Santrock essentials4e ppt_ch06

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SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD

6ESSENTIALS OF LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENTJOHN W. SANTROCK

CHAPTER OUTLINE

• Emotional and personality development• Families• Peer relations, play, and television

EMOTIONAL AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

• Initiative versus guilt• Children use their perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language skills to

make things happen• On their own initiative, children move out into a wider social world• The great governor of initiative is conscience• Initiative and enthusiasm may results in rewards or in guilt, which

lowers self-esteem

• Self-understanding and understanding others• Increased awareness reflects young children’s expanding psychological

sophistication• Self-understanding: Substance and content of self-conceptions• Involves self-recognition• Physical and material attributes, physical activities are central components of

the self• Unrealistically positive self-descriptions

• Understanding others• Theory of mind includes understanding that others have emotions and

desires• Start perceiving others in terms of psychological traits• Gain understanding that people don’t always give accurate reports of their

beliefs• Young children are not as egocentric as depicted in Piaget’s theory• Socially sensitive and perceptive• Parents and teachers can help to understand and interact with social world

• Expressing emotions• Self-conscious emotions - Pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt• These emotions do not appear until self-awareness develops• Emotions such as pride and guilt become more common

• Influenced by parents’ responses to children’s behavior

• Understanding emotions• Understanding emotion is linked to an increase in prosocial behavior• Increase in number of terms used to describe emotions• Increased ability to reflect on emotions• Begin to understand that the same event can elicit different feelings in

different people• By age 5, most children show growing awareness of need to manage

emotions according to social standards

• Regulating emotions• Growth of emotional regulation as central to social competence• Parents play an important role in helping children regulate emotions• Emotion-coaching approach: monitor emotions, negative emotions as a

teaching opportunity, coaching in how to deal effectively with emotions• Emotion-dismissing approach: Deny, ignore, or change negative emotions

• Moral development• Thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions

about what people should do in their interactions with other people

• Moral feelings• Feelings of anxiety and guilt are central to the account of moral

development • Advancing children’s moral development:• Learning how to identify a wide range of emotional states in others• Anticipate what kinds of action will improve another person’s emotional

• Moral reasoning• Heteronomous morality: Think of justice and rules as unchangeable

properties, removed from the control of people• Autonomous morality: Become aware that rules and laws are created

by people• In judging an action, considers intentions as well as consequences

• Immanent justice: Concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately

• Parent-child relations, in which parents have the power, are less likely to advance moral reasoning• Rules are often handed down in an authoritarian manner

• Moral behavior• Processes of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation explain the

development of moral behavior• Situation influences behavior• Cognitive factors are important in the child’s development of self-

control• Ability to resist temptation• Learning to delay gratification

• Gender• Gender identity: Sense of being male or female• Gender roles: Sets of expectations that prescribe how females or males

should think, act, and feel• Children increasingly act in ways that match their culture’s gender roles

• Social theories of gender • Social role theory: Gender differences result from the contrasting roles

of women and men• Psychoanalytic theory: Preschool child develops a sexual attraction to

the opposite-sex parent• Social cognitive theory: Children’s gender development occurs through

observation and imitation of what other people say and do

• Parental influences• Mothers’ socialization strategies• Socialize daughters to be more obedient and responsible than sons• Place more restrictions on daughters’ autonomy

• Fathers’ socialization strategies• Show more attention to sons than daughters• Engage in more activities with sons• Put forth more effort into sons’ intellectual development

• Peer influences• Peers respond to, model, reward and punish gender behavior• Gender molds aspects of peer relations• Composition of children’s groups• Group size• Interaction in same-sex groups

• Cognitive influences• Gender schema theory: Gender typing emerges as children gradually

develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture

FAMILIES

• Baumrind’s parenting styles• Authoritarian parenting: Restrictive, punitive style in which parents

exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort

• Authoritative parenting: Encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions

• Neglectful parenting: Parent is uninvolved in the child’s life• Indulgent parenting: Parents are highly involved with their children

but place few demands or controls on them

FIGURE 6.2 – CLASSIFICATION OF PARENTING STYLES

FAMILIES

• Parenting styles in context• Authoritative parenting conveys the most benefits to the child and to the

family as a whole

• Punishment• Corporal punishment linked to lower levels of moral internalization and

mental health• Handle misbehavior by reasoning with the child, especially explaining

the consequences of the child’s actions for others

• Coparenting• Support that parents give each other in raising a child

FIGURE 6.3 – CORPORAL PUNISHMENT IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

FAMILIES

• Types of child maltreatment• Physical abuse • Child neglect • Sexual abuse • Emotional abuse

• Context of abuse• No single factor causes child maltreatment• About ⅓ of parents who were abused themselves go on to abuse their

own children

FAMILIES

• Developmental consequences of abuse• Poor emotional regulation• Attachment problems• Problems in peer relations• Difficulty in adapting to school• Other psychological problems (depression, delinquency, etc.)

FAMILIES

• Sibling relationships• Important characteristics:• Emotional quality of the relationship• Familiarity and intimacy of the relationship• Variation in sibling relationships

• Birth order• Whether a child has older or younger siblings has been linked to

development of certain personality characteristics• Birth order has limited ability to predict behavior

FAMILIES

• Working parents• Maternal employment is part of modern life, but effects are debated• Employment can have positive and negative effects on parenting• Nature of parents’ work matters for child development

FAMILIES

• Children in divorced families• Children from divorced families show poorer adjustment than their

counterparts in never-divorced families• Many of the problems experienced by children from divorced homes

begin during the predivorce period• Frequent visits by the noncustodial parent usually benefit the child• Children with a difficult temperament often have problems in coping

with their parents’ divorce• Income loss for divorced mothers is accompanied by increased

workloads, high rates of job instability, and residential moves

FAMILIES

• Gay male and lesbian parents• Most children from gay or lesbian families have a heterosexual

orientation• Few differences found between children raised with same-sex or

heterosexual parents

FAMILIES

• Cultural, ethnic, and socioeconomic variations• Trends toward greater family mobility, migration to urban areas, family

separation, smaller families, fewer extended families, increase in maternal employment

• Large and extended families more common among minority groups• Single-parent families more common among African American and

Latino families• Limited resources of time, money, and energy

• Dramatic increase in immigration of Latino and Asian families into the United States

FAMILIES• Lower-SES parents• Less access to resources than higher-income families

• Nutrition, health care, protection from danger, enriching educational and socialization opportunities

• Variation in child-rearing practices according to SES in United States

PEER RELATIONS, PLAY, AND MEDIA/SCREEN TIME

• Peer relations• Peers – children of the same age or maturity level• Provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the

family• With age, children spend an increasing amount of time with peers

• Good peer relations can be necessary for normal socioemotional development

• Play• Makes important contributions to children’s cognitive and

socioemotional development• Play therapy used to allow the child to work off frustrations and to

analyze the child’s conflicts and ways of coping with them• Play as exciting, pleasurable, satisfies exploratory drive• Important context for the development of language and communication

skills

• Types of play• Sensorimotor • Practice • Pretense/symbolic • Social • Constructive • Games: Activities that are engaged in for pleasure and have rules

• Trends in play• Decline in the amount of free play experienced by young children in recent

decades• Restrictions at home and school

• Media/Screen Time• Screen time – Time spent watching/using television, DVDs, computers,

video games, mobile media• Special concerns for too much screen time• Many children spend more time with various screen media than with parents• Negative influences – creating passive learners, homework distractions,

violent models of aggression, unrealistic views of the world• Screen time linked with decreased play, reduced physical activity,

overweight/obesity, poor sleep habits, higher rates of aggression

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Education

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John W. Santrock

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