifications are described as below:
4.1 Intermediate Module Repeater (IMR)
Broadcast and multicast are considered as promising candidates for S-UMTS services and the
mass market for them is in and around build up areas (urban areas). But the direct
configuration shown in Figure 2 is not suitable for urban areas due to the following reasons:
o There is no direct satellite reception inside the build-up area because of the high
blockage.
o Bandwidth intensive mobile phone usage is generally inside buildings.
Hence it is considered that intermediate module repeater (IMR) /gap filler is the better
solution to solve the problem of urban area satellite coverage. The IMR acts as a repeater in
both way or in one way depending on the services. When the design of IMR and the
definition of the interfaces between satellite-IMR and IMR-terminal are investigated, the
following points should be taken into consideration.
o Multicast and broadcast services can be well served by satellite
o It is anticipated that satellite would be cheap for international roaming compared to
terrestrial systems.
o Terminal complexity should not increase significantly due to the introduction of the
Intermediate module repeater.
o A big constraint experienced by the terrestrial system was placing the base stations in
a cost effective and environment-friendly way. Therefore the satellite industry may
also experience the same problem in installing the intermediate modules.
4.1.1 IMR Functionalities
The IMR can be a simple repeater (Booster), a frequency conversion repeater, Node B based,
RNC + Node B based or evolved Node B based. All these scenarios for IMR functionalities
have been defined in ETSI TS 102 442-2 V1.1.1 (2006-11) Technical Specification Satellite
Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Satellite Component of UMTS/IMT-2000;Multimedia
Broadcast/Multicast Services; Part 2: Architecture and functional description.
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Figure 3 IMR as simple repeater
A. Simple repeater This case is most apt for the broadcast and multicast case and also less complex and cost
effective. In the simple repeater case, the IMR receives the signal in the MSS band from
the satellite, amplifies and retransmits it towards the terminal. Similarly, it receives the
signal from terminals and transmits it towards the satellite. The same frequency band may
be used for both links, namely the SAT-IMR link and the IMR-MT. When the terminal
moves out of coverage of the IMR, it can directly communicate with the satellite since the
signal attenuation is very low outside the build-up area. Hence, the S-UMTS mode can be
used at the terminal inside and outside the build-up areas.
On-channel repeater is built with:
Rx front end including flat panel or reflector antenna sub-system.
Amplification chain.
Tx front end including omni or sectored antenna.
O&M module and a wireline/less modem for site supervision and equipment
monitoring.
Output power (at the PA (Power Amplifier) output) and Tx antenna gain : total Tx
power up to 30 dBm, Tx antenna gain typically 15 dB ((sectored antenna).
B. Frequency conversion repeater
The frequency conversion repeater receives the satellite signal in FSS frequency bands,
amplifies and retransmits in MSS band. It implements frequency conversion from FSS to
MSS bands.
Figure 4 IMR as Frequency Conversion Repeater
Frequency conversion repeater is built with:
Rx front end including flat panel or reflector antenna sub-system in FSS bands.
Amplification chain.
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Tx front end including omni or sectored antenna.
O&M module and a wireline/less modem for site supervision and equipment
monitoring.
Output power (@ the PA output) and Tx antenna gain : total Tx power ranges 30 dBm
to 35 dBm, Tx antenna gain typically 15 dB ((sectored antenna).
C. Node B-based repeater
Figure 5 IMR as Node B based repeater
Node B-based repeater is based on the 3GPP standardized Node B. Node B and RNC are
interfaced via satellite, i.e. some of the Iub interface features are implemented over a
satellite radio link. When this satellite radio link is unidirectional, adaptation to Iub
protocols is required. Node B in the satellite gateway addresses signal processing of the
satellite cell, while IMR addresses signal processing of the terrestrial repeater cell. Co-
ordination of satellite spot and terrestrial repeater cells is done at the Iub level.
Node B-based repeater is built with:
HTI Rx (Gateway To IMR Receiver) module receiving satellite carriers transmitted
by the IMR Tx module in the Gateway:
o Rx front end including flat panel or reflector antenna sub-system in FSS
bands;
o demodulation/decoding of the satellite carriers for the provision of the Iub
protocol messages;
o interconnection to the "enabled satellite" Node B modem via an interface
supporting the 3GPP standardized Iub protocol;
o A GNSS receiver providing time and frequency reference to the HTI Rx
module.
A Satellite-enabled modem delivering the W-CDMA carriers. It is interconnected
with the RNC via equipment called Base Common Functions (BCF) that support the
3GPP standardized Iub protocol and O&M protocol to configure the Node B modem
and monitor its operation.
A RF Tx section for the amplification of the satellite carriers and the up-conversion to
the MSS bands.
Output power (at the PA output) and Tx antenna gain: total Tx power up to 43 dBm,
Tx antenna gain typically 15 dB ((sectored antenna).
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D. Evolved Node B-based repeater
Evolved Node B-based repeater is based on the 3GPP standardized Node B+
Figure 6 IMR as Evolved Node B based repeater
Evolved Node B-based repeater and RNC are interfaced via satellite, i.e. some of the Iu
interface features are implemented over a satellite radio link. When this satellite radio link
is unidirectional, adaptation to Iu protocols is required. Node B in the satellite gateway
addresses signal processing of the satellite cell, while IMR addresses signal processing
of the terrestrial repeater cell. Co-ordination of satellite spot and terrestrial repeater cells
is done at the Iu interface level as shown in figure 9.
Evolved Node B-based repeater is built with:
HTI Rx (Hub To IMR Receiver) module receiving satellite carriers transmitted by the
IMR Tx module in the Gateway:
o Rx front end including flat panel or reflector antenna sub-system in FSS
bands.
o Demodulation/decoding of the satellite carriers for the provision of a Iu
protocol messages.
o Interconnection to Node B+ via an interface supporting the 3GPP standardized
Iu protocol.
o A GNSS receiver providing time and frequency reference to the HTI Rx
module.
RAN radio protocols (L1, L2 and L3) both in control and user planes.
A Satellite-enabled modem delivering the W-CDMA carriers.
O&M protocol to configure the Node B modem and monitor its operation.
A RF Tx section for the amplification of the satellite carriers and the up-conversion to
the MSS bands.
Output power (at the PA output) and Tx antenna gain: total Tx power up to typically 43
dBm, Tx antenna gain typically 15 dB ((sectored antenna).
4.1.2 IMR Environmental Scenarios
This section explains possible IMR scenarios, which can target the mass market and type of
services each scenario is aiming for. The following issues may be different for different
scenarios or may be same.
IMR functions (e.g. just like a booster)
Interfaces SAT-IMR and IMR-SAT.
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A. Urban and Suburban environment
Figure 7 IMR in urban environment
Figure 7 shows the arrangement of an IMR capable of satellite reception inside the build-up
area and inside the buildings. There are two possible service scenarios, only broadcast and
multicast services via satellite to the local users and full services via satellite to international
roamers. However the IMR may also be just a repeater without incorporating any functions of
RNC or Node B.
B. Vehicular or Highway Environment
Figure 8 IMR in vehicular environment
IMR positions for the in-car application and the respective configurations have been shown in
Figure 8 above. The IMR can be just a repeater and hence the terminal use the satellite mode
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or the IMR can translate the signal into terrestrial form so that the terminal can use the
terrestrial mode.
C. Ship, plane and UMTS islands case
In this scenario (except UMTS islands), the IMR may feature Node B or simple repeater
functionality. In the UMTS island case, the satellite link represents the interface between the
UTRAN and the core network [CN (Iu)].
Figure 9 IMR in Ship, plane and UMTS islands case
4.2 UMTS Satellite Radio Access Network (USRAN) Gateway
As per the ETSI standards, USRAN is responsible for efficiently delivering S-MBMS
(Satellite-Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service) data to the designated S-MBMS service
area. Efficient delivery of S-MBMS data in multicast mode may require mechanisms in the
USRAN, e.g. the minimum number of users within a spot prior to and during S-MBMS
transmission could be used to choose an appropriate radio bearer. S-MBMS transmissions
may be initiated and terminated intermittently. USRAN shall support the initiation and
termination of S-MBMS transmissions by the core-network. Further, the USRAN shall be
able to receive S-MBMS data from the core-network over Iu bearers shared by many UEs.
The USRAN shall be able to transmit S-MBMS user service announcements, paging
information (non S-MBMS specific) and support other services in parallel with S-MBMS (for
example depending on terminal capabilities the user could originate or receive a call or send
and receive messages whilst receiving S-MBMS video content). The Gateway includes 3G
RAN equipment and 3G core network functions. It collects incoming media services from the
BM-SCs and generates the W-CDMA waveform and redirects signal to the satellite feeder
link. In parallel, for the feeding of IMRs (if any), Gateway functions are depending on IMR
architecture:
• For Node B-based repeater, Iub information stream is modulated onto a FSS band.
• For Evolved Node B-based repeater, Iu information stream is modulated onto a FSS band.
Gateway may be shared between several operators. Satellite spots may be managed by either
a centralized Gateway or shared between several decentralised Gateways.
5 Projects and Studies for S-UMTS
Described below are some of the leading projects and studies undertaken across the
world in the field of S-UMTS. These projects are as defined in the ETSI TR 101 865
V1.2.1 (2002-09) Technical Report Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Satellite
component of UMTS/IMT-2000; General aspects and principles
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Project/Study
Name
Description
IST Project:
VIRTUOUS
The integration of the S-UMTS part with the terrestrial one of
the UMTS network is key objective of VIRTUOUS (VIRTUal
hOme UMTS on Satellite). Within this project this aim is
reached by introducing a satellite part, which is as similar as
possible to terrestrial one, following the 3GPP principles, in
order to share the most part of the architecture and
functionalities.
ESA Project:
ROBMOD
and ATB
The ESA ROBMOD project (Robust Modulation and Coding
for Personal Communications Systems ) aimed at defining and
validating a candidate physical-layer approach for the satellite
component of UMTS. The ESA project "Advanced S-UMTS
Test Bed" (ATB) represents the follow-on of for a description of
the ESA early project), an activity which has resulted into the
implementation of a comprehensive hardware Test Bed intended
to validate the W-CDMA physical layer in a context faithfully
representative of a real S-UMTS service.
IST Project:
SATIN
Project SATIN (Satellite over IP Network) is an in-depth
research and technology project that defines and evaluates
efficient S-UMTS access schemes based on packet-based
protocols whilst allowing multicast service optimization. These
access schemes will be based as much as possible on the UTRA
access scheme to allow maximum commonality of terminals.
IST Project:
GAUSS
GAUSS is an RTD (Research and Technological Development)
project founded by the European Community IST (Information
Society Technologies) Programme. The GAUSS purpose was to
analyse and demonstrate the potential integration ("Synergy")
between navigation and communication services, by providing
Galileo Navigation services through an S-UMTS
communication infrastructure. Such integration represents an
innovation with respect to the current vision of the Galileo
System which, as a complement to the main navigation mission
could also incorporate communications facilities.
6 Security Requirements for S-UMTS systems
The security functions in the S-UMTS system is mainly managed in the ground segment
by an entity called the Network Control Centre (NCC). As per ETSI TR 101 865 V1.2.1
(2002-09) Technical Report Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Satellite
component of UMTS/IMT-2000; General aspects and principles, the NCC provides the
fault, anomaly, configuration, performance, and security functions for management of
the network and the gateways interface with other telecommunication networks.
The ETSI TS 102 442-6 V1.1.1 (2006-11) Technical Specification Satellite Earth
Stations and Systems (SES); Satellite Component of UMTS/IMT-2000;Multimedia
Broadcast/Multicast Services; Part 6: Security in details lays down the security
requirements pertaining to Service level security, USIM security, S-MBMS service
security, signaling security etc. It also defines the privacy requirements like key
management requirements, integrity protection requirements, confidentiality protection
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requirements. The security functions and mechanisms like GBA (Generic Bootstrapping
Algorithm) for S-MBMS services, authentication and authorization mechanisms,
protection of transmitted traffic using SRTP (Secure Real-Time Transport Protocol ) and
several others have been prescribed in the aforementioned ETSI TS for S-UMTS
systems.
7 S-UMTS for the Indian scenario
In India, because of its varied geographical distribution, it becomes difficult for effective
deployment of far-reaching terrestrial communication systems. In some parts of the
country, satellite communication is the only alternative. Here S-UMTS can play a very
effective role in providing ubiquitous communication by providing coverage extension.
S-UMTS can act as the alternate radio access network to provide coverage in the far-
flung areas. The S-UMTS services can be enhanced with IMR having varied capabilities
which can serve effectively in different scenarios.
Mentioned below are some of the points that must be considered and assessed for the
effective deployment of S-UMTS in the Indian Telecommunication Network.
7.1 Licensing Regime for Mobile Satellite Communications
Currently in India the GMPCS (Global Mobile Personal Communications by Satellite)
license covers the MSS (Mobile Satellite Services) services provided by satellite
communications. INMARSAT through its Indian partner, Tata Communications which
holds the ILD license serves the niche markets of MSS services like maritime, defense
and some land mobile services. The GMPCS license dictates that the MSS service
provider must have a earth gateway in India to provide services in the country. This
condition in the license agreement has always been a cause for contention between the
global GMPCS operators and the Government as it is claimed that it may be
economically unviable to set-up a gateway to serve a limited number of subscribers.
The role of S-UMTS can be explored to tackle this problem. One of the solutions that
can be considered and further studied and evaluated in consultation with the stakeholders
is the use of S-UMTS as an alternate radio access network. In this way, the core mobile
networks of existing terrestrial mobile service providers can be used for all the switching
functionalities and the satellite component only comes into the picture in the access part.
This also takes care of Lawful Interception as the satellite access becomes part of the
same network. The terrestrial mobile service providers may provide this kind of service
on their own or a separate license can be considered for such kind of service extension
through satellite. This may also require the terrestrial cellular service provider and the
global GMPCS operators to enter into an agreement to implement such a solution. Also,
the GMPCS license can be amended to make way for such agreements to be effected.
This not only addresses the economic issues that MSS providers face to deploy services
in India but also effectively takes care of the Government’s requirements of routing of
calls through a gateway in India.
7.2 Service availability in remote areas
S-UMTS can be very effective in providing communication services in the remote areas
of the country. It can provide Direct Access i.e. directly from satellite to mobile
terminals, or Indirect Access i.e. the satellite relays the signals to IMR which is further
relayed to the mobile terminal. The IMR can be designed to function as a simple relay, a
frequency converter platform, a NodeB, an eNodeB, or a converter of satellite signals to
short range wireless signals depending on the deployment scenarios. Consultations can
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be carried out with the indigenous manufacturers for the development of different kinds
of IMR equipments.
7.3 Disaster-handling and emergency services
S-UMTS can be very effective in bringing up the communication services in disaster hit
areas like in case of a flood, tsunami, cyclones or earthquakes. As the S-UMTS can offer
an alternate RAN (Radio Access Network) capabilities, so it can expedite the restoration
of telecommunication services in case of any natural calamity. Further and more focused
studies can be taken up to properly assess the role and effectiveness of S-UMTS in
disaster handling.
Messages of alarm or caution to take pre-emptive measures to handle an emergency
can also be effectively disseminated by using the multicast and broadcast capabilities of
S-UMTS. Separate studies and industry consultation can be taken up to explore the
various possibilities in this regard.
7.4 Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Services in urban areas
S-UMTS can provide MBMS services in the urban areas with deployment of IMRs to
even enhance in-building coverage for satellite based services. Consultation with
stakeholders like Terrestrial Mobile Service Providers and MSS providers is needed to
be carried out to give effect to such a solution. Also, any such solution will require
agreements between the service providers of terrestrial and satellite services to ensure
fair revenue sharing.
8 Advantages of S-UMTS
The chief advantages of use and deployment of S-UMTS may be summarized as below:
Realization of cost-effective World-wide roaming as the satellite coverage is more far
reaching and economical as compared to terrestrial solutions.
Coverage extension.
Cost effective broadcast and multicast communication in build-up areas.
Quick restoration of communication services in case of emergency and disaster if S-
UMTS is deployed as an alternate radio access network.
Facilitator of vehicular communication and M2M communications.
9 Challenges of the S-UMTS system
Some of the challenges faced by the S-UMTS system are listed below:
User terminal complexity in case of multi-mode terminals (terminals catering to both
terrestrial and satellite signals).
Development of IMR equipment for different use-case scenarios.
Handoff complexities in case of LEO and MEO satellites and requirement of high
precisions tracking equipment for seamless and good quality services. As GEO
satellites have wider coverage area so generally lesser chances of handoffs.
Agreement deadlock between the satellite and terrestrial mobile services of operators.
10 Conclusion
Satellite component of UMTS or S-UMTS is a promising endeavor of the satellite
industry to work in compliment with the terrestrial mobile services. The advantages of
satellite communication that augment the services provided by terrestrial networks are
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noteworthy and remarkable. As discussed in Section 6, salient points for deployment and
use of S-UMTS in Indian telecommunication network can be further assessed and
focused studies can be undertaken to evaluate its feasibility.
Also, the application of S-UMTS and its components like IMR, and how they can be
deployed for PPDR (Public Protection and Disaster Relief) services in case of disaster
and emergency can be further explored and studied. S-UMTS can prove to be very
effective in case of swift restoration of services in disaster-hit areas. Analysis needs to be
done as to how the S-UMTS fits into the regulatory framework and also, if in case of
emergency any amendments need to be done to the revenue sharing models for the
stakeholders (service providers) involved.
The efficacy of the deployment of IMR for providing services using S-UMTS in rural
and remote areas can be further examined in consultation with involved stakeholders.
The possibility of indigenous development of IMR equipment can also be assessed for
India specific use-cases and deployment scenarios.
In India, satellite services are mainly offered through GEO satellites, with S-UMTS,
the service scenarios with LEO/MEO satellites can also be explored as they offer better
throughput and low latency which are essential factors for broadband applications.
REFERENCES
1. ETSI TR 101 865 V1.2.1 (2002-09) Technical Report Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES);
Satellite component of UMTS/IMT-2000; General aspects and principles
2. ETSI TR 101 984 V1.1.1 (2002-11) Technical Report Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES);
Broadband Satellite Multimedia; Services and Architectures
3. ETSI TS 102 442-1 V1.1.1 (2006-11) Technical Specification Satellite Earth Stations and Systems
(SES); Satellite Component of UMTS/IMT-2000;Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services;
Part 1: Services definitions
4. ETSI TS 102 442-2 V1.1.1 (2006-11) Technical Specification Satellite Earth Stations and Systems
(SES); Satellite Component of UMTS/IMT-2000;Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services;
Part 2: Architecture and functional description
5. ETSI TS 102 442-3 V1.1.1 (2006-11) Technical Specification Satellite Earth Stations and Systems
(SES); Satellite Component of UMTS/IMT-2000;Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services;
Part 3: Introduction in the Radio Access Network (RAN)
6. ETSI TS 102 442-4 V1.1.1 (2006-11) Technical Specification Satellite Earth Stations and Systems
(SES); Satellite Component of UMTS/IMT-2000;Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services;
Part 4: Interworking with terrestrial UMTS networks
7. ETSI TS 102 442-5 V1.1.1 (2006-11) Technical Specification Satellite Earth Stations and Systems
(SES); Satellite Component of UMTS/IMT-2000;Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services;
Part 5: Performances over the radio interface
8. ETSI TS 102 442-6 V1.1.1 (2006-11) Technical Specification Satellite Earth Stations and Systems
(SES); Satellite Component of UMTS/IMT-2000;Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services;
Part 6: Security
9. TRAI Recommendations on Provisioning of INMARSAT / Satellite Phone services, May 2014.
10. SERVICE SCENARIOS AND SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE FOR SATELLITE UMTS IP
BASED NETWORK (SATIN) *B.G.Evans, §M.Mazzella, ¨G.E.Corazza, ªA.Polydoros,
©I.Mertzanis, fP.Philippopoulos, pW.De Win *University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH,
UK.
11. The intermediate module concept within the SATIN proposal for the S-UMTS air interface
*T. Severijns, *W. De Win, *M. Dieudonne, ¨M.Karaliopoulos, ¨K.Narenthiran, and ¨B.G.Evans
*Agilent Technologies, Wingepark, 51 B-3110 Rotselaar, Belgium
12. Recommendation ITU-R M.1850 (01/2010) Detailed specifications of the radio interfaces
for the satellite component of International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000)
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