Sabry AbdEl-Monem Abd-ElAal Abd-AllAh(2008) PHD Thesis English
Post on 12-Nov-2014
395 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
Transcript
Tanta UniversityFaculty of Agriculture Plant protection
BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CONTROL FOR SOME PESTS OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS AND ITS
SIDE EFFECTS.By
Sabry AbdEl-Monem Abd-ElAal Abd-AllAh.B.Sc. Agric., (Pesticides), Tanta Univ., 1991.M.Sc. Agric., (Pesticides ), Tanta Univ., 1998.
ThesisSubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor
of Philosophy
Supervision's Committee1-Prof. Dr. Tsamoh Khatab Abd El-RaofEmeritus Prof. of Pesticides, Faculty of Agric. Tanta University.
2-Prof. Dr. Helmy Aly Ibrahim AnberProf. of Pesticides, and Dean of the Faculty of Agric. Tanta University.
3- Prof. Dr. Abd-ElRahim. S. Metwally Head of Field Crops Pests Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agric. Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
4- Dr. El-Sayed A. KishkLecturer of Pesticides. Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University.
(2008)
Tanta UniversityFaculty of Agriculture
Plant protection
BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CONTROL FOR SOME PESTS OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS AND ITS
SIDE EFFECTS.By
Sabry AbdEl-Monem Abd-ElAal Abd-AllAh.B.Sc. Agric., (Pesticides), Tanta Univ.,1991.
M.Sc. Agric., (Pesticides ), Tanta Univ., 1998.
ThesisSubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor
of PhilosophySupervision's Committee1-Prof. Dr. Tsamoh Khatab Abd El-RaofEmeritus Prof. of Pesticides, Faculty of Agric. Tanta University.
2-Prof. Dr. Helmy Aly Ibrahim AnberProf. of Pesticides, and Dean of the Faculty of Agric. Tanta University.
3- Prof. Dr. Abd-ElRahim. S. Metwally Head of Field Crops Pests Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agric. Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
4- Dr. El-Sayed A. KishkLecturer of Pesticides. Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University.
Date:30/7/2008
Head of Department Vice Dean for hight studies and researchers
Prof. Dr. Ibrahim I. Mesbah Prof. Dr. Ibrahim I. Mesbah
Tanta UniversityFaculty of Agriculture
Plant protection
BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CONTROL FOR SOME PESTS OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS AND ITS
SIDE EFFECTS.
Presented by
Sabry AbdEl-Monem Abd-El-Aal Abd-AllAhFor the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture Sciences (pesticides).
Examiners committee Approved by1-Prof. Dr. Tsamoh Khatab Abd El-Raof.Emeritus Prof. of Pesticides, Faculty of Agric, Tanta University.
------------------------------
2-Prof. Dr. Attiah Youssef KeratumProf. of Pesticides chemistry, Kafer El-Sheikh University
------------------------------
3- Prof. Dr. Helmy Aly Ibrahim Anber.Prof. of Pesticides, and Dean of the Faculty of Agric. Tanta University.
------------------------------
4- Prof. Dr. Ibrahim I. Mesbah.Prof. of Economic entomology, Head of the Plant Protection Dept. and Vice Dean of Faculty of Agric., Tanta University.
-----------------------------
Date 30 / 7 /2008
Name:Sabry AbdEl-Monem Abd-El-Aal Abd-AllahTitle: BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CONTROL FOR SOME PESTS OF
AGRICULTURAL CROPS AND ITS SIDE EFFECTS.Degree:Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture Sciences (pesticides) Plant
production Departments, Faculty of Agricultural, Tanta University.Abstract
Series of field and laboratory experiments had been carried out in Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, for determination the efficiency of some substitute implement as a part of integrated pest management for European Corn Borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.). The results obtained can be summarized as follows:
● The toxicity of the Biofly to the aphid species and red spider mite using leaf disk dipping technique could be arranged descendingly as follows: Tetranychus cinnabarinus > Rhopalosiphum maidis > Aphis craccivora > Aphis gossypii. While, the toxicity of the different oils against spider mite T. cinnabarinus using leaf-disc dipping technique could be arranged descendingly as follows: corn oil> cotton oil >caster oil > mineral oil>canola oil> paraffin oil.
● Most tested mixtures of corn and cotton oils with Beauveria bassiana (Biofly) were less toxic than the Biofly formulation. while, the mixtures which consists of 3 parts of Biofly and 1 part caster oil or canola or mineral and paraffin oils more toxic than Biofly formulation against T. cinnabarinus. All tested photostablizers and pigments mixtures with Biofly had increased the mixtures' toxicity to T. cinnabarinus mites. But when increasing the concentration ratio to 1% the toxicity decrease. Mixtures of Biofly + 0.1% acetophenon or 4-nitro acetophenon or 7-nitophenol or benzophenon, Biofly + 0.1% or 0.2% or 0.5%congo red and Biofly + 0.1% or 0.2% or 0.5% titan yellow mixtures had increased the toxicity of the Biofly formulation against adult T. cinnabarinus.
● The most persistence mixtures were 3Biofly:1paraffin oil, 3Biofly:1 castor oil, and Biofly+0.1% benzophenon, or +0.5% congo red or +0.1% 7-nitrophenol.
● Cultivars S.C.13 and T.W.C. 351 were the most tolerant cultivars against ECB infestation while, T.W.C.323 and 324 cultivars were the most susceptible cultivers. There are a positive relationship between %grain protein and the %damaged grain.
● The most potent insecticides against ECB infestation were diazinon and fenpropathrin but methomyl was the least toxic one. Diazinon followed by chlorpyrifos insecticides had the highest values in 100grain weight and grain yield/10plants.
● Spraying with diazinon, mixture No.4 [150ml Biofly + 50ml paraffin oil+ 0.1% benzophenon(0.2gm)+ 500ml diazinon] and mixture No.3 [(375gm Agrine + 125ml paraffin oil+ 0.1% benzophenon(0.5gm) + 500ml diazinon] had been reduced holes No./100internodes and cavities No./10plants. Diazinon, mixture No.4 and mixture No.3 had increase both 100 grain weight and grain yield/10plants
● Agerin (a Bacillus thuringiensis formulation), Agerin mixtures with oil or/with benzophenon and paraffin oil had no toxicity against adults of predator, Paederus alfierii. The toxicity of the rest biochemicals could be arranged descendingly as follows: mixture No.4 > mixture No.3 > diazinon. While mixture No.2 [150ml Biofly + 50ml paraffin oil+ 0.1% benzophenon(0.2gm)] were more toxic than Biofly.
CONTENTS CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES..........................................................................................V
LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................IX
ACKNOWLEDGMENT...................................................................................
I - INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................1
II - REVIEW OF LITERATURE..................................................................3
II.1 Pesticides efficiency against the European corn borer (ECB) Ostrinia
nubilalis (Hubner). ..................................................................................3
II.2 Role of plant tolerance in corn borer control:.....................................11
II.3 The biological control of European Corn Borer..................................15
II.3.1 Role of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana in the
biological control of corn borers...................................................15
II.3.1.a Efficiency of Beauveria bassiana against Ostrinia
nubilalis (Hb.)..........................................................................15
II.3.1.b Compatibility of Beauveria bassiana with oils.................21
II.3.1.c Compatibility of Beauveria bassiana with pesticides. ........28
II.3.1.d Effect of ultraviolet radiations (UV) on the Beauveria
bassiana efficiency. .................................................................32
II.3.2 Efficiency of Beauveria bassiana against Aphis sp and two-
spotted spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus............................35
II.3.3 Role of Bacillus thuringiensis on the biological control of
European Corn Borers Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.)...........................36
II.4 Oils efficiency against spider mites Tetranychus spp..........................43
II.5 The side effect of bioinsecticides on some beneficial insects. ...........44
II.6 The side effect of diazinon on some beneficial insects........................47
III - MATERIALS AND METHODS.........................................................49
III.1 Rearing technique of aphids:.............................................................49
II CONTENTS
III.2 Rearing technique of the two spotted Spider mite, Tetranychus
cinnabarinus (Boisduval). ....................................................................49
III.3 Rearing technique of the predator, Paederus alfierii (Kock)..............50
III.4 Determination of the Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) potency . .......51
III.4.1 Slide dipping technique...............................................................51
III.4.2 Leaf-disc dipping technique:.......................................................52
III.4.3 Determination the effect of ultra violet radiation on B. bassiana
potency..........................................................................................52
III.4.3.a Mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) with
different oils............................................................................53
III.4.3.b Mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) with
Photostablizers and pigments...................................................55
III.4.3.c Effect of Ultra Violet radiation (UV) on Beauveria
bassiana ..................................................................................57
III.5 The side effect of bioinsecticides against the predator, Paederus
alfierii (Kock). .......................................................................................58
III.6 L.D.P lines and statistical analysis......................................................58
III.7 Evaluation of some chemical insecticides efficiency against ECB on
certain maize cultivatrs under natural infestation conditions.................59
III.7.1 Chemical insecticides used :.......................................................59
III.7.2 Soil analysis................................................................................62
III.7.3 Climatological elements..............................................................62
III.8 Evaluation of some microbial insecticides efficiency against ECB on
certain maize cultivars compared with chemical insecticide under
natural infestation conditions.................................................................64
III CONTENTS
III.9 Chemical analysis of Corn cultivars..................................................67
III.9.1 Total nitrogen content determination.........................................67
III.9.2 Phosphorus Determination. .......................................................68
III.9.3 Determination of cellulose contents............................................69
III.9.4 Determination of ash...................................................................70
III.10 Statistical analysis.............................................................................70
IV - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION............................................................71
IV.1 Determination of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) potency. ..............71
IV.2 Effect of ultra violet radiation on B. bassiana potency.......................75
IV.2.1 Effect of mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) with
different oils.................................................................................75
IV.2.1.a Effect of different oils against two-spotted spider mite
Tetranychus cinnabarinus.............................................................76
IV.2.1.b Effect of Beauveria bassiana mixtures with oils against two-
spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus.............................79
IV.2.2 Effect of Mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) with
photostaplizers..............................................................................86
IV.2.3 Effect of Ultra Violet radiation (UV) on Beauveria bassiana
mixtures........................................................................................94
IV.3 Evaluation of some chemical insecticides efficiency against ECB on
certain maize cultivatars under natural infestation conditions...............96
IV.3.1 Susceptibility of corn cultivars at the late season to infestation
with ECB under natural infestation conditions............................97
IV.3.2 Insecticides efficiency against European Corn Borer Ostrinia
nubilalis (Hb.) infestation...........................................................101
IV CONTENTS
IV.3.2.a Holes No./100 internodes...................................................101
IV.3.2.b Cavities No./10 plant.........................................................102
IV.3.2.c Larvae No. /10plants..........................................................104
IV.3.2.d Holes No./10 ear stalks......................................................105
IV.3.2.e Damaged grains percentage..............................................107
IV.3.2.f Grains protein percentage...................................................108
IV.3.2.g Grains phosphorus percentage...........................................110
IV.3.2.h 100 grain weight (g.). .......................................................111
IV.3.2.i Grains yield/10 plants(Kg).................................................113
IV.4 Chemical analysis of Corn cultivars.................................................125
IV.5 Evaluation of some microbial insecticides efficiency against ECB on
certain maize cultivators compared with chemical insecticides under
natural infestation conditions...............................................................127
IV.5.1 Holes No./100 internodes..........................................................127
IV.5.2 Cavities No./10plants................................................................129
IV.5.3 Larvae No./10plants..................................................................131
IV.5.4 100 grain weight........................................................................133
IV.5.5 Grains yield/10plants................................................................135
IV.6 The side effect of biochemicals against the predator, Paederus alfierii
(Kock). ................................................................................................144
V - SUMMARY...........................................................................................147
VI - REFERENCES....................................................................................151
List of TablesList of TablesTable III.1: Some physical and chemical characters of the experiment soils.63
Table III.2: The monthly average of temperature and relative humidity during 2003 season in both locations.......................................................63
Table III.3: The mixtures used in the field experiments and their application rates ..............................................................................................66
Table III.4: The monthly average temperatures and relative humidity during the two growing seasons 2004 and 2005.....................................66
Table IV.1: Toxicity of Beauveria bassiana against some aphid species and two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using slide dipping and leaf-disc dipping technique respectively...................73
Table IV.2: Toxicity of some botanical oils and mineral oil against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique..........................................................................77
Table IV.3: The toxicity of Biofly mixtures with different oils by the ratio (1:3 v/v) on two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique................................................81
Table IV.4: The toxicity of Biofly mixtures with different oils by the ratio (1:2 v/v) on two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique................................................82
Table IV.5: The toxicity of Biofly mixtures with different oils by the ratio (1:1 v/v) on two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique................................................83
Table IV.6: The toxicity of Biofly mixtures with different oils by the ratio (2:1 v/v) on two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique................................................84
Table IV.7: The toxicity of Biofly mixtures with different oils by the ratio (3:1 v/v) on two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique................................................85
Table IV.8: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the acetophenone (photostabilizer) against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus
VI List of Tables
cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.....................88
Table IV.9: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the 4-nitro acetophenon (photostabilizer) against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.....................89
Table IV.10: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the 7-nitophenol (photostabilizer) against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.....................90
Table IV.11: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the benzophenon (photostabilizer) against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.....................91
Table IV.12: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the titan yellow pigment against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique................................................92
Table IV.13: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the congo red pigment against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique................................................93
Table IV.14: The effect of exposure to UV radiation interval on the efficiency of Beauveria bassiana mixtures with botanical and mineral oils against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique................................................94
Table IV.15: The effect of exposure to UV radiation interval on the efficiency of Beauveria bassiana mixtures with some photostabilizers against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique................................................95
Table IV.16: Susceptibility of ten corn cultivars to infestation with ECB in El-Gharbia and El-Behira governorates under natural infestation conditions(2003 season). .............................................................99
Table IV.17: 100 grain weight, grains yield and grains yield reduction as a result of natural infestation with ECB on ten corn cultivars at El-Gharbia and El-Behira governorates..........................................100
VII List of Tables
Table IV.18: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by holes number/100 internodes in the two locations.........................................................................116
Table IV.19: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by cavity number/10plants in the two locations...............................................................................117
Table IV.20: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by larvae number/10plants in the two locations...............................................................................118
Table IV.21: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by holes number/10 ear stalks in the two locations.........................................................................119
Table IV.22: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by damage grains% in two locations......................................................................................120
Table IV.23: Effect of chemical insecticides treatments and corn cultivars on grains protein percentage............................................................121
Table IV.24: Effect of chemical insecticides treatments and corn cultivars on grains phosphors percentage.......................................................122
Table IV.25: Effect of chemical insecticides treatments and corn cultivars on 100 grains weight (g.).................................................................123
Table IV.26: Effect of chemical insecticides treatments and corn cultivars on grains yield/10plants (kg.)..........................................................124
Table IV.27: Some chemical and physical parameters of ten corn cultivars. 126
Table IV.28: Efficiency of biocides treatments against ECB infestation on three corn cultivars evaluated by holes number/100 internodes, during 2004 and 2005 seasons....................................................139
Table IV.29: Efficiency of biocides treatments against ECB infestation on three corn cultivars evaluated by cavity number/10 plants, during
VIII List of Tables
2004 and 2005 seasons...............................................................140
Table IV.30: Efficiency of biocides treatments against ECB infestation on three corn cultivars evaluated by larvae No./10 plants, during 2004 and 2005 seasons...............................................................141
Table IV.31: Effect of biocides treatments and corn cultivars on 100 grain weight(g.), during 2004 and 2005 seasons.................................142
Table IV.32: Effect of biocides treatments and corn cultivars on grains yield/10plants (kg.), during 2004 and 2005 seasons ..................143
Table IV.33: Toxicity of biochemicals against adults of the predator, P. alfierii exposed to surface deposit technique.........................................146
List of figuresList of figuresFig IV.1: Probit regression lines for the toxicity of Biofly to some Aphis spp
and two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus. ..................74Fig IV.2: Probit regression lines for the toxicity of some botanical oils and
mineral oil to two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus. . .78
ACKNOWLEDGMENTACKNOWLEDGMENT
I strongly owe my thanks to ALLAH for lighting me the way and
directing me across every success.
The author wishes to express his deep thanks to Prof. Dr. Tsamoh
Khatab Abd El-Raof Professor of Pesticides, Plant Protection Department,
Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, for suggesting the problem and her
supervision during the course of these studies and during revision of the
manuscript.
Sincere thanks, appreciation and deep gratitude to Prof. Dr. Helmy
Aly Ibrahim Anber Prof. of pesticides, and Dean of the Faculty of
Agriculture, Tanta University, for his supervising in my committee and for his
continuous support through the period of study.
Deepest and sincere gratitude to Dr. Abd-ElRhim. S. Metwally Head
of Field Crop Pests Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agric.
Research Center, Cairo, Egypt for supervising the work, efforts in revising
the manuscript and discussing data, providing technical help and valuable
scientific assistance.
The author wishes also to thank Dr. EL-Sayed A. Kishk Lecturer of
Pesticides. Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, for his valuable
supervision, scientific suggestions, guidance, and kind help during the period
of the work .
I wish to express my deep gratitude to Prof. Dr. Ibrahim I. Mesbah
Chairman of the plant protection Department and Vice Dean of Faculty of
Agriculture, Tanta University, for his kind help and advice through this study.
Deep thank are also to all members in pesticides Department Faculty
of Agriculture, Tanta University, for their continuous encouragement and
offering all facilities through out this work.
I - I - INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONCorn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important grains crops in Egypt.
The amount of corn needs is far greater than that produced locally. To
overcome this problem and increase production under limited arable lands in
Egypt, it may be through cultivate corn in the early season (in the beginning
of March) and in the late season (in the beginning of July) as well. But,
European corn borer (ECB) Ostrinia nubilials (Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae)
infestation increases in the late season and become a limiting factor to
increase the corn production, it causes a stalk damage that results in great
grains yield reductions reached to 45 % (Lutfalla and Sherif 1992).
Over use of insecticides led to increase problems of pest resistance,
destruction of beneficial insects or non-target organisms, insecticides residues
and human hazards.
The increased public awareness and concern for environmental safety
has directed research to the development of alternative control strategies such
as the use of microbial control agents for controlling ECB by using Beauveria
bassina and Bacillus thuringiensis formulations.
One of the major challenges to use the microbial biopesticides is their
lack of persistence in the field due to environmental factors such as sunlight,
high temperature, and water stress. Sunlight particularly UVB (280-320 nm
portion) is likely the most destructive of these environmental factors by the
direct structural effects on DNA or indirect damage caused by the formation
of reactive oxygen molecules (Ignoffo and Garcia, 1978, 1994; Ignoffo,
1992). The half- life of most entomopathogenic fungal conidia ranges from 1
to 4 hr in stimulated sunlight and 4 to 400 hours in natural sunlight on foliage.
Many researchers have screened many additives materials to protect
bioinsecticides from degradation by sunlight. A number of laboratory and
2 INTRODUCTION
field studies indicates that oil formulations and photo-protective agents
improve the efficacy of entomopathogenic formulations (Inglis et al. 2002;
Moore et al 1993 and Alves et al 1998).
So, the goal of this study is to achieve an integrated biocontrol for the
European Corn Borer(ECB) especially in late season through the following:
1- Enhanced the persistence of bioinsecticides formulations against
UV radiations by mixing them with some botanical oils, mineral oils, some
photostablizer compounds and some pigments.
2- Selection of the most tolerant commercial corn cultivars to use as a
major key of integrated pest management of ECB infestation.
3- Choose the most potent insecticides of the common insecticides
used to control ECB in the late season.
4- Finally, use the mixtures of enhanced bioagents with the most
effective insecticides (in a minimum concentration) and the most tolerant
commercial corn cultivators to obtain the most effective biochemical control
of ECB infestation under the field conditions.
II - II - REVIEW OF LITERATUREREVIEW OF LITERATURE
II.1 Pesticides efficiency against the European corn borer (ECB) Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner).
Barbulescu (1971), stated that endosulfan (Thiodan), diazinon
(Basudin), bromophos, carbaryl (Sevon) and disulfoton (Solvirex) gave very
good results in controlling the Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) larvae, while those
afforded by trichlorphon (Dipterex) were less satisfactory. No significant
differences in the effectiveness of the compounds were observed between the
different hybrids.
Berry et al. (1972), found that granules of diazinon at 1 libra (lb)
toxicant/acre, Velsicol VCS-506 at 1.5 lb, carbofuran at 0.5 lb, Pennwalt
TD-5032 (hexamethylditin) at 0.75 lb, monocrotophos at 0.75 lb and DDT at
1 lb and sprays of DDD (TDE) at 1.5 lb, Bay 79845 at 1 lb, carbofuran at 1 lb,
Chevron 9006 at 1 lb and DDT at 1 lb were the most effective against the
first generation of ECB larvae. On the other hand, granules of Pennwalt
TD-5032 at 0.75 lb, carbofuran at 1 lb and Velsicol VCS-506 at 1.5 lb and
sprays of Bay 79845 at 1 lb, carbofuran at 1 lb and Bay 93820 at 1 lb were
the most effective against the second-generation larvae of Ostrinia nubilalis .
Hills et al. (1972), studied the effect of insecticide applications timing
for controlling larvae of Diabrotica virgifera Lec. and first generation larvae
of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) on maize. They found that, the most effective
control of Ostrinia was given by the post-sowing treatments applied on 2nd
July. The timing of applications was particularly critical with diazinon,
which was about the most effective material, but not so critical with Dyfonate,
fensulfothion or carbofuran, which also gave good results.
4 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
McClanahan and Founk (1972), reported that in laboratory tests
parathion was the most effective ovicide against Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.).
The larvae were more susceptible than the eggs. In 1970 and 1971, heavy
populations of the multivoltine strain of O. nubilalis were controlled on sweet
maize and peppers [Capsicum] by twice-weekly sprays of carbaryl, methomyl
(Lannate) and Phosvel. Carbofuran (Furadan) applied weekly provided good
control, and several experimental compounds were effective.
Gerginov (1973), investigated the effectiveness of some chemical
preparations for the control of the maize stem borer Ostrinia (Pyrausta)
nubilalis (Hb.). He found that, the best results were achieved with 5%
endosulfan (Thiodan), 5% diazinon and 5% bromophos (Nexion) applied in
granules manually at 1 g/plant, which gave 92.25, 81.79 and 77.91% mortality
of first generation larvae and increased the yield by 833, 617 and 653 kg/ha,
respectively. Also with two applications of 5% endosulfan at 0.5 g/plant,
larval mortality was 96.8%. While it was 92.7% with one application of
endosulfan in granules followed by a wettable powder spray of the same
toxicant.
Melia Masia and Almajano Contreras (1973), applied granular
formulations containing 3% phosmet (Imidan), 2.5% diazinon or 5%
monocrotophos at rates of 25, 25 and 20 kg/ha, respectively, to the upper part
of the maize plants on 12th, 14th July, 2- 4 days after the adults flight peak.
They showed that there were no significant differences between the
treatments, on average yield, the populations of Ostrinia had been reduced
by 82.4% as compared with control.
Harrison (1974), investigated the chemical control of ear-infesting
5 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
insects of sweet corn Heliothis zea (Boddie), Ostrinia nubilalis(Hb.) and
Carpophilus lugubris Murr, in field tests and indicated that Dursban
(Lorsban) and leptophos were as effective as carbaryl.
Hudon and Castagner (1976), tested 13 insecticides in the field for
the control of a natural outbreak of Ostrinia nubilalis(Hb.) on maize. They
indicated that only chlorpyrifos (as Lorsban 10G) gave good results, with only
4% of ears attacked. Chlorpyrifos, triazophos (Hostathion 5G), FMC 33297
4EC, N 2596 10G and carbaryl 85W gave satisfactory results.
McWhorter et al. (1976), evaluated the effectiveness of the spray and
granular formulations of some insecticides (toxaphene, diazinon, carbaryl,
EPN, carbofuran and malathion) for the control of artificial infestations of the
Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) first generation on maize in field plot tests. They
made the infestations by placing egg-masses at the black-head stage on plants
at the mid-whorl stage at 2, 4, 6 and 8 days after treatment. They indicated
that, the granular formulations were effective for the entire eight day period,
whereas the spray formulations were less effective than the granules after five
days.
Mustea (1977), studied the effectiveness of several different
insecticides for the control of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) in maize fields. He
found that the granules reduced attack by 58-71%, with a definite relationship
between the amount of insecticide applied and the numbers of damaged
plants. The best control of the borer was obtained with diazinon (Basudin),
carbofuran (Furadan) and kelevan (Despirol), all in 5% granules, whereas the
highest maize yields were obtained with 5% granules of chlorfenvinphos
(Birlane), carbofuran and gamma BHC (Lindatox) applied in two treatments
6 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
each at 1 kg toxicant/ha. The lower yields recorded for some compounds such
as diazinon, disulfoton (Disyston) and carbaryl (Sevin) were due to phytotoxic
effects of the compounds. He attributed the generally poor results of the most
insecticides to the long flight period of the pest, the late application of the
compounds and their loss of toxicity with time and weathering.
Straub (1977), studied the role of pre-silk applications and leaf
feeding resistance. He found that insecticide spray applications to silks alone
did not provide acceptable control. Multiple pre-silk applications were
unnecessary when methomyl at 0.5 kg/ha or encapsulated methyl-parathion at
0.6 kg were used; a single late-whorl application of either insecticide followed
by 3 silk sprays was sufficient. Carbaryl was ineffective. Use of B49XB68, a
leaf- feeding resistant dent genotype, coupled with 3 silk sprays of any tested
materials, provided a degree of control comparable to a full program (2 whorl
and 3 silk sprays) with the best insecticides on susceptible sweet maize.
Thompson and White (1977), carried out Field-plot tests to
determine the effectiveness of several insecticides applied in granules or as
sprays to whorls for the control of populations of Ostrinia nubilalis(Hb.) on
silage maize. They assumed that all treatments significantly reduced the
number of larval cavities/plant recorded at the harvest. Carbofuran, parathion,
diazinon, fonofos, permethrin (NRDC-143), WL 43775, N-2596 and
fensulfothion gave the best control. Silage yields were not significantly
affected by any of the treatments, despite excellent larval control. However, a
significant increase in the grain component of the silage was observed in 1974
from plots treated with carbofuran, parathion, carbaryl and diazinon.
Martel and Hudon (1978), stated that only chlorpyrifos and
7 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
permethrin of 14 insecticides laboratory tested against first instar larvae of
Ostrinia nubilalis(Hb.), were more effective than DDT and carbaryl.
Carbofuran and primidophos were only slightly less effective than DDT and
carbaryl. Also they showed that carbofuran, diazinon, fonofos, N-2596, and
chlorpyrifos were promising as granular treatments, but carbaryl was
ineffective in greenhouse tests with commercial formulations applied to maize
plants at the whorl stage.
Raemisch and Walgenbach (1983), evaluated the effectiveness of
emulsifiable concentrates of permethrin or cypermethrin and granular
formulations of fonofos, carbofuran, phorate or chlorpyrifos at various rates
for the control of 1st generation larvae of Ostrinia nubilalis(Hb.) on maize.
They found that all the treatments significantly reduced borer damage, as
measured by cavity counts within the stalk. The liquid treatments proved to be
as effective as the granular treatments when both were applied over the row.
Also they evaluated the impact of 1st generation larvae on silage yield in two
tests; they found that, in each case, dry-matter yield was reduced by such
infestations. The yield in untreated controls was 14.1 and 14.7% lower than in
cypermethrin treated plots with 0.11 kg a.i./ha.
Straub (1983), evaluated the effectiveness of granular whorl
treatments with several insecticides for the control of 1st generation larvae of
Ostrinia nubilalis(Hb.) on sweet maize fields. They showed that, when
infestation pressure was light to moderate, a single granular application
compared favourably with multiple foliar sprays of the standard treatment
(methomyl at 0.5 kg a.i./ha), but supplementary sprays were necessary under
heavy infestation pressure. Terbufos at 1.12-2.24 kg, and chlorpyrifos, fonofos
8 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
and isofenphos all at 1.12 kg were the best granular treatments. They
concluded that, use of granular whorl treatments could effectively reduces the
number of treatments and could fit well into pest management programmers
for sweet maize.
Khasan and D'Yachenko (1984), determined the effectiveness of the
insecticides diflubenzuron (Dimilin), parathion-methyl (metaphos) and
diazinon (Basudin), Lepidocide [ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki
formulation] and mixtures containing Lepidocide and parathion-methyl or
diazinon against the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) on maize.
They stated that, the most effective treatments were the mixtures of
Lepidocide at 2 liters/ha with either parathion-methyl at 0.15 litre/ha or
diazinon at 0.1 litre/ha.
Mestres and Cabanettes (1985), investigated the target and non target
effects of chemical control measures against the maize pyralid Ostrinia
nubilalis in about 60 trials throughout France in about 1980-84. They
reported that, a granular formulation of chlorpyrifos, (a reference compound)
afforded a mean efficacy of 77% against larvae in the ears and 82% against
those in the stems. Yields were only weakly correlated with the extent of
larval infestation, but the results of treatment were strongly correlated with
yields when yields exceeded 75 quintal(100kg)/hectare.
Molinari and Mazzoni (1986), fulfilled investigations to determine
the damage level caused by natural infestation of several maize hybrids by the
pyralid Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) and also the effectiveness of a deltplane for
application of insecticide for the control of the ECB. They assessed the level
of infestation by means of pheromone traps for the adults and visual counts of
9 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
egg masses, entrance holes and (at the harvest) mature larvae of the 2nd
generation. They assumed that yield losses were found to be significantly
correlated with the numbers of entrance holes and not with the numbers of
mature larvae; maize plants with 2-4 holes yielded 2.96% less and those with
5 or more holes yielded 14.8% less than uninfested plants. In control tests,
applied a preparation containing Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, by
deltaplane at 2.4×1010 International Unite/hectare (IU/ha) against the 2nd
generation only, and chlorpyrifos at 470 g/ha either once against the 2nd
generation alone or twice against the 1st and 2nd generations reduced the
infestation significantly.
Voinescu and Barbulescu (1986) tested the effectiveness of granules
of eight insecticides, each applied at 2 kg a.i./ha, on maize plants artificially
infested with Ostrinia nubilalis at higher rates than those likely to occur in
nature. They declared that, the best results (in terms of stalk cavity length,
number of larvae per plant, percentage of plants with cob damage, and grains
yield) were afforded by diazinon, chlormephos, chlorpyrifos, carbofuran and
profenofos.
Aguilar et al. (1987), determined the optimum timing for insecticides
applications to control the pyralid Ostrinia nubilalis and the noctuid Sesamia
nonagrioides in maize. They applied Ethyl chlorpyrifos to maize at 3 sites
as 17 applications throughout the crop growth period, 7 applications during
the 1st generations of the pests, 10 applications during the 2nd generations of
the pests and an untreated control. They found that, crops which applied with
insecticide against the 2nd generations of the pests contained significantly
lower numbers of borers and fallen plants than the untreated control. They
10 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
indicated that the 2nd generations of the maize borers are responsible for the
greatest damage in maize.
Felip et al. (1987), determined the efficacy and persistence of
nine insecticides, against the maize stem borers Ostrinia nubilalis and
Sesamia nonagrioides. They found that, the granular insecticides tended to be
less effective than liquid insecticides. Numbers of O. nubilalis larvae in
lindane and B. thuringiensis treatments and also numbers of both species in
these applications and methamidophos treatments were not lowered than those
in untreated controls. Grain yields and numbers of fallen plants were not
significantly different among treatments when compared with the untreated
control. The best control of O. nubilalis was achieved using chlorpyrifos
(granules and liquid), fenitrothion and trichlorfon liquid formulations and
granular permethrin.
Rinkleff et al. (1995), conducted field and laboratory studies using
selected carbamate, organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides to quantify
their toxicity to Ostrinia nubilalis eggs and the residual mortality to neonate
larvae. They reported that, insecticides with the greatest ovicidal activity in
field trials, in decreasing order, included methomyl> encapsulated methyl
parathion> permethrin> thiodicarb> zeta-cypermethrin and lambda-
cyhalothrin. With the exception of methomyl, significant larval mortality was
also observed for each material. They conducted laboratory bioassays to
estimate the LC50 for insecticides showing the greatest ovicidal activity in the
field. Insecticides with the greatest ovicidal activity included, in decreasing
order, zeta-cypermethrin > lambda-cyhalothrin> permethrin> parathion-
methyl> esfenvalerate and methomyl, with the exception of methomyl, all
11 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
insecticides demonstrated high levels of residual toxicity to neonates.
Mazurek and Hurej (1999), tested Biobit (Bacillus thuringiensis
var. kurstaki) 0.5%, Karate (lambda-cyhalothrin) 0.015%, Larvin
(thiodicarb) 0.2%, Nomolt (teflubenzuron) 0.2% and Diazinon (diazinon) 15
kg/ha, for controlling the European corn borer larvae. They applied All
products only once, at the same time on 10 July. They indicated that Karate
was the most effective insecticide (the rate of damaged ears was 5.5%,
compared to 23.7% on untreated plots).
Musser and Shelton (2005), assessed the influence of post-treatment
temperature on the toxicities of two pyrethroids (lambda-cyhalothrin and
bifenthrin), a carbamate (methomyl) and a spinosyn (spinosad) to Ostrinia
nubilalis(Hubner) larvae in laboratory tests. They found that, from 24 to 35
degrees °C, the toxicities of the pyrethroids decreased 9.5 and 13.6 fold while
spinosad toxicity decreased 3.8-fold. The toxicity of methomyl was not
changed significantly. They demonstrated that the most effective insecticide
against a pest may vary with environmental conditions.
II.2 Role of plant tolerance in corn borer control:
Kazymova and Khrolinskii, (1973), studied the resistance maize
varieties to Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) infestation. They determined the foliar
resistance of maize varieties, lines and hybrids by field tests and by
laboratory assessments using the optical density of maize-leaf extracts, they
found a correlation between the degree of foliar resistance and the optical
density of the leaf extracts.
12 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Khrolinskii and Kazymova (1976), achieved a rapid method to
determine the maize resistance for the stalk borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.)
infestation. It involved analysis of one particular leaf (the third leaf from the
top on plants in the 9-10 leaf stage, cut it in the early morning when the
temperature does not exceed 19ºC) by various analytical methods. They
indicated that, the optical density of extracts appeared to be the most
important characteristic. Optical densities of 0.5 or more indicated resistance,
and those of 0.4 or less indicated partial but insufficient resistance.
Rojanaridpiched (1983), studied the European corn borer (Ostrinia
nubilalis (Hubner)) resistance in maize. He found that the second generation
of O. nubilalis resistance correlated with silica content of the leaf sheath
collar (r = -0.84). Also, the resistance of the first generation O. nubilalis was
highly correlated with DIMBOA in the "whorl" tissue.
Rojanaridpiched et al. (1984), indicated that resistance to the second
generation of Ostrinia nubilalis was significantly correlated with silica
content in the sheath and collar tissues. A relatively high DIMBOA content
was found in the leaf sheath and collar tissues of some lines. DIMBOA had a
secondary role in resistance in some lines.
Bergvinson et al. (1994), studied the putative role of photodimerized
phenolic acids in maize resistance to Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera:
Pyralidae). They grew a five genotypes of maize under three light regimes in
the field. They reported that, artificial infestation with Ostrinia nubilalis, egg
masses resulted in greater leaf feeding damage for plants grown under an
Ultra Violet (UV) absorbing plastic (UV-) than for the same genotypes grown
under UV transmitting (UV+) plastic or in the open. Leaf bioassays
13 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
performed on tissue from the three different light regimes showed similar
trends. Foliar nitrogen content was reduced as much as 15% for UV-plants.
2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one levels were consistently
higher in UV-plants as were the levels of cell-wall-bound hydroxycinnamic
acids (HCA). Light-activated dimers of HCA called truxillic and truxinic
acids were lower in UV-plants. They indicated that cell-wall-bound truxillic
and truxinic acids are an additional resistance mechanism that provides an
explanation for increased susceptibility of greenhouse grown plants to
folivores.
Abel et al. (1995), evaluated 1601 accessions of Peruvian maize
maintained in the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System for leaf-feeding
resistance to O. nubilalis. They identified eleven resistant accessions, all of
which originated from Peru's north coast. Then analyzed the 11 resistant
accessions for MBOA, the degradation product of DIMBOA and an indicator
of DIMBOA levels in the plant. They found that, all 11 resistant accessions
contained low MBOA concentration, equivalent to that found in susceptible
inbred WF9, this indicating that DIMBOA is not the basis of this resistance.
Warnock et al. (1997), developed a laboratory bioassay incorporating
ear tissues from field resistant and susceptible sweet corn genotypes into a
nutritionally complete O. nubilalis larval diet as an initial step to facilitate the
isolation and identification of potential chemical resistance factors in sweet
corn. They found that, silk tissue from several sweet corn genotypes
significantly reduced larval weight and increased total larval development
time compared with kernel tissue. Silk tissues incorporated on a weight basis
had volumes about 3X than that of an equal weight of kernel tissues.
14 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
However, tissues incorporated into a specific diet volume on a weight or
volume basis usually did not alter larval weight or time to pupation within a
genotype. Incorporation on a weight basis was most time efficient.
Binder et al. (1999), indicate that water-soluble factors from resistant
Peruvian accessions inhibit the growth, development time, and survival of
ECB. These resistance factors could be useful in the development of maize
germplasm with insect-resistant traits.
Raspudic et al. (2003), evaluated the resistance of some hybrids to
the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis in field trials. They found that, If
infestation intensity was lower than 40%, the greatest length of damage on
maize stalk was, on average, 1.58 cm per plant. If the intensity of attack was
more than 50%, the average length of damage on maize stalk was 5.78 cm per
plant. Significant positive correlation was observed between the intensity of
attack and length of damage.
Martin et al. (2004), evaluated twelve cycles of bidirectional
selection, which has resulted in increased and decreased stalk strength in the
high and low directions of selection, respectively, for grain yield, stalk
lodging, rind penetrometer resistance, first and second-generation ECB
damage, leaf penetrometer resistance at the whorl stage and anthesis, and stalk
traits including crude fiber, cellulose, lignin, and silica. They explicit that,
there are a decrease in grain yield in both directions of selection. Selection for
high rind penetrometer resistance was effective at providing resistance to
second-generation ECB damage as well as resistance to stalk lodging. Leaf
penetrometer resistance was higher in the high direction of selection at whorl
stage, but reversed by anthesis where the low direction of selection had higher
15 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
leaf penetrometer resistance. Crude fiber, cellulose, and lignin increased in the
high direction of selection, but silica decreased in the high direction of
selection. Significant correlations between the stalk traits analyzed
demonstrated that stalk composition was important in providing rind
penetrometer resistance, stalk lodging resistance, and second-generation ECB
resistance.
II.3 The biological control of European Corn Borer.
II.3.1 Role of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana in the biological control of corn borers.
II.3.1.a Efficiency of Beauveria bassiana against Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.).Yashugina (1970), studied the usability of Boverin [a preparation of
Beauveria bassiana] for the maize stem borer control. He found that, the
percentage damage to the plants was reduced to 18.3 and 16.3 and to the ears
was reduced to 3.7 and 4.3, as compared with 30.7 and 7.7 for no treatment,
respectively.
Riba et al. (1983), determine the susceptibility of the eggs, larvae and
pupae of the maize pest Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) to numerous strains of the
fungi Beauveria bassiana, Nomuraea rileyi, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and
Metarhizium anisopliae in laboratory tests. They found that, Strain no. 139 of
M. anisopliae and strain no. 40 of P. fumosoroseus were very pathogenic to
the eggs, the lethal dose being <105 spores/ml. N. rileyi did not kill the eggs,
16 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
and the pathogenicity of B. bassiana was low. In the tests with 5th instar non-
diapausing larvae, the LT50 after treatment at 107 spores/ml ranged according
to the strain from 8.4 to 28.2 days for B. bassiana. M. anisopliae, P.
fumosoroseus and N. rileyi were not effective against the larvae. The LT50s
after pupae had been treated with 107 spores/ml were 3-3.55 for P.
fumosoroseus, 7.5 for a strain (no. 60) of M. anisopliae and 12.2-13.4 for B.
bassiana. after a given period of time, mortality percentages for diapausing
larvae were much higher than those for non diapausing 5th instar larvae treated
with the same concentration of a spore suspension of M. anisopliae. When
larvae in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instars were treated with a suspension of spores
of B. bassiana, mortality was significantly higher on the 11th day after
treatment among 5th instar larvae than among those in other instars. It was
found in further tests that the susceptibility of the larvae to the fungi was
increased by the addition of sublethal doses of chlorpyrifos to the suspension.
Rosca and Barbulescu (1983), analyzed the biological factors
causing the death of 31.8% of larvae of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) hatching
from egg-masses collected from maize fields in Romania in 1981 in the
laboratory. They demonstrated that, 31.6% of the died larvae, were infected
with Beauveria bassiana and 32.7% with Bacillus thuringiensis.
Riba and Marcandier (1984), studied the effect of relative humidity
on the virulence and viability of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin
conidia, and of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin, hyphomycetes
pathogenic to the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hb in a laboratory
test. They showed that Metarhizium anisopliae could not attack the eggs of
Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) if the relative air humidity was less than 90%, even
17 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
for a few hours. At low relative humidity (30-33%), Beauveria bassiana was
able to penetrate larvae of O. nubilalis, but the LT50 was much increased over
that at high humidity (90-100%) and the fungus did not sporulate on the
surface of host cadavers. In addition, the viability of conidia of B. bassiana
and M. anisopliae was reduced by relative humidity between 5 and 70%.
After 25 days at 30% RH, only up to 20% of conidia of B. bassiana were able
to germinate, while M. anisopliae exposed for 1 day to 30% RH at 25 °C
could not attack eggs of O. nubilalis.
Carruthers et al. (1985), studied the temperature-dependent
development of Beauveria bassiana mycosis of the European corn borer,
Ostrinia nubilalis. They found that, in vivo incubation period of Beauveria
bassiana mycosis of Ostrinia nubilalis was varied in response to incubation
temperature, the level of initial exposure (dose) and the larvae age. Incubation
Temperature was found to be the dominant factor affecting disease
development within each of the host instars examined, while a dose produced
significant effects only in the early instars.
Guerin (1986), evaluated a granular formulation of Beauveria
bassiana in 3 trials in France against the maize pyralid Ostrinia nubilalis.
With infestation ranging from 1.3 to 1.9 larvae/stem, He found that, efficacy
approached 70-90%.
Bing and Lewis (1991), applied the entomopathogenic fungus
Beauveria bassiana to whorl-stage maize plants by foliar application of a
granular formulation of conidia and by injection of a conidial suspension.
They found that, in season 1989, 98.3% of the foliar treated plants, 95.0% of
the injected plants and 33.3% of the untreated plants were colonized by B.
18 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
bassiana at harvest. In 1988, there were no significant differences between
treatment effects on O. nubilalis tunneling in plants. In 1989, when
environmental conditions were more conducive to fungal growth, tunneling
was significantly greater in the control plants, followed by the injected and
foliar treated plants. When applied to foliage, B. bassiana provided the
greatest amount of O. nubilalis suppression. The entomopathogenic fungus
colonized maize at the whorl stage, moved within the plant, and persisted to
provide season-long suppression of O. nubilalis.
Lewis and Bing (1991), placed a laboratory-reared O. nubilalis eggs
or larvae on the plant during either the whorl stage (V6) or the pollen-
shedding stage (R1) to simulate 1st and 2nd generation O. nubilalis oviposition
periods, respectively. They establish that, in the 1st year, first generation, and
second generation (2nd year) Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana
alone and in combination caused significant reductions in tunneling compared
with that in control populations. There were no significant differences in
tunneling between any treatments in the 2nd generation study of first year.
Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana were independent of each other
in their suppression of insects. They recorded tunneling by the naturally
occurring second-generation larvae (year 2) to determine if Bacillus
thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana applied in the V6 stage persisted in the
plant, excised with samples from nodal plates 7-10 of the maize stalk to
determine the incidence of B. bassiana. They concluded that, there was a
significant correlation between occurrence of B. bassiana in the maize plant
and tunneling by 2nd generation larvae. B. bassiana placed in the whorl of
maize plant may provide season-long suppression of O. nubilalis.
19 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Bing and Lewis (1992), applied the entomopathogenic fungus
Beauveria bassiana to whorl-stage (V7) corn by foliar application of a
granular formulation of maize grits containing conidia, or by the injection of a
conidial suspension In the field . They infested all plants with larvae of
Ostrinia nubilalis at the V7 (whorl), V12 (late-whorl) or V17 (pre tassel)
stage of plant development. They stated that, plants infested at the whorl and
late-whorl stages had significantly more tunneling O. nubilalis than did plants
infested at the pretassel stage. The percentage of plants colonized by B.
bassiana did not differ significantly among the whorl, late-whorl and pretassel
stages. As the plants matured, B. bassiana was isolated from different plant
areas, with the pith more frequently colonized by the fungus than the leaf
collars. Foliar application of B. bassiana provided an immediate suppression
of O. nubilalis in those plants infested at the whorl stage.
Cagan et al. (1995), determine the injuriousness of Ostrinia nubilalis
on maize and study the efficacy of various control measures, in field studies.
They obtained that, there was a strong and positive correlation between the
amount of rainfall and the level of damage caused by O. nubilalis. Pyrethroid
insecticides gave the most effective level of control, with Bacillus
thuringiensis giving only partial control. Larvae of O. nubilalis were infected
by spores of Nosema pyrausta, and the entomogenous fungi Beauveria
bassiana. Also, they tested the various maize hybrids and 18 inbred maize
lines, for their susceptibility to O. nubilalis and found that, the highest level
of resistance was found on B 85, B 85 and B 87 inbred.
Labatte et al. (1996), evaluated the impact of 3 control methods on
the population dynamics of larvae of Ostrinia nubilalis on corn under field
20 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
conditions. The control methods studied were an insecticide (chlorpyrifos),
Beauveria bassiana and a transgenic maize hybrid. They showed that B.
bassiana control was similar to chemical control. The transgenic hybrid
control was always very high throughout the maize cycle studied. A
substantial decrease of B. bassiana and chemical control efficacy was
observed with an increase in the delay between treatment and infestation.
Agamy (2002), recovered the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria
bassiana from soil samples from vegetable fields in El-Badrashin, Egypt, and
prepared a spore suspensions in aqua distribution containing 0.01%
Tween-80 and 1% sunflower oil, and bioassayed their against Ostrinia
nubilalis larvae. He found that, all tested concentrations induced 100% kill
among treated larvae. The highest mortality (100%) was reached in shorter
period by increasing the spore concentration. LC50 values of 1.58×104, 2×104
and 1.58×104 spores/ml were calculated for larvae of L1, L2, and L3,
respectively. Meanwhile, LT50 values for L1 reached 12.29, 8.44, 7.34 and
5.48 days for the concentrations 10, 1×102, 1×103 and 1×104 spores/ml,
respectively. For L2, these values recorded 10.96, 8.75, 7.61, 7.08 and 4.47
days compared to 16.06, 9.73, 7.72, 7.46 and 4.44 days for L3 at the
concentrations 10, 1×102, 1×103, 1×104 and 1×105 spores/ml, respectively.
Lewis et al. (2002), evaluated the efficacy of a Beauveria bassiana
application, for season-long suppression of O. nubilalis. They reported that,
whorl-stage application of B. bassiana in 1996 resulted in a significant
reduction in centimeters of tunneling (46-55%) and the percentage plants not
infested by O. nubilalis. In 1997, B. bassiana caused significant reductions in
larval tunneling at all locations (20-53%); however, a significant increase in
21 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
the percentage of plants not infested with O. nubilalis occurred at only one
location. Treatment of plants with B. bassiana in 1997 did not significantly
increase the percentage of plants with an endophyte; however, the trend, with
the exception of one site, was for a greater percentage of endophytic plants in
treated versus untreated plots. A whorl-stage application of a granular
formulation of B. bassiana was most efficacious in reducing O. nubilalis
larval damage.
Sabbour (2002), tested the biological control effect of three
bioinsecticides derived from Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana and
Verticillium lecanii; three chloroformic plant extracts from Melaleuca
ericifolia and Melaleuca leucadendron leaves; and ursolic acid, a compound
derived from M. ericifolia leaves against the three corn borer pests. In field
trials. They found that, B. bassiana recorded the best results, followed by V.
lecanii and B. thuringiensis. A significant reduction in infestation compared
with the corresponding controls. Yield loss was significantly decreased when
maize plants were treated with B. bassiana, V. lecanii, B. thuringiensis, M.
leucadendron, M. ericifolia and ursolic acid.
II.3.1.b Compatibility of Beauveria bassiana with oils.Batista-Filho, et al. (1994), tested two formulations of mineral oil
(emulsifiable concentrate and emulsion concentrate) with Beauveria bassiana
against Cosmopolites sordidus in the laboratory. They achieved the greatest
mortality with 5% mineral oil and fungus, resulting in 77.5 and 100%
mortality for the emulsifiable concentrate and emulsion concentrate,
respectively. 16 days after treatment compared with fungus alone caused
38% mortality only.
22 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Batista-Filho, et al. (1995a), studied the effect of mineral oil on
Beauveria bassiana and the mortality of Cosmopolites sordidus in the
laboratory. They found that, mineral oil at 5% significantly reduced the
production and germination of B. bassiana conidia. However, a mixture of
mineral oil and fungus resulted in a significant increase of fungus efficacy:
85.0% for B. bassiana + 5% mineral oil and 27.5% for only fungus.
Batista-Filho, et al. (1995b), studied the synergistic and additive
effects of mineral oil on the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana to
Cosmopolites sordidus in the laboratory. They observed excellent mycelial
growth on Banana pseudostems, A synergistic interaction eight days after
application, with 88, 16 and 14% mortality for the combination, mineral oil
and fungus, respectively. They also observed an enhanced activity of the
fungus and oil after 12 days, with 96% mortality for the fungus, compared
with 17 and 29% mortality for the oil and fungus, respectively.
Mesquita-Paiva, et al. (1996), studied the morphogenesis of
Beauveria bassiana strains stored for 7 years in mineral oil or more recently
isolated from the field and maintained in agar media, with scanning electron
microscopy. They hadn't detect any significant morphological alteration in
the development of conidiogenesis in the strains conserved in mineral oil in
relation to recently isolated strains.
Carballo-V (1998), showed that solutions of water with more than
20% oil, or pure oil, led to adult insect mortality even without B. bassiana.
With B. bassiana formulations of 10, 15 or 20% oil and 5×108 fungal conidia/
ml, 100% mortality was observed. Evaluating increasing concentrations of B.
bassiana from 1×107 to 5×108 conidia/ml in water with 15% oil gave a LC50
23 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
value of 4.4×107 and a LC95 value of 2.7×108 conidia/ml. With decreasing
fungal concentration, the half lethal time (LT50) increased from 7.95 days (for
5×108 conidia/ml) to 29.6 days (for 1×107 conidia/ml).
Hidalgo, et al. (1998), formulated Beauveria bassiana conidia as a
dustable powder (DP), oil suspensions (OS) and a novel hydrogenated rape
seed oil pellet. They found that, conidial viability was maintained well in the
fat pellet formulation (84.7% germination after 45 days storage) and in the DP
(83.3%), but less well in the OS formulation (55.3%). Mineral oil and (a
mineral and maize oil mixtures), without conidia, or as OS with B. bassiana at
a concentration of 109 conidia/ml (both at 20 ml/kg grain) showed the highest
level of control in maize grains. The fat pellet formulation resulted in low
levels of mortality (21-31%) when used in maize grains. It means that, oil
formulation reduced the conidia viability, but the oil mixture formulations had
the highest efficiency against the Sitophilus zeamais.
Gurvinder et al. (1999), examined five vegetable oils, one mineral
oil, three powders and a combination of both oils and powders for their effect
on conidial germination and mycelial growth of B. bassiana. They showed
that, there were a significant variation between different formulations in TG50
and the dry weight of the mycelium at 15 days. Sunflower oil and groundnut
oil appeared to accelerate spore germination as well as growth rate, while
some combinations showed additive effect.
Kaaya (2000), tested aqueous and oil-based formulations of two
entomogenous fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae for
their efficacy against Amblyomma variegatum, Rhipicephalus apendiculatus,
and Boophilus decoloratus. They observed that, both fungal species and
24 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
formulations had induced high mortalities, especially in the larvae. The oil-
based formulation was found to be more effective than the aqueous
formulation. Monthly application of aqueous formulations of B. bassiana and
M. anisopliae on vegetation in paddocks significantly reduced numbers of the
tick R. appendiculatus on cattle.
Shimizu and Mitani (2000), investigated the effects of temperature
on the survival of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana in oil
formulations. They found that, high-temperature treatment killed conidia.
Drying the conidia by adding silica gel to oil formulation greatly increased the
temperature tolerance.
Yasuda, et al. (2000), enhanced the infectivity of oil formulations of
Beauveria bassiana to Cylas formicarius (Fabricius) (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae). They found that, formulations of Beauveria bassiana conidia
in a 10% corn oil mixture showed more superior infectivity in both sexes of
Cylas formicarius than the formulation of conidia only in laboratory assays.
The 50% lethal density of conidia of the oil mixed formulation was lower than
that of conidia alone. Mortality of uninfected females reared with males
infected with the formulation of oil mixture was higher than that of females
reared with males infected by conidia alone.
Carballo-V, et al. (2001), evaluated several concentrations of the
fungus in water and oil suspension to determine the (LC50) against pepper
weevil (Anthonomus eugenii). They found that, the suspensions of B.
bassiana, both in water and in water mixed with oil at 3%, increased the
weevil mortality and reduced the LT50 in accordance with the increased
concentration. The LC50 in water was 1.2×106 conidia/ml while the
25 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
corresponding value in oil was 2.2×104 conidia/ml, these indicating that the
efficacy of the fungus increased upon adding oil to the suspension.
Consolo, et al. (2003), studied pathogenicity, formulation and storage
of insect pathogenic hyphomycetous fungi tested against Diabrotica speciosa.
They found that, using different temperatures (4, 17 and 26°C) and vegetable
oils (corn, sunflower and canola) for storage, did not significantly affect
viability of conidia. A pathogenicity trial against D. speciosa larvae performed
with the corn oil formulation (1×108 conidia/ml of oil) caused 65% of
mortality.
Hazzard, et al. (2003), evaluated vegetable and mineral oil,
Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki
Berliner singly or in combinations for control of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner),
Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) in sweet
corn (Zea mays L.). Mineral oil alone provided equal (1993) or better (1994)
control compared with corn oil. In both years, mineral or corn oil plus B.
thuringiensis resulted in 93-98% marketable ears, compared with 48-52%
marketable ears in untreated plots. In other hand, in three factorial
experiments with B. bassiana, B. thuringiensis and corn oil, B. bassiana at 5 ×
107 conidia per ear provided little or no control while B. thuringiensis and
corn oil provided significant though not always consistent control of all three
species. They concluded that, the combination of B. thuringiensis and corn oil
provided the largest and most consistent reduction in numbers of larvae and
feeding damage to ears.
Manjula, et al. (2003), evaluated Beauveria bassiana against the
different life stages of Bemisia tabaci in different oil formulations (1% each
26 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
of groundnut, sunflower, coconut and castor oils). They found that,
Beauveria bassiana with various oil formulations did not have any effect on
the eggs of Bemisia tabaci. The first, second and third instars were heavily
and readily infected by Beauveria bassiana formulated with coconut oil
(35-85%), followed by formulations with the groundnut, sunflower and castor
oil. When the fourth instars were infected at 120 hours after inoculation with
Beauveria bassiana formulated in every oil with more than 1.83 fungus
growth development index values, the mortality of adults was maximum with
groundnut oil formulation (65.6%) followed by coconut (75.6%), sunflower
(43.3%) and castor (28.9%), even at 24 hours after inoculation. At 72 hours
after inoculation, groundnut oil formulation recorded 100% mortality of the
adults followed by coconut (97.8%), sunflower (85.6%) and castor oil
(64.4%). They suggested that, Beauveria bassiana is a potent bioagent against
Bemisia tabaci, when it was formulated with 1% coconut oil followed by the
groundnut, sunflower and castor oils.
Ramle, et al. (2004), studied the effects of oils on the conidial
germination of four strains of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (F1,
F5, F8 and F10) and their infectivity against the larvae of the oil palm bagworm,
Metisa plana Walker. They reported that, of the five oils tested, soyabean oil
and paraffin gave the highest germination for both two- and four-week-old
conidia. Palm and corn oils completely inhibited the conidial germination.
Germination was influenced by the age of conidia with the mature conidia
germinating better than the younger conidia. The pathogenicity of all the four
strains of B. bassiana conidia formulated in soyabean oil against the larvae of
M. plana revealed that more than 95% mortality at 10 days after treatment.
27 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Akbar, et al. (2005), evaluated the carriers mineral oil and Silwet L-77
and the botanical insecticides Neemix 4.5 and Hexacide for their impacts on
the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin conidia against red
flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), larvae. They found that, the
carriers mineral oil had highly significant effects on the efficacy of B.
bassiana. The lower efficacy of conidia in aqueous Silwet L-77 may have
been the result of conidia loss from the larval surface because of the
siloxane’s spreading properties. Neemix 4.5 (4.5% azadirachtin) delayed
pupation and did not reduce the germination rate of B. bassiana conidia, but it
significantly reduced T. castaneum mortality at two of four tested fungus
doses. Hexacide (5% rosemary oil) caused significant mortality when applied
without B. bassiana, but it did not affect pupation, the germination rate of
conidia, or T. castaneum mortality when used in combination with the fungus.
Luz and Batagin (2005), monitored the development of Beauveria
bassiana conidia when immersed in six concentrations of seven non-ionic
and three anionic surfactants and 11 vegetable oils in vitro . They found that,
With exception of DOS 75 and Surfax 220 germination of conidia on
complete medium was >98% at 24 hours after exposure to surfactants up to
10%. Elevated rates of germination (>25%) were observed in 10% corn,
thistle and linseed oil 8 days after incubation. Pure oils had a significant
repellent effect to T. infestans. Repellency decreased generally at 10% of the
oil and some oils showed some attractiveness for nymphs when tested at 1%.
Nymphs were highly susceptible to oil-water formulated conidia, even at
unfavorable moisture for extrategumental development of the fungus on the
insect cuticle.
28 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Wekesa, et al. (2005), studied the pathogenicity of Beauveria
bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae to the tobacco spider mite Tetranychus
evansi. They found that, conidia formulated in oil outperformed the ones
formulated in water.
II.3.1.c Compatibility of Beauveria bassiana with pesticides. Foschi and Grassi (1985), tested the effectiveness of the fungi
Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, applied alone or together
with low doses of chlorpyrifos-ethyl [chlorpyrifos], against Ostrinia nubilalis
on maize . They found that, both fungi (applied at the rate of 1013 conidia/ha)
significantly reduced the number of borer holes/plant, but B. bassiana spread
much more rapidly through the pyralid population and remained effective for
longer than did M. anisopliae. The addition of the chemical insecticide
(applied at 0.9 kg/ha) to the fungal sprays increased the mortality of
overwintering larvae but did not further reduce the number of holes/plant.
Vanninen and Hokkanen (1988), investigated the effects of four
insecticides, five fungicides, four herbicides and a nematicide on the
entomogenous fungi Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana,
Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and P. farinosus in vitro. They found that, the
insecticides diazinon, pirimicarb and cypermethrin, and the
nematicide/insecticide oxamyl did not affect the growth or sporulation of any
of the fungi tested.
Vainio and Hokkanen (1990), studied the side-effects of pesticides on
the entomophagous nematode Steinernema feltiae, and the entomopathogenic
fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana in the laboratory. They
29 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
found that, bentazone, ioxynil, hexaconazole, cyromazine and buprofezin did
not affect N. feltiae, but quizalofop-ethyl, tralkoxydim, sulfur and potassium
soap were toxic. Pirimicarb, cypermethrin, diazinon, simazine and metalaxyl
plus mancozeb did not affect either fungus, but glyphosate, dimethoate,
MCPA, vinclozolin, trifluralin, thiram and propiconazole inhibited at least one
species.
Puzari and Hazarika (1991), determined the effects of Beauveria
bassiana mixed with different stickers and spreaders on adults of Dicladispa
armigera, a pest of summer rice. Tween 80 and Hamam were the most
compatible sticker/spreader with B. bassiana, with 96.3 and 93.26% mortality,
respectively, as compared with 10% in the control.
Batista-Filho, et al. (1996), carried out two experiments to evaluate
the efficiency of fipronil against Cosmopolites sordidus Germar, and its
compatibility with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. They
found that, fipronil did not decrease spore production, although it slightly
affected the average diameter of the colony. Fipronil and carbofuran did not
affect the viability of the fungus.
Marin, et al. (2000), evaluated the mixtures' compatibility of
Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and three insecticides incorporated
in a fungus growth media and mixed in an aqueous suspension simulating a
spray tank. They reported that diazinon WP and metacrifos had a heavy
colony growth inhibition for isolate Bb9205 and BrocarilReg. Isazofos caused
the lowest inhibition on Bb9205. Diazinon ES in mixture with BrocarilReg
caused a reduction on growth from 17% at commercial dosage (CD) to 6.8%
at 1/4 CD. Total inhibition of germination of B. bassiana Bb9205 and Bb9002
30 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
was achieved when using diazinon WE at CD when mixed in an aqueous
suspension for a period of up to 6 hours ; however, diazinon ES did not cause
inhibition which may be attributed to the solvents used in the formulations.
Diazinon WP and metacrifos had the same inhibitory effect on germination as
showed when the radial growth was measured. Isolate Bb9002 was more
sensible to the insecticides. They demonstrates that there are differences
among isolates of a same fungus and formulation in there effects.
Batista Filho, et al. (2001), studied the compatibility of
entomopathogenic microorganisms with some insecticides in vitro and under
field conditions. They showed that: (1) the action of the pesticides on the
vegetative growth and sporulation of the microorganisms varied as a function
of the chemical nature of the products, its concentration and the microbial
species; (2) thiamethoxam was compatible with all microorganisms studied;
(3) the insecticides endosulfan, monocrotophos and deltamethrin were the
most affected B. thuringiensis, B. bassiana, M. anisopliae and S. insectorum;
(4) thiamethoxam did not affect the inoculum potential of B. thuringiensis, B.
bassiana or M. anisopliae when applied to bean crop (Phaseolus vulgaris);
and (5) thiamethoxam did not affect the efficiency of the nuclear polyhedral
virus of A. gemmatalis.
Gupta, et al. (2002), tested the compatibility of Metarhizium
anisopliae and B. bassiana with commonly used pesticides and organic
substrates in vitro. They found that, copper oxychloride (Blitox-50) and
azadirachtin (0.3% EC) were very well tolerated by Metarhizium anisopliae at
1000 and 2000 ppm concentrations. Mancozeb + metalaxyl (Ridomyl
MZ-72), chlorothalonil (Kavach 75 WP), mancozeb (Dithane M-45), TMTD
31 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
[thiram], monocrotophos and chlorpyrifos were found moderately tolerable to
the same fungus. Metarhizium anisopliae showed higher tolerance than B.
bassiana. However, both the pathogens were sensitive (70-100% growth
inhabitation) to carbendazim and baynate (thiophanate methyl) even at lower
concentrations (10 and 100 ppm). Nicast stimulated the growth of
Metarhizium anisopliae by 40-50% and no growth inhibition was observed in
B. bassiana. Sugar mill effluent was also found well tolerated by both the
fungi to the extent of 5% in Czapek's agar medium.
Xu, et al. (2002), showed that there are negative effects of the
pesticides on the germination of B. bassiana conidia increased with the
increasing pesticide concentrations. Two fungicides, chlorothalonil 75% WP
and mancozeb 70% WP, killed almost all the conidia of B. bassiana at all
concentrations. Five insecticides, including imidacloprid 10% WP, yashiling
22% WP (a mixture of imidacloprid and buprofezin), methomyl 20% EC,
triazophos 20% EC, and fipronil 5% FF, exhibited high compatibility with B.
bassiana conidia with germination rates exceeding 90% even at the highest
concentration. The other two insecticides, chlorfluazuron 5% EC and
fenvalerate 20% EC, greatly reduced the germination rate of B. bassiana at
the field-spray concentrations recommended, however, at lower
concentrations, the germination rates increased by a big margin. Abamectin
0.5% EC was highly incompatible with B. bassiana conidia at all the
concentrations tested.
Ashutosh, et al. (2005), assessed the compatibility between the
different rates of chemical pesticides and multineem [Azadirachta indica]
with Beauveria bassiana. Their treatments was comprised of : 0.05, 0.025
32 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
and 0.0125% endosulfan; 0.03, 0.0225 and 0.015% chloropyrefos 0.20, 0.15
and 0.10% mancozeb; 0.03 and 0.06 multineem and the control. They found
that, an increase in the concentration of the chemicals decreased the radial
growth of B. bassiana. However, the least toxic effect was mancozeb.
Multineem showed similar results.
II.3.1.d Effect of ultraviolet radiations (UV) on the Beauveria bassiana efficiency. Inglis, et al. (1995), determined the effect of ultraviolet light (UV)
protectants on the persistence of conidia of the entomopathogenic fungus
Beauveria bassiana. They found that, the survival of conidia applied in water
onto glass coverslips or crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) leaves was
reduced by >95% after 15 minute exposure to UV-B radiation. Substitution of
oil and water increased the survival of conidia on both substrates. However,
conidial survival in oil was more pronounced on glass (74% mortality after 60
min.) than on leaves (97% mortality after 60 min.). Also they found that, the
water-compatible the fluorescent brightener, Tinopal LPW and a clay
emulsion significantly increased the survival of conidia compared to the
water control, whereas Congo Red and the optical brightener, Blankophor
BSU, were ineffective. Conidial survival, in the field was not enhanced by
the 3 oil-compatible adjuvants tested (oxybenzone, octyl-salicylate and ethyl-
cinnamate). They concluded that, the use of UV-B protectants in formulations
can increase conidial survival and may enhance the efficacy of B. bassiana for
controlling insect pests in epigeal habitats.
Velez and Montoya (1995), studied the effect of exposure to
ultraviolet radiation on the germination of conidia of Beauveria bassiana in
33 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
the laboratory, using oil and water suspensions. They hadn't observed any
direct germination of conidia sprayed to coffee leaf discs and exposed to
ultraviolet radiation for 0-60 minutes. However, B. bassiana sprayed on to
leaf discs in a standard mixture of oils was viable after 60 minute exposure.
They observed differences between different formulations of B. bassiana
sprayed on coffee berries. An increase in exposure time to sunlight resulted in
lower viability.
Fargues, et al. (1996), irradiated conidia from 65 isolates of
Beauveria bassiana, 23 of Metarhizium anisopliae, 14 of Metarhizium
flavoviride and 33 isolates of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus by artificial
sunlight for 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 hours. They found that, survival decreased with
increased exposure to simulated sunlight. Overall, isolates of M. flavoviride
were the most resistant to irradiation followed by B. bassiana and M.
anisopliae. Conidia of P. fumosoroseus were most susceptible. There was
also an intra species variation.
Hu, et al. (1996), evaluated the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana
to the coreid Riptortus linearis in a series of laboratory tests. They found that,
at 25 ° C and above, pathogenicity of B. bassiana decreased with increase in
temperature. They due that to the adverse effect of high temperatures on the
germination of conidia. Ultraviolet irradiation of conidia reduced
pathogenicity of B. bassiana to R. linearis.
Morley-Davies, et al. (1996), screened Metarhizium and Beauveria
spp. conidia with exposure to simulated sunlight and a range of temperatures.
They exposed the isolates to 4, 8, 16 and 24 hours UV light from a sunlight
simulator at 40 °. They found that, conidial viability decreased markedly in
34 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
all isolates with increasing UV exposure. Germination ranged between 10 and
50% after 24 hours exposure to UV.
Varela-A and Morales-R (1996), studied the characterization of some
Beauveria bassiana isolates and their virulence toward the coffee berry borer
Hypothenemus hampei. They found that, the viability of conidia decreased
between 45 and 50°C, with total mortality at 55°C for all isolates. There were
significant differences in susceptibility to ultraviolet radiation and in daily
lipase production.
Tang, et al. (1999), found that, resistance to heat and ultraviolet
radiation of conidia of Beauveria bassiana with different moisture contents
varied significantly within different strains. The effects of radiation occurred
more at higher (RH 85 and 93%) and the lowest (5%) moisture contents,
while 10 and 55% RH had less effect on conidial viability.
Edgington, et al. (2000), found that, unprotected B. bassiana spores
were almost completely inactivated by exposure to 60 minutes of direct
sunlight or 20 second of UV light of 302 nm wave length.
Cagan and Svercel (2001), studied the influence of different doses of
ultraviolet (UV) light on the pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fungus B.
bassiana against the European corn borer, O. nubilalis, and on the radial
growth of the fungus under laboratory conditions. They found that UV light
exposure significantly influenced the pathogenicity of B. bassiana isolates
against O. nubilalis larvae. Variant SK99C showed the highest level of
infectivity. There are a significant differences between these variants.
Nong, et al. (2005), conducted laboratory experiments to study the
UV-screen effect of 17 UV-protectants and 4 combinations for the conidia of
35 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Verticillium lacanii
[Verticillium lecanii]. They found that, UVP-2 (benzotriazole ) was confirmed
to be the most effective protectant. Protective efficiency of UVP-2 to spores
of entomopathogenic fungi was over 90%, and the other 4 UVPs
(benzotriazole 3, oxybenzone 2, sodium uranine and Congo red) were
approximately 60% after 30 minutes exposure of spores to UV. The mixture
of UVPs did not show higher effectiveness compared to single UVPs. The
mixture of groundnut oil and n-hexane was a suitable solute for UVP-2. The
effective concentration of UVP-2 should be higher than 0.75% for the
protection of fungal conidia. After 40 and 180 minute exposure of fungal
conidia to UV light (at lambda 254 nm, lambda 312 nm or lambda 365 nm),
the protective efficiency of UVP-2 could be increased over 90 and 56-77%,
respectively.
II.3.2 Efficiency of Beauveria bassiana against Aphis sp and two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus.
Feng, et al. (1990) bioassayed aphid-derived isolates of Beauveria
bassiana (SGBB8601) and Verticillium lecanii (DNVL8701) against 6
species of globally distributed cereal-infesting aphids. And they found that,
B. bassiana was more virulent than V. lecanii. The LC50`s for B. bassiana and
V. lecanii were 2.1×106 and 8.9×105 on Rhopalosiphum maidis. The LT50`s at
all concentration varied between the pathogens and among the aphid hosts,
with B. bassiana tending to kill aphids more rapidly.
Saenz de Cabezon Irigaray Francisco, et al. (2003) determined the
effects of the mycoinsecticide Naturalis-L (Beauveria bassiana conidial
36 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
formulation) on the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. The lethal
concentration to kill 50% (LC50) for the juvenile stages was 3184 viable
conidia/ml and 1949 viable conidia/ml for adults.
Simova and Draganova (2003) evaluated the virulence of four
isolates of Beauveria bassiana (isolates 311, 312, 339 and 340) and one
isolate each of Metarhizium anisopliae (isolate 17), Paecilomyces farinosus
(isolate 112) and Verticillium lecanii (isolate 289) to the two-spotted spider
mite, Tetranychus urticae. They established that: The isolate 339 of B.
bassiana was the most virulent in experiments with T. urticae. The calculated
values of the median lethal time (LT50) varied within a narrow confidence
interval with 95% confidence limits from 1.293 to 1.420 days; the average
value was 1.355 days.
Nirmala, et al. (2006) studied the pathogenicity of 12 fungal isolates
belonging to Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Verticillium
lecanii against Aphis craccivora, Aphis gossypii and Rhopalosiphum maidis
using detached leaf bioassay technique. They found that, all 12 isolates of the
three fungi were pathogenic to A. gossypii, Aphis craccivora and R. maidis.
R. maidis was relatively less susceptible to the three fungi than A. craccivora
and A. gossypii.
II.3.3 Role of Bacillus thuringiensis on the biological control of European Corn Borers Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.).Coppolino et al. (1984), found that granular formulations of Bacillus
thuringiensis kurstaki more effective than wettable powders, and more
suitable for application in fields containing low densities of Ostrinia nubilalis
37 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
and parasites populations (which are less affected by microbial than by
chemical insecticides).
Lokaj and Marek (1986), found that, Decis [deltamethrin] was
highly effective against Ostrinia nubilalis on maize. Cymbush [cypermethrin]
was also effective. Biological preparations based on Bacillus thuringiensis
and insect growth regulators (Dimilin [diflubenzuron] and Nomolt
[teflubenzuron]) were less effective. They concluded that the success of
treatments depends on the correct timing of applications. The importance of
environmental considerations is emphasized.
McGuire et al. (1990), tested an encapsulated Bacillus thuringiensis
subsp. kurstaki within maize-starch granules with the feeding stimulant Coax
or the UV screen Congo red at 2 field sites against Ostrinia nubilalis feeding
in whorl-stage maize. They found that, all treatments with B. thuringiensis
significantly reduced tunneling by O. nubilalis. At one site, they observed a
significant effects of addition of the phagostimulant. When they added the
coax at 1 or 10% of starch dry weight with 400 IU B. thuringiensis/mg dry
granule weight, the response of O. nubilalis was equivalent to that obtained
with granules containing no feeding stimulant and 1600 IU/mg. Also, granules
with the coax and 400 IU/mg gave a response similar to that obtained with the
commercial product Dipel 10G formulated at 1600 IU/mg. At the other site,
the effect of phagostimulants was not significant, primarily because O.
nubilalis infestation levels were excessively low for precise discrimination
among treatments.
Mile (1993), studied the integrated pest management of European corn
borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hb) in maize. He reported that, in field trials in
38 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1990-92, two preparations based on the Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki
(Biobit WP at 1.5 kg/ha and Biobit XL at 2.0 liters/ha) gave good results
against the pest.
Burgio et al. (1994), studied the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis
Berliner subsp. kurstaki based preparations against European corn borer
infesting pepper Capsicum annuum in greenhouses. They reported that, in
1991, one- and three-week interval treatments using Delfin reduced damage
caused by O. nubilalis compared with the untreated control. In 1992, both
Lepinox and Delfin reduced damage compared with the untreated control, but
there was no statistical difference between the two formulations. Two
treatments against 2nd generation larvae were sufficient to reduce damage.
When attacks by O. nubilalis were high, as in 1992, when the percentage
damage ranged between 34.8 and 43.7, spray intervals of six - seven days
were suggested for effective control. The spreader-sticker Vapor Gard
(pinolene) did not affect the efficacy of B.t. subsp. kurstaki and/or its
persistence.
McGuire et al. (1994a), investigated residual insecticidal activity of
Bacillus thuringiensis encapsulated in corn starch. In the 1st test, they stated
that during a wet year (1990) insecticidal activity of B. thuringiensis
encapsulated in starch granules was greater than that of B. thuringiensis in a
commercial formulation. In a dry year (1989), there were no significant
differences in activity. In 1991, the commercial formulation had less activity
than the two of the starch formulations. In the 2nd test, They examined the
effect of an early (1st day of insect infestation) versus a late application (7th
day of infestation) of toxicants when whorl-stage plants were infested with
39 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
laboratory reared larvae of O. nubilalis over a period of 10 days. They found
that, late application was significantly more effective than early application.
Granules of B. thuringiensis consistently prevented damage by O. nubilalis as
well as or better than a chemical insecticide for the length of the study.
McGuire et al. (1994b), explored the survival of Ostrinia nubilalis
(Hubner) after exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner encapsulated in
flour matrices. They found that, in the greenhouse and at all 3 field sites, 5 of
these formulations were just as effective as Dipel 10G, a commercially
available B. thuringiensis product, for control of larvae of the pest. In all
greenhouse studies and at one of the three field sites, the dose of B.
thuringiensis could be reduced by as much as 75% when a phagostimulant
was added to flour granules without significant loss of control of O. nubilalis.
The phagostimulant dose response was not observed at the other two field
sites in which larval infestations were relatively low. Flour type had no
significant effect on control of O. nubilalis under greenhouse and field
conditions. Greenhouse evaluations provided results significantly similar to
results from two of the field sites, indicating the usefulness of the technique.
Ridgway et al. (1996), developed a low-cost, granular matrix
formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, composed primarily of
corn flour and containing a feeding stimulant composed of cottonseed flour
and sugars, for use against Ostrinia nubilalis, on whorl-stage maize. In
laboratory experiments, they indicated that a maize flour agricultural
commodity product was a suitable carrier, that the feeding stimulant enhanced
the activity of B. thuringiensis, and that the granular matrix protected B.
thuringiensis from photo-degradation. In greenhouse test they showed that,
40 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
there was a higher mortality of O. nubilalis on maize plants treated with the
granular matrix than on plants treated with a standard commercial granular
formulation of B. thuringiensis. Mortality with either treatment was increased
by application of simulated rainfall. In a field test, They found that, the
granular matrix applied at a rate of 5.5 kg/ha gave control comparable with
that achieved by the commercial standard applied at a rate of 11 kg/ha. They
indicated that, increased efficacy or reduction in costs of management of O.
nubilalis with B. thuringiensis should be possible through the use of the
granular matrix formulation.
Hafez et al. (1998), reported that, inorganic salts, such as, calcium
oxide, calcium carbonate, zinc sulphate and potassium carbonate at 0.1%
potentiate the activity of the product Dipel 2X (B. t. var. kurstaki) against
Chilo agamemnon and Ostrinia nubilalis in varying degrees. With regard to
protein solubilizing agents, urea, sodium thioglycollate and EDTA enhanced
the potency of B. t. against O. nubilalis with 1.4-2.3 fold increase . The lipid
emulsifying agent Tween 80 (0.5%) caused 1.3 fold increase in the potency of
B. t. With respect to C. agamemnon, sodium thioglycollate and EDTA (0.1%)
were effective in potentiating the activity of B. t. with 3.1 and 1/2 fold
increase, respectively, while urea caused a decrease in the potency of B. t. as
compared with the control. The lipid emulsifying agent Tween 80 (0.5%)
caused 1.3 fold increase in the potency of B. t. The potentiating effect of
aromatic compounds is not obvious with respect to the tested insect species.
With amino acids and amides, it appeared that some of the tested compounds
enhanced the potency of B. t. against the tested insect species but in varying
degrees.
41 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Ivezic et al. (1998), treated maize (in a field experiment) with 3 liters/
ha of Biobit XL (Bacillus thuringiensis-based) for controlling Ostrinia
nubilalis at the beginning and/or at the end of July, They found that,
infestation levels had of 53, 35 and 37%, respectively, compared with 83% in
the untreated control.
Raspudic et al. (1999), carried out a biological control of ECB on
silage maize with biological preparation Biobit XL (based on Bacillus
thuringiensis) at a dose of 3 liters/ha. They reported that, intensity of attack
was lower for 41%. The number of cavities and larvae/plant also decreased.
On treated plots 0.64 cavities and 0.67 larvae/plant were found, whereas on
the control plots there were 1.61 cavities and 1.79 larvae/plant. Both cavities
and larvae were above the ear, because these were the larvae of the second
generation. Length of damage of maize stems in the control plots was 4.11
cm, and on treated plots 1.28 cm/plant.
Ridgway and Farrar (1999), compared five commercial granular
formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner marketed for controlling the
European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). They stated that, three
formulations, Dipel 10G(R), Full-Bac ECBG(R), and Strike BT(R), were
similar in terms of both mortality and speed of kill. A formulation containing
a strain of B. thuringiensis developed by plasmid fusion, Condor G(R), caused
mortality similar to the other three formulations, but the speed of kill was
slower. A fifth formulation containing a B. thuringiensis toxin produced by
Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula, M-Peril(R), caused substantially less
mortality than any of the other formulations. An experimental water
dispersible formulation, based on a previously developed granular matrix
42 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
formulation containing B. thuringiensis and a nutrient-based phagostimulant,
caused significantly higher mortality of the European corn borer than a similar
formulation without the phagostimulant.
Tamez Guerra et al. (2000), found that, B. thuringiensis stability,
after simulated sunlight (xenon light/8 h) and rain (5 cm/50 min), was
improved using formulations based on lignin, corn flours, or both, with up to
20% of the active ingredient, when compared with technical powder or Dipel
2X in laboratory assays a lignin and lignin + pregelatinized corn flour (PCF)
based formulation showed significantly higher residual activity than Dipel
2X, four and seven days after application.
Pierce et al. (2001), determined the larval susceptibility to
Bacillus thuringiensis for Nosema pyrausta infected and uninfected European
corn borers, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). They disseminated that, LC50 values
for N. pyrausta infected larvae were significantly lowered (P<0.0001) than for
uninfected larvae and declined with increasing levels of infection. LC50 values
for a 15 days bioassay using field colony first instar were 0.006 and 0.027 mg
of Dipel ES/kg of diet for larvae moderately infected by N. pyrausta and
uninfected larvae, respectively. Nosema pyrausta infected larvae reared on
Dipel ES-amended diets produced 70-fold fewer spores (P<0.0001) than
larvae reared on standard diet. Infected larvae also weighed less and failed to
mature on Dipel ES-amended diets. They suggested that B.t corn will have a
direct adverse effect on the survival and continual impact of N. pyrausta as a
regulating factor on European corn borer populations.
43 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
II.4 Oils efficiency against spider mites Tetranychus spp
Rock and Crabtree (1987) examined the activity of petroleum and
cottonseed oils against adult females of Tetranychus urticae and P. ulmi. They
found that, cottonseed oil was less effective against the mites than petroleum
oil.
Butler and Henneberry (1990a) found that, various mixtures of
maize, coconut, palm, safflower, sunflower, groundnut and soyabean oils in
combination with 5 different liquid detergents effectively reduced numbers of
Tetranychus spp. on bush beans Phaseolus vulgaris, peppers and squash.
Butler and Henneberry (1990b) evaluated the acaricidal activity of
cottonseed oil, raw cottonseed oil and insecticidal soap against spider mites,
Tetranychus spp. (on celery). They found that, cottonseed oil induced high
levels of mortality on spider mites.
Sawires (1992) carried out laboratory and field studies to evaluate the
toxicity of maize and camphor oils on Tetranychus arabicus. They showed
that maize oil was more toxic and repellent than camphor oil.
El-Duweini and Sedrak (1997) studied the efficacy of jojoba
(Simmondsia chinensis) oil (canola oil) against different stages of the
phytophagous mite, Tetranychus arabicus, and the adult female of the
predaceous mite Euseius scutalis. They found that, the LC50 and LC90 for T.
arabicus larvae, deutonymphs, adult females and eggs were 0.53 and 4.28,
1.21 and 5.17, 1.60 and 6.35, and 2.53 and 10.86, respectively.
Amer, et al. (2001) tested the direct toxicity of some mineral and plant
oils to the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch eggs and
44 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
females. He found that KZ oil was toxic to the egg stage compared to adult
female. In contrast, the vegetable oil Natur'l has a close toxic effect for both
stages of T. urticae. Bio-dux oil was proved to be toxic to adult female and
relatively in toxic to egg stage.
Lancaster, et al. (2002) evaluated the summer sprays of soyabean oil
for their efficacy against two spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae)
(TSSM) on burning bush (Euonymus alatus). They reported that, single
sprays of 1, 2, or 3% soyabean oil or 1% SunSpray reduced TSSM
populations by 97-99% compared to water-sprayed controls. In a second
experiment, a single spray of 0.75, 1.0, or 1.5% soyabean oil reduced the
TSSM population by >95%, compared to the water control. A second spraying
of 0.25-1.5% soyabean oil resulted in <more or ≥ 93% control of TSSM
compared to the water control. A third spray provided little additional TSSM
control.
Lee, et al. (2005) evaluated Bionatrol, specified emulsion nano-
particle soyabean oil, for it's insecticidal efficacy on two spotted spider mites
(Tetranychus urticae), aphids (Aphis gossypii), and white flies (Trialeurodes
vaporariorum) on greenhouse grown english cucumber (Cucumis subsp.
Kasa). They found that, Bionatrol had a relatively high mortality rate against
insects. Bionatrol reduced populations of the insects examined by 88-95%.
II.5 The side effect of bioinsecticides on some beneficial insects.
El-Husseini (1980), showed that treatment with Bactospeine (a
formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis was harmless
45 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
against the beneficial insects Labidura riparia and Coccinella
undecimpunctata.
Salama and Zaki (1984), studied the impact of Bacillus thuringiensis
Berl. on the predator complex of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) in cotton
fields. They found that the population curve of the coccinellids (Coccinella
undecimpunctata L., Scymnus interruptus (Goeze) and S. syriacus Mars., the
staphylinid Paederus alfierii Koch, the anthocorids Orius albidipennis (Reut.)
and O. laevigatus (Fieb.) and the chrysopid Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.)
(Chrysopa carnea)) was slightly affected as a result of spraying; this effect
was thought to be related to the population reduction of Spodoptera littoralis,
and the predator populations affected could rebuild together with that of the
host.
Langenbruch (1992), determined the efficacy of B.t. subsp.
tenebrionis on young larvae of Coccinella septempunctata when they had
fed on contaminated aphids [Aphididae]. Larvae of the predator were
unaffected by the recommended dose in the field.
Jayanthi and Padmavathamma (1996), studied the cross infectivity
and safety of nuclear polyhedrosis virus, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.
kurstaki Berliner and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuille to pests of
groundnut (Arachis hypogaea Linn.) and their natural enemies. They found
that Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki was highly effective against the
larvae of lepidopterous pests but not against homopteran insects. B.t. was also
safe to coccinellid predators and larval parasitoids of A. modicella, except
adults of C. carnea. Beauveria bassiana was pathogenic to groundnut pests
and coccinellid predators.
46 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Masarrat and Humayun (1997), showed that the entomogenous
fungus Beauveria bassiana was highly pathogenic to the predatory coccinellid
Coccinella septempunctata.
El-Hamady (1998), found that the commercial preparation of
entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana showed low acute toxicity
against rats (LD50: 8.7×108 conidia/kg body weight ). The fungus was toxic to
A. craccivora but not to C. undecimpunctata.
Haseeb and Murad (1997) conducted a laboratory trial to evaluate
the effect of entomogenous fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. on
insect predators. They revealed that all the predator species were susceptible
to the infection of B. bassiana. However, coccinelid beetles, Coccinella
septempunctata and Coccinella spp. were highly susceptible while
Coccinellid Brumoides suturalis (F.) and syrphid predators were least
susceptible.
Badawy and El-Arnaouty (1999) tested commercial insecticides
in the laboratory for toxicity to eggs and larvae of C. carnea. They reported
that, according to the percent cumulative mortality, the insecticides could be
arranged descendlingly as profenofos, pirimiphos-methyl, methomyl,
malathion, carbosulfan, abamectin, Biofly, pirimicarb, M-pede, MVP II
(delta-endotoxin of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki encapsulated in dead cells
of Pseudomonas fluorescens) and Dipel.
Cagan and Uhlik (1999), tested B. bassiana strains isolated from
O. nubilalis against the larvae of O. nubilalis and coccinellid beetles in
laboratory conditions . They found that B. bassiana killed 50% of coccinellid
larvae during 48 hours. After another 24 hours 83.3% (strain SK78), or 100%
47 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
(strain SK99) coccinellid larvae were killed by the fungus. More than 50% of
dead adults of Coccinella septempunctata L. and Propylea
quattuordecimpunctata (L.) was found 72-120 hours after application of
fungus.
Sharma and Kashyap (2002), conducted a field experiment to
investigate the impact of pesticides on pests of tea and their natural enemies.
They found that, Neemark [Azadirachta indica] at 0.3%, Achook at 0.3% and
Bacillus thuringiensis formulation (Dipel 8L at 0.3%) were quite safe to
Syrphis sp. and Coccinella septempunctata.
Bozsik (2006) examined five insecticides (pyriproxifen, imidacloprid,
deltamethrin+heptenophos, lambda-cyhalothrin and Bacillus thuringiensis
Berliner subsp. tenebrionis) for their acute detrimental side-effects at field
rates on adult Coccinella septempunctata L. They found that, pyriproxifen,
imidacloprid and B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis seem to be safe for C.
septempunctata adults.
II.6 The side effect of diazinon on some beneficial insects
Mishra and Satpathy (1984), carried out a laboratory bioassay of 8
insecticides to determine their effects on adults of Brevicoryne brassicae and
its coccinellid predator Coccinella repanda. They found that, demeton-O-
methyl was the least harmful of the compounds tested to C. repanda and was
most toxic to the aphid, followed by diazinon and endosulfan in descending
order of selectivity.
Salim and Heinrichs (1985) studied the relative toxicity of
48 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
monocrotophos, diazinon and deltamethrin to Sogatella furcifera and its
predators Lycosa pseudoannulata, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, Harmonia
octomaculata and Paederus fuscipes They found that, diazinon was relatively
safe to the 4 predators, causing significantly lower mortality of L.
pseudoannulata, H. octomaculata and P. fuscipes than of S. furcifera.
Bozsik, et al. (2002) investigated the enzyme activity of head
homogenates from adults of Coccinella septempunctata, Chrysoperla carnea
and F. auricularia in the presence of insecticide active ingredients. They
found that, the beneficial insects showed the least susceptibility to diazinon
and the differences between their measured values were not remarkable.
Omar, et al. (2002), evaluated the role of the insecticides profenofos,
diazinon and thiamethoxam against Pegomya mixta [Pegomya cunicularia].
They found that, diazinon and profenofos demonstrated the highest toxic
figures to the certain predators, where the reduction averages were 56.9 and
62.5%, 64.9 and 63.9% and 35.0 and 59.5% for Coccinella undecimpunctata,
Chrysoperla carnea and Paederus alfierii for the 1st and 2nd seasons,
respectively. Thiamethoxam ranked next in this respect. The average
reduction percentages were 27.7, 31.0 and 25.6% for Coccinella
undecimpunctata, Chrysoperla carnea and Paederus alfierii, respectively.
III - III - MATERIALS AND METHODSMATERIALS AND METHODS
III.1 Rearing technique of aphids:
The adult stage of cotton aphid Aphis gossypii (Glover), bean aphid
Aphis craccivora (Kock) and corn aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch)
(Homoptera: Aphididae), were collected from okra, faba beans, and corn
plants, respectively from different farms at El-Gharbia Governorate. The
aphid cultures were maintained under laboratory conditions for six months.
Kenaf plants Hibiscus cannabinus, broad bean Vicia faba and corn Zea mays
(L.) Wliczek seedlings were used for rearing aphids' Aphis gossypii, Aphis
craccivora and Rhopalosiphum maidis, respectively according to Zein, et al.
(1982). After 7-15 days aphids were transferred from infested to healthy
seedlings by cutting the heavily infested leaves and placed on the healthy
seedlings.
Contamination between cultures was prevented by placing the
seedlings in special chambers 50×50×60 cm covered with muslin on their
sides. These cultures were kept in a breeding room under the temperature of
25±2°C, 65±5 relative humidity (R.H) and 12 hours daily illumination by
using two fluorescent bulbs of 40 watts each .
III.2 Rearing technique of the two spotted Spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval).
Spider mite T. cinnabarinus (Boisduval) colonies were obtained from
castor bean plants Ricinus communis (L.) at El-Gharbia Governorate and
reared under laboratory conditions on castor bean leaves for about six months
50 MATERIALS AND METHODS
away from any contamination of pesticides before starting the experiments
according to Zein, et al. (1987). About 6-10 seeds of castor bean were
planted in one pot (30 cm. diameter) and left under the green house
conditions for 7-10 days for germination.
After 7-10 days, seedlings were infested by clean culture of red
mites. Mites were always transferred from infested to healthy plants by
cutting heavily infested leaves into small sections and placed on sound
plants. Contamination was prevented by placing these seedlings in special
chambers 50×50×60 cm covered with muslin. These cultures were
maintained in a breeding room under of 25±2°C, 65±5 relative humidity
(R.H) and 12 hours daily illumination by using two fluorescent bulbs of 40
watts each. Mites were collected by placing the infested castor-oil bean
leaves on white paper, then the full mature individuals were chosen and
transferred by a fine brush to leaves discs (1.5 cm diameter) for
experimental tests .
III.3 Rearing technique of the predator, Paederus alfierii (Kock).
The tested predator P. alfierii (Kock) (Rove beetles) was collected
from untreated vegetables fields at Elgharbia Governorate by using an insect
trap.
Predators were placed in glass jars (one litter) covered with muslin.
Aphis sp and egg masses of cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littorals were
offered every day to the predator as a constant supply of food. Predators
were kept under laboratory conditions (temperature 25±2 °C and 65±5 RH
51 MATERIALS AND METHODS
and 12 hours daily illumination by fluorescent light) for at least 2 weeks
before testing (Abd-Allah, 1998).
III.4 Determination of the Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) potency .
To evaluate the effect of UV radiation on Beauveria bassina
formulation (Biofly), the formulation potencies before and after UV
radiation were determined. Cultures of aphids and spider mite were
maintained under laboratory conditions. Many investigators found that
Beauveria bassina had hight efficiency against spider mites and aphids
(Feng, et al. 1990; Simova and Draganova 2003 and Nirmala, et al.
2006). This experiment aims to study the efficiency of Beauveria bassiana
formulation (Biofly) against three aphid species namely (Aphis gossypii
(Glover), Aphis craccivora (Kock) and Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) and
also its efficiency against spider mite T. cinnabarinus. Both of slid dipping
and leaf-disc dipping techniques were used to determine the most
susceptible species.
III.4.1 Slide dipping technique.The slide dipping technique described by El- Sayed, et al. (1978)
was applied to assay the toxicity of Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly)
against aphids. A piece of double faced scotch tape was pressed tightly to
the surface of a glass slide. Using a moist brush, ten adults of aphids (1-2
days old) were stuck to the tape on their backs so that their legs and
antennae were kept free. The slides were then dipped in the Biofly dilutions
(50 : 50000 conidia/ml) and gently agitated for five seconds. Any excess of
52 MATERIALS AND METHODS
the solutions was removed using a filter paper and kept under the same
conditions of the breeding room. Three replicates were used for each
concentration. Forty of insects were also dipped in water according to the
above technique and considered as control check. Mortality counts were
recorded after 24 and 48 hours following treatments. Aphids responding to
touch of a fine brush were considered alive.
III.4.2 Leaf-disc dipping technique:
Four castor bean leaves discs (1.5 cm in diameter) were placed
upside down on a filter paper and put over a wet cotton pad in petri-dish, 9
cm in diameter. Treatments were carried out by immersing the leaf disc in
each pesticidal dilution for five seconds, and the treated discs were left to
dry and returned to the petri-dishes. Ten adult mites were placed on the
exposed surface of each disc and kept under the same conditions of the
breeding room. Each dish contained four discs which considered as four
replications for each dilution. Using microscopical examination, mortality
percentages were counted after 24 and 48 hours, and mites responding to
touch of brush were considered alive (Abo EL -Ghar and El-Rafie, 1961).
III.4.3 Determination the effect of ultra violet radiation on B. bassiana potency.Sunlight and ultra violet radiation significantly reduce the efficiency
of the biological control agents (fungus, bacteria and virus). So, for
obtaining a satisfy biological control, the effect of adding some chosen
photostablizers and oils to the biological agents formulations were
investigated. But this adding may be synergistic or inhibited their efficiency.
53 MATERIALS AND METHODS
So, the investigations divided into two parts as follow:
a- Study the effect of mixing certain oils and photostaplizers with
Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) on its efficiency as a biocontrol
agent.
b-Study the stability of these mixtures under ultra violet radiation.
III.4.3.a Mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) with different oils.
III.4.3.a.a Chemical used :1-Mineral oil (KZ oil)Structural formula Mixture of CH3CnH2nCH3 were n=13-39 atoms and cyclic paraffins
were n=3-17 atoms
Molecular Formula : CnH2n+2 for alkanes and CnH2n for cyclic paraffins were n = 15:40 atoms.Called Volk oil, a refined grade colorless oil distillate on 350°F composed mainly of alkanes (15:40 carbons) and cyclic paraffins (15:40 carbons)
Formulations: :E.C. 95 %.Introduced by :Kafr El - Zayat Company.*Recommended rate of application : 750 cm3 / feddan.2- Paraffin oilStructural formula : the same structure of the mineral oil.Molecular Formula : the same molecular formula of the mineral oil.Introduced by :Elcabten company for oil extracting.
* According to the Ministry of Agricultural technical recommendation for controlling
agriculture pests (2001)
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CH2
CH2
(CH2)n
(CH2)n
54 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3- Botanical oils: Corn and cotton oilsIntroduced by : Tanta Company for oils and soap. Castor oil Introduced by :Elkabten company for oil extracting.Canola oil Introduced from : National research center, Horticultural department.
4: Beauveria bassiana (Bio-fly)
Formulations : E C. containing 30×106 conidia/ml of Beauveria bassiana.
Introduced by : El-Nasr for biopesticides and fertilizers Company. (Bio.)
*Recommended rate of application : 200 ml/100L
Procedures:In the laboratory, Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) was
mixed with four botanical oils (castor, canola, corn and cotton oil), mineral
and paraffin oils by the ratios of (1 Biofly:1oil, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1 and 3:1 v/v).
The toxicities of different mixtures were tested against spider mites T.
cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping method. Mortality percentages were
recorded after 48 hours and corrected according to Abbott`s formula
(1925), and LC50 values with their 95% confidence limits were estimated for
all treatments and compared with the LC50 for the Biofly formulation alone.
* According to the Ministry of Agricultural technical recommendation for controlling
agriculture pests (2001)
55 MATERIALS AND METHODS
III.4.3.b Mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) with Photostablizers and pigments.
III.4.3.b.a Chemicals used:Photostablizers :
A- C
O
Benzophenon
B-
Acetophenon
C-
4, nitro phenol
D- C
O
CH3O2N
4-nitro acetophenon
C
O
CH3
OH NO2
56 MATERIALS AND METHODS
Pigments:
A-
Titan yellow pigmentChemical Name: 7-Benzothiazolesulfonic acid, 2,2'-(1-triazene-1,3-diyldi-4,1-
phenylene)bis[6-methyl-, disodium salt
B-
Congo red pigmentChemical Name: 4-Amino-3-[(4-{4-[(1-amino-4-sulfo(2-
naphthyl))diazenyl]phenyl}phenyl)diazenyl]naphthalenesulfonic acid
Procedures:In laboratory test, Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) was
mixed with 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1% of four photostablizers (benzophenon, 4-
nitophenol, 4-nitro acetophenon and acetophenon) and two pigments, titan
yellow and congo red. All compounds were resolved in 1 ml methyl
alcohol to prepare all the mentioned mixtures. All mixtures and Biofly
formulation were tested against spider mite T. cinnabarinus by using leaf-
disc dipping technique. Mortality percentages were recorded after 48
hours and the LC50 were calculated and compared with the LC50 for the
OH
O O
N
SCH2
NN
OH
OO
N
SCH2
N
NH2
SOH
N N
O O
NH2
SOH
NN
OO
57 MATERIALS AND METHODS
Biofly formulation alone.
III.4.3.c Effect of Ultra Violet radiation (UV) on Beauveria bassiana .Only the most efficient mixtures from the previous experiments were
chosen to study the effect of UV radiation on B. bassiana in the laboratory.
25 ml of each mixtures and the Biofly formulation were placed in 50 ml
pyrex flask. Flasks were stoppered and gently shaken, then kept under UV
light radiation (λ= 254 nm) at 12 cm distance above flasks. Sample of 2.5
ml each was taken at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours after exposure to UV
light, placed in dark glass bottle. Samples were kept for bioassay test in a
refrigerator (at 4º C).
The LC84 values against spider mite T. cinnabarinus were
calculated from previous experiments and prepared for all mixtures
samples and Biofly formulation. Fifty adult mites were treated with
corresponding concentration by using leaf-disc dipping technique.
Mortality percentages was recorded after 48 hours and estimated the
concentration corresponding to all % mortality to calculate the half life time
T50 for each mixture using the following equation of Moye et al., 1987.
T50=ln 2
K=0.6932
K
K= 1
tx⋅ln abx
Where:
T50 = Half life time (the time needed to reduce the pesticide residue concentration to half )
58 MATERIALS AND METHODS
k = Rate of decomposition . tx = Time in days .
a = Initial residue of pesticide. bx = Concentration residue at x time.
III.5 The side effect of bioinsecticides against the predator, Paederus alfierii (Kock).
Surface deposit technique was used to determine the toxicity of
biochemicals, Agerin, Biofly and their mixtures with oils and
photostaplizers compared with diazinon against the predator Paederus
alfierii (Kock) as described by Moustafa et al., (1980) with slight
modification. The dry film of mixtures was prepared by applying 1 ml
methyl alcohol instead of acetone, containing the desired concentration of
each mixtures on 9 cm diameter petri dish, after the solvent was evaporated,
ten adults (previously exposed to low temperature 4°C for 10 min. to slow
their movement) of the predators were transferred to treated petri dishes and
each treatment was replicated four times. Mortality counts were recorded
after 48 hours after treatment.
III.6 L.D.P lines and statistical analysis.
All insects' mortality percentages results were corrected according
to Abbott`s formula (1925), and plotted on probit graph papers against
insecticide concentrations. Results were statistically analyzed according to
the method of Litchfield and Wilcoxon, (1949). The obtained data
including slopes of the regression lines and LC50 values with their 95%
confidence limits were calculated.
59 MATERIALS AND METHODS
III.7 Evaluation of some chemical insecticides efficiency against ECB on certain maize cultivatrs under natural infestation conditions.
III.7.1 Chemical insecticides used :
1- Diazinon ( Diazinox, Bausudin or Neocidal)Structural formula :
NN
CH3
(CH3)2CH
OP(OCH2CH3)2
S
Chemical name :O,O-diethyl O- 2- isopropyl- 6- methylpyrimidin- 4- yl phosphorothioate.
Molecular Formula :C12H21N2O3PSFormulation :60% E C.Introduced by : Kafr El - Zayat Company. *Recommended rate of application : 1L / feddan.2- Methymoyl (Lannate)
Structural formula :
CH3NHCO2N CSCH3
CH3
Chemical name :S- methyl N- (methyl carbamoyloxy) thioacetimidate.Molecular Formula :C5H10N2O2SFormulation : 90% SP.Introduced by : Kafr El - Zayat Company.* Recommended rate of application : 300 gm./ feddan.
* According to the Ministry of Agricultural technical recommendation for controlling
agriculture pests (2001)
60 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3-Fenpropathrin (Meothrin.)Structural formula :
OCHCNCO2
HCH3
CH3CH3
CH3
Chemical name :(RS)-∝-cyano-3- phenoxybenzyl 2, 2, 3, 3 tetra methyl-cyclopropane, carboxylate .
Molecular Formula :C22H23NO3
Formulation: :E.C. 20 %.Introduced by : Kafr El - Zayat Company.* Recommended rate of application : 750 cm3 / feddan.4-Chlorpyrifos. (Pyriban M)Structural formula
NCl
ClCl
OP(OCH2CH3)2
S
Chemical name :O,O-diethyl O-3, 5, 6- trichloro- 2- pyridyl phosphorothioate.
Molecular Formula :C9H11Cl3NO3PS.Formulation: :48% E C.Introduced by : El-Help for importing and exporting Co.*Recommended rate of application : 1L / feddan .Procedures:
Two field experiments were conducted at El-Gharbia governorate
(Tanta Agriculture Faculty Farm) and El-Behira governorate (OmEl-
Momnen village) during 2003 corn growing season, to evaluate the
* According to the Ministry of Agricultural technical recommendation for controlling
agriculture pests (2001)
61 MATERIALS AND METHODS
efficiency of certain chemical pesticides against ECB infesting different
corn cultivars. Eight white corn cultivars: open pollinated variety (Giza 2),
single cross 10 (S.C.10), S.C.13, S.C.123, three way cross 310 (T.W.C.310),
T.W.C.321, T.W.C.323, T.W.C.324 and two yellow corn cultivars T.W.C.351
and T.W.C.352 were planted at 10th of July(2003) in El-Gharbia region
and at 13th of July (2003) in El-Behira region. Seeds of corn cultivars were
supplied from Agricultural Research Center (A.R.C.), Egypt. The
experiment was designed as strip plot with three replicates. Vertical plots
assigned to the four insecticide treatments plus an untreated one (control).
All treatments were randomized distributed in each replication. Each
vertical strip plot were bordered on each side by two rows of untreated corn
cultivars to minimize the insecticide drift to adjacent plots.
The ten corn cultivars were allocated in horizontal plots which
randomize distributed in each replication as well.
Each plot was 10 rows. Each row (3 m long, 0.7 m apart) which
consisted of 13 plants. All plots received regular agricultural practices. The
pesticides were diluted with water at rate 200 liter/Fadden and sprayed using
a knapsack sprayer (Model CP3) fitted with one nozzle. The spray was
done twice 45 and 60 days after sowing (Metwally and Shehata, 1999). At
harvest time, a random sample consists of 10 plants was taken from each
plot to the laboratory for counting the total number of internodes and holes.
Number of holes per 100 internodes were calculated and recorded. The
stalks were dissected longitudinally to permit the counting of larvae and
cavities. A larvae borrowing cavity represented 2.5 cm long was counted as
one cavity. Also holes No./10 ear stalks and damaged grain percentages
62 MATERIALS AND METHODS
were recorded. The ears of each plot were shelled and weighted in the field.
Grain yields were adjusted to 15.5% grain moisture and a random sample
of 100 grains was weighted and recorded for each plot. 100g grain from
each plot were grained into fine powder and stored in paper package to
determinate nitrogen, protein and phosphorus percentage.
III.7.2 Soil analysis.Soil samples from the experimental sites were collected from
different soil depth (30 and 60cm) and analyzed for soil texture and
chemical properties (Table III.1). In general the soil of the first
experimental site (Experimental Farm of Faculty of Agric., Tanta) was clay
in texture, on the other hand, the texture of the second site (OmEl-Momnen
village - Wady El-Netron, El-Behira Governorate) was sandy in texture, all
soil had fairly uniforms without distinct changes in the texture and is not
saline or sodic. The physical and chemical properties of soil samples were
determined according to the outlined methods of Klute, (1986) and Page,
(1982), respectively.
III.7.3 Climatological elements.Climatological elements values were obtained from the Kotour (El-
Gharbia Governorate) and Wady El-Netron (El-Behira Governorate)
meteorological stations. The maximum and minimum air temperature
monthly means (°C) and averages of relative air humidity (RH%) at El-
Gharbia and El-Behira Governorate during the 2003 seasons are estimated
and summarized in Table (III.2).
63 MATERIALS AND METHODS
Table III.1: Some physical and chemical characters of the experiment soils.
LocationEl-Gharbia site El-Behira site
Soil depth (cm) Soil depth (cm)
Soil characteristics 0-30 30-60 0-30 30-60
Chemical analysis
E.C conductivity (paste extract) (dS/m)
2.6 2.1 2.3 2.2
pH 7.82 7.94 7.9 7.8
Organic matter % 0.91 0.53 1.88 1.42
Soil texture
Sand% 16.19 9.13 92.29 94.46
Silt% 40.14 42.14 2.4 1.34
Clay % 43.48 48.20 3.43 2.78
Table III.2: The monthly average of temperature and relative humidity during 2003 season in both locations.
Month
El-Gharbia site El-Behira site
Temperature º C
Max. Min. MeanRH%
Temperature º C
Max. Min. MeanRH %
July 35.14 24.91 30.03 66.47 35.4 21.7 28.55 48.5
August 35.72 24.54 30.13 66.18 35.8 22 28.9 52.2
September 33.59 22.18 27.89 64.55 33.2 20.2 26.7 50.5
October 28.87 18.17 23.52 64.63 30.7 17.8 24.25 54.2
November 28.7 19.5 23.8 52.4 26.1 14.9 20.5 60.8
64 MATERIALS AND METHODS
III.8 Evaluation of some microbial insecticides efficiency against ECB on certain maize cultivars compared with chemical insecticide under natural infestation conditions.
Chemical used:
Biopesticides
1-: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aegyptia.(Agerin)Formulation : 6% Wettable power containing 32×106 IU/mg of
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aegyptia.Introduced by : Bioagro-International-Egypt. It was used in Egypt by
permission from Agriculture Genetic Engineering Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture.
*Recommended rate of application : 500 gm/feddan
2-: Beauveria bassiana (Biofly)As previous described.
Procedures:To evaluate the effect of the two bioinsecticides, the mixtures of
bioinsecticide with some oils and photostaplizers and the bioinsecticide
mixtures with oils and photostaplizers and half dose of the most efficient
insecticide diazinon (which investigated from previous experiment) on the
most tolerant corn cultivar and two susceptible cultivars, two field
experiments were carried out at the Experimental Farm of Faculty of Agric.,
Tanta Univ. El-Gharbia Governorate during 2004 and 2005 successive
* According to the Ministry of Agricultural technical recommendation for controlling
agriculture pests (2001)
65 MATERIALS AND METHODS
seasons.
The design of the experiments was a strip plot design with three
replications as follows:
Horizontal plots were allocated to three corn cultivars namely:
1. S.C. 10, single cross hybrid (white).
2. Susceptible corn cultivar T.W.C.310, three way cross hybrid
(white).
3. Tolerant corn cultivar T.W.C.351, three way cross hybrid (yellow).
Vertical plots were assigned to nine treatments (control and eight
different treatments). Table III.3 shown the different mixtures used and
their application rates. Seeds of corn cultivars were supplied from
Agricultural Research Center (A.R.C.), Cairo.
Seeds cultivars were sown on 10th of July in the two successive
seasons (2004, 2005), all cultural practices were applied as recommended
by the Egyptian Agricultural Ministry . The mixtures were sprayed after 45
and 60 days of planting as the first experiment. Holes No./100 internodes,
cavities No. /10plants, larvae No./10 plants, 100 grain weight and grains
yield/10plants were calculated for each plot.
Climatological elements values, monthly temperature (°C) and
relative humidity (RH%) at El-Gharbia Governorate during the two
successive seasons (2004 and 2005) were obtained from Kotour
meteorological stations and presented in Table III.4.
66 MATERIALS AND METHODS
Table III.3: The mixtures used in the field experiments and their application rates
No. Chemical mixtures used Rate/ fadden
1 Control. -
2 Agerin. 500 gm/ feddan.
3 Biofly. 200 ml/200L.
4 Diazinon. 1L/ feddan.
5 Paraffin oil. 1L/ feddan.
6 Mixture No.1: Agerin + Paraffin oil + benzophenon (1:3:0.1%).
375gm Agerin + 125ml Paraffin oil +0.5 gm benzophenon.
7 Mixture No. 2: Biofly + Paraffin oil + benzophenon (1:3:0.1%).
150ml Biofly+ 50ml Paraffin oil + 0.2gm benzophenon.
8 Mixture No. 3: Agerin + Paraffin oil+ benzophenon (1:3:0.1%) + Diazinon with ½ recommended dose.
375gm Agerin + 125ml Paraffin oil + 0.5gm benzophenon + ½ L Diazinon.
9 Mixture No. 4: Biofly + Paraffin oil +benzophenon (1:3:0.1%) Diazinon with ½ recommended dose.
150ml Biofly + 50ml Paraffin oil + 0.2gm benzophenon + ½ L Diazinon.
Table III.4: The monthly average temperatures and relative humidity during the two growing seasons 2004 and 2005.
Average temperatures and relative humidity
(A) Season 2004
Month Temperature º C Humidity %
Max. Min. Mean Max. Min. Mean
July 33.9 23.4 28.6 90 44 67
August 33.6 22.4 28.0 78 36 57
September 32.4 36.3 34.4 86 26 56
October 32.4 20.8 26.6 78 27 52
November 27.7 19.1 23.4 74 31 52
(B) Season 2005
July 32.3 21.5 26.9 85 35 60
August 32.0 21.9 26.9 84 45 65
September 31.6 19.3 25.5 89 40 64
October 27.9 17.1 22.5 87 38 63
November 23.7 13.5 18.5 89 42 66
67 MATERIALS AND METHODS
III.9 Chemical analysis of Corn cultivars.
The present investigation was conducted at the experimental farm of
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tanta, during 2003 growing seasons.
The experimental designed was a factorial complete randomized plot with
three replications and 10 treatments (the previous cultivers) . Each cultivers
were planted in four row at 75 cm. apart and three m in length, and plant to
plant distance in raw was kept at 30cm. The crop was sown at 10th of July
2003. After 45 days, ten plants from the middle row were harvested and the
stems were cutting, air dried and grinding fine. Samples of 100g were kept
for determinations cellulose contents and percent of ash.
At tasseling stage, the cortex firmness of the internode below the
ear was measured and expressed as Newton, using a dynamometer with
(Ge1) an accessory plunger. Total soluble solid was measured by hand
refractometer (model, ATAGO N-1E) in the stem cellular juice.
III.9.1 Total nitrogen content determination.The total nitrogen content in corn grains was determined in all the
mentioned treatments by Solorzano method (1969) with slight modification
(solorzano method use to determined the total nitrogen contents in natural
water and its reaction depended on mixture pH (pH = 9). But the digested
solution (sample) had lower pH. So, we change the sample volume to 0.1ml
only to keep the pH in the right value). After convert the nitrogen content
to ammonium sulphate by digested 0.2gm ground corn grains with sulphuric
acid and perchloric acid (4:1) for 4 hours. The digested solution (sample)
was made up to 50ml with distillated water. 0.1ml of digested solution was
68 MATERIALS AND METHODS
mixed well with 2.5 ml phenol solution (110 mg phenol/ml ethyl alcohol
95%), 2.5 ml sodium nitroprusside (50 mg/ml distilled water) and 5 ml
oxidizing solution {100ml alkaline citrate buffer [20gm trisodium citrate +
1gm sodium hydroxide resolved in 100ml distilled water] + 25 ml sodium
hypochlorite commercial solution} in glass tubes. The glass tubes were
leaved for at least one hour to develop a blue color which measured its
optical density by Pharmacia LKB. Novaspec II colorimeter at a wavelength
of λ = 640 nm against the blank solution.
A standard curve prepared by plotting absorbent readings of known
sample concentration range of ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4) dilution.
Samples were computed by comparing sample absorbent with the standard
curve.
The total protein content of the samples was calculated as crud
protein, by multiplying the nitrogen content by 6.25 according to Pirie,
(1955). The results are presented as protein percentage on dry weight basis.
III.9.2 Phosphorus Determination. Phosphorus was determined according to Chapman and Pratt,
(1961), 0.2 gm of dried and ground samples were digested as previous
mentioned in nitrogen determination. After digestion the solution made up
to 50ml with distillated water. An aliquot of digested solution was placed
in a 25 ml volumetric flask and then naturalized using ammonium
hydroxide, and para-nitro-phenol (5% in ethyl alcohol) as indicator. Then 5
ml of the ammonium molybdate solution was added and mixed, the mixture
was diluted to 22 ml by using distilled water. 1 ml of stannous chloride
solution (25g dihydrate stannous chloride, (SnCl2.2H2O) in 50ml
69 MATERIALS AND METHODS
concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl), dilute to 1 L with distilled water) was
added and mixed immediately then made the final volume to 25 ml and
shacked, after 10 minutes the intensity of raised blue color was estimated (at
λ = 640 nm) by using a spectrophotometer (Pharmacia LKB. Novaspec II).
A standard curve of phosphorus (potassium di-hydrogen
orthophosphate) was used to calculate phosphorus percentage in the
samples.
III.9.3 Determination of cellulose contents.Cellulose content were determined according to Updegroff,
method(1969)
Reagents :
1-Acetic acid 80%
2- Nitric acid conc.
3- Ethyl alcohol.
4- Diethyl ether
Procedure:1-15 ml acetic acid 80% and 1.5 ml nitric acid were added to one gram of
dried sample, heated to boiling and leaved to cool.
2- 20 ml ethyl alcohol were added to the mixture sample, leaved a while and
the contents were filtered on gosh pot.
3- The sediment was washed on gosh pot twice with ethyl alcohol and then
with diethyl ether.
4-The sediment was dried in dried oven at 100 º C until dryness and cooled
in glass discator and weighted many time until the weight become
stable.
70 MATERIALS AND METHODS
5-The sediment sample burned in electrical oven at 550°C for 3 hours ,
cooled and weighted
The cellulose percentages were calculated from the following equation:
% cellulose = [( sediment weight after dryness – ash weight after
burned) / sample weight ] × 100
III.9.4 Determination of ash.A five grams weight of each predried sample was ashed in an
electrical oven at 550°C until light gray ash was formed. The total ash was
calculated as described in Association of Official Analytical Chemists
(AOAC), 1998.
III.10 Statistical analysis.
Data were subjected to the proper statistical analysis as the technique
of analysis of variance (ANOVA) of strip- split plot design as mentioned by
Gomez and Gomez, (1984). Treatment means were compared using the
New Least Significant Difference (NLSD) test as outlined by Waller and
Duncan, (1969). In case of the error mean squares of strip-split plot design
were homogenous (Bartlett’s test), the combined analysis were calculated
for all parameters in both seasons or location. Computation were done
using computer software MstatC version 3.4.
IV - IV - RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONRESULTS AND DISCUSSION
IV.1 Determination of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) potency.
The efficiency of Beauveria bassiana formulations measured by
Ostrinia nubilalis larvae (5th instar)(TL50 <4 days)Worthing, 1995. Using
Ostrinia larvae requirer a lot of time and efforts. To simplified this
estimation, The efficiency of Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly)
against three aphid species namely [Aphis gossypii (Glover), Aphis craccivora
(Kock) and Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch)] and two-spotted spider mite T.
cinnabarinus (Acarina:Tetranychidae) was studied by using slid dipping and
leaf-disc dipping technique to estimate the most susceptibility species, the
suitable time and method for application.
When the mortality percentage had been taken after 24 hours or leaf-
disc dipping technique used to evaluate the toxicity of the Biofly formulation
to the aphid species, there were non liner relationship between the mortality
percentages (probit values of the mortality percentages) and the
concentrations logarithm. So, the slide dipping technique was adopted to
evaluate the toxicity of the Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) to the
adults of different aphid species and leaf-disc dipping technique to the adults
of Tetranychus cinnabarinus mites and the mortality percentages taken after
48 hours. Results are recorded in Table (IV.1) and shown in Fig. (IV.1). The
obtained data show that, The toxicity of the Biofly formulation to aphid
species and red spider mites could be arranged descendingly as follows:
Tetranychus cinnabarinus > Rhopalosiphum maidis > Aphis craccivora >
Aphis gossypii (LC50`s:9.1×103, 5.65×104, 2.20×105, and 2.67×105 conidia/ml,
72 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
respectively. From previously mentioned results it could be concluded that: the
most susceptible species against Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) and
suitable to use as an indicator to Beauveria bassiana potency is the adults of
Tetranychus cinnabarinus mite. These results are accordance with many
investigators who had found that Beauveria bassiana had hight virulence against
two-spotted spider mite Tetranchus cinnabarinus and many aphid species such as
Nirmala, et al., 2006; Simova and Draganova, 2003; Saenz de Cabezon
Irigaray Francisco et al., 2003 and Feng, et al., 1990.
73 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.1: Toxicity of Beauveria bassiana against some aphid species and two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using slide dipping and leaf-disc dipping technique respectively.
Organism
Concentrations (condia/ml)
CalculatedLC50
(condia/ml)
CalculatedLC84
(condia/ml)
Confidence limits
Slop values.
102 103 2×103 5×103 104 105 106
Lower UpperMortality %
Aphis gossypii 0 0 0 0 13.63 27.27 68.18 2.67×105 63.41×106 1.97×105 3.62×105 3.84
Aphis craccivora 0 0 4.54 4.97 9.09 18.18 77.27 2.20×105 17.23 ×106 1.32×105 3.68×105 6.37
Rhopalosiphum maidis 0 0 0 4.545 68.18 77.27 95.45 5.65×104 9.48×105 3.53×104 9.03×104 3.32
Tetranychus cinnabarinus 0 27.27 36.36 63.63 72.72 77.27 100 9.1×103 1.105×105 4.9×103 1.71 ×104 0.92
74 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fig IV.1: Probit regression lines for the toxicity of Biofly to some Aphis spp and two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus.
75 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
IV.2 Effect of ultra violet radiation on B. bassiana potency.
Among the fractions of spectrum that reach to the surface of the earth,
UV-B which has great harmful effect on the micro-organisms particularly at
wavelengths between 295-315 nm (Braga et al., 2001 a, b; Goettel et al., 2000;
Goettel and Inglis, 1997 and Inglis et al., 1995). Ultraviolet light has detrimental
effects on conidial culturability, conidial germinability, germinates and affectivity
of entomopathogenic fungi (Braga et al., 2002, 2001 a, b and Fargues et al.,
1997). Many attempts have been made to reduce the negative effects of UV
radiation on entomopathogens by adding photo-protective agents to the
formulations (Alves et al., 1998 and Moore et al., 1993).
Many investigators had been improved the efficiency of Bacillus
thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana formulations by adding photostaplizers
and/or oils. But this adding may be synergistic or inhibited the efficiency of the
biological agents. So, our investigation dived to two parts:
1- Study the effect of mixing some photostaplizers and oils with Beauveria
bassiana formulation (Biofly) to obtained the most enhanced compound to the
Beauveria bassiana efficiency.
2- Study the stability of these mixtures under ultra violet radiation to obtain
the most efficient compound that protect the bioinsecticide from the detrimental
effect of the UV.
IV.2.1 Effect of mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) with different oils.
Oils and wetting agents have been extensively investigated and adopted as
means of enhancing the delivery, persistence, and efficacy of mycoinsecticides. Oil
76 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
based formulations of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin were introduced
by Prior et al., 1988, who reported that coconut oil was more efficient as a carrier
of B. bassiana conidia than 0.01% aqueous Tween 80 for the weevil Pantorhytes
plutus (Oberthur). More recently, oil based formulations of mycopesticides have
been tested against various insect pests with positive results (Maranga et al.,
2005; Wekesa et al., 2005; Kaaya, 2000; Batista-Filho et al., 1994;Ma et al.,
1999 and Huang, 1995). Because of the lipophilic nature of phialo-conidia that
do not bear a mucus coating, they can be easily suspended in oils to achieve
greater efficacies than when used in water (David-Henriet et al., 1998 and
Bateman et al., 1993). Also, the need for high relative humidity and dosage could
be reduced if its conidia were formulated in oil. So, The toxicity and potentate
effect of some botanical oils (castor, canola, corn and cotton), mineral and paraffin
oils had been evaluated against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus.
IV.2.1.a Effect of different oils against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus.
The leaf disc dipping technique was adopted to evaluate the toxicity of the
certain oils on the adults of Tetranychus cinnabarinus mites. Results are recorded
in Table (IV.2) and shown in Fig.(IV.2) . The obtained data show that, The toxicity
of the different oils could be arranged descendingly as follows:corn oil> cotton oil
>caster oil > mineral oil>canola oil> paraffin oil (LC50`s:99.8, 472.2, 666.7,
1085.7, 1559.2, and 2525.2 ppm respectively. Many authors had reported that
mineral and botanical oils had hight efficiency against spider mite either in
laboratory or under field conditions Lee et al., 2005; Lancaster et al., 2002;
Amer et al., 2001; El-Duweini and Sedrak, 1997; Sawires, 1992; Butler and
Henneberry, 1990a,b and Rock and Crabtree, 1987.
77 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.2: Toxicity of some botanical oils and mineral oil against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.
Oils
Concentrations (ppm)
CalculatedLC50
(ppm)
CalculatedLC84
(ppm)
Confidence limits
Slop values.
50 102 2×102 5×102 103 2×103 5×103 104 2×104 5×104
Lower UpperMortality %
Corn oil 29.17 29.17 83.00 99.00 100 100 100 100 100 100 99.79 208.05 86.2 115.24 3.13
Cotton oil 0 8.33 39.58 41.67 60.42 - 99.00 100 100 100 472.19 1467.95 365.35 610.27 2.03
Castor oil 0 8.33 10.42 33.33 45.83 - 99.00 100 100 100 666.67 1869.02 501.06 887.00 2.23
Mineral oil 0 0 27.08 29.17 37.50 41.67 93.75 100 100 100 1085.69 5917.66 778.86 1513.4 1.36
Canola oil 0 0 0 0 31.25 47.92 99.00 100 100 100 1559.19 2699.21 1339.3 1815.17 4.2
Paraffin oil 0 0 13.99 15.87 33.33 56.25 64.58 70.83 85.42 91.67 2558.57 356159.55 1505.51 4348.23 1.10
78 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
ppm
0
50
100%
Mo
rtali
ty.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8P
rob
it.1-Corn oil2-Cotton oil3-Castor oil4-Mineral oil5-Canola oil6-Paraffin oil
(1)
(2)
(3)(4)(5) (6)
Fig IV.2: Probit regression lines for the toxicity of some botanical oils and mineral oil to two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus.
79 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
IV.2.1.b Effect of Beauveria bassiana mixtures with oils against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus.
The toxicity of Beauveria bassiana mixtures with certain botanical oils,
mineral oil and parraffin oil on the adults' spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus
(TablesIV.3:IV.7) Show that:
When Biofly mixed with oils by the ratio 1Biofly:3oils, 1Biofly:2oils, and
1Biofly:1 oil, the mixtures` toxicities decreased compared with the Biofly
formulation alone (Tables IV.3-IV.5). On the other hand in case of mixing Biofly
with oils by the ratio 2Biofly :1 oils (Table IV.6), all mixtures were more toxic
than the Biofly formulation alone except the mixture of corn oil which was less
toxic than Biofly formulation alone. In case of mixing Biofly with oils by the
ratio 3Biofly :1 oils (Table IV.7), the mixtures` toxicities increased compared
with the Biofly formulation alone except the mixture of cotton oil which was less
toxic of Biofly formulation alone.
From the previous data it could be concluded that: in all tested oils, there
are a negative relationship between oil ratio in the mixtures and mixtures
toxicities. Most tested mixtures of corn and cotton oils had decreased the toxicity
of the Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) against Tetranychus
cinnabarinus adult mites. On the other hand, mixture No.5 (3Biofly:1oil) of
caster, canola, mineral and paraffin oils had increased the toxicity of the
Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) against Tetranychus cinnabarinus adult
mites. Several working including Maranga et al., 2005;Wekesa et al., 2005;
Manjula et al., 2003; Kaaya, 2000; Ma, et al., 1999; Huang, 1995 and Batista-
Filho et al., 1994 found that conidia formulated in oil outperformed the ones
80 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
formulated in water. These findings may be due to that oil had synergistic effect
to Beauveria bassiana (Batista-Filho, et al., 1995). That synergistic effect may be
due to enhanced the conidia germination ( Ramle et al., 2004 and Gurvinder et
al., 1999). Also, oil formulations had many advantages compared with water
formulations. Oil could protect the fungal conidia from the UV of sunlight (Moore
et al., 1993) and can give some protection to the conidia from heat (Scherer et al.,
1992). Oil formulations spread rapidly over the hydrophobic surface of leaves
(Burges, 1998) and oil drift evaporates more slowly than water, thus giving the
conidia more time to germinate and infect. Oil formulations also enhances
adhesion of the conidia to the insect cuticle, spreading of oil on the cuticle may
carry conidia into niches on the host cuticle (e.g., inter-segmental folds) that
provide moisture for germination and gave more protection from solar radiation
(Ibrahim et al., 1999). The other advantages of oil over water formulation include
the ready suspension of the lipophilic conidia of B. bassiana in oil (Prior et al.,
1988). But in case of corn oil the results disagree with the findings of Yasuda et
al., 2000, who found that, formulations of Beauveria bassiana conidia in a 10%
corn oil mixture showed more superior infectivity in both sexes of Cylas
formicarius than the formulation of conidia only in laboratory assays. Also,
(Grimm, 2001; Batista-Filho et al., 1995a, b; Smart and Wright, 1992)
reported that cottonseed, soybean, and mineral oils do not adversely affect the
viability of B. bassiana. The antagonism between B. bassiana, corn and cotton oil
may be due to their contents of fatty acids myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic,
linoleic and arachidic which inhibited both growth and lipase production
(Hegedus and Khachatourians, 1988).
81 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.3: The toxicity of Biofly mixtures with different oils by the ratio (1:3 v/v) on two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.
Mixtures of1Biofly : 3Oil v/v
Biofly conc. (condia/ml) : oil conc. (ppm).
Cal
cula
ted
LC
50
(con
dia/
ml)
Cal
cula
ted
LC
84
(con
dia/
ml) Confidence limits
Slop
val
ues.
3750
/348
.75
7500
/697
.5
1500
0/13
95
3750
0/34
87.5
7500
0/69
75
1500
00/1
3950
3750
00/3
4875
7500
000/
6975
0
Low
er
Upp
er
Mortality %
Biofly : Corn oil 0 0 33.33 39.58 43.75 81.25 89.58 100 4.90×104 2.80×105 3.03×104 7.94×104 1.32
Biofly : Cotton oil 10.42 20.83 - 47.92 75 99 100 100 2.16×104 6.81×104 1.66×104 2.00×104 2.00
Biofly : Castor oil 16.67 25 35.42 59.97 75 91.67 97.92 99 2.18×104 1.70×105 1.37×104 3.47×104 1.12
Biofly : Mineral oil 0 0 14 27.08 39.58 64.58 95.83 100 7.45×104 2.48×105 5.67×104 9.78×104 1.91
Biofly : Canola oil 0 0 47.92 70.83 95.83 95.83 99 100 1.52×104 5.61×104 1.06×104 2.18×104 1.76
Biofly : Paraffin oil 0 16.67 27.08 41.67 52.08 - 72.92 100 7.55×104 9.16×105 4.63×104 1.23×105 0.92
82 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.4: The toxicity of Biofly mixtures with different oils by the ratio (1:2 v/v) on two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.
Mixtures of1 Biofly : 2Oil v/v
Biofly conc. (condia/ml ): oil conc. (ppm).
Cal
cula
ted
LC
50
(con
dia/
ml)
Cal
cula
ted
LC
84
(con
dia/
ml) Confidence limits
Slop
val
ues.
3300
/203
6600
/407
1330
0/82
1
3300
0/20
39
6600
0/40
78
1330
00/8
2379
3300
00/2
0394
Low
er
Upp
er
Mortality %
Biofly : Corn oil 35.42 43.75 43.75 75 87.5 99 100 9.35×103 3.85×104 7.09×103 1.24×104 1.63
Biofly : Cotton oil 0 0 25 56.25 75 - 83.33 3.16×104 2.42×106 2.12×104 1.13×104 1.13
Biofly : Castor oil 16.67 27.08 33 60.42 81.25 99 100 1.57×104 5.21×104 1.24×104 1.99×104 1.92
Biofly : Mineral oil 0 6.25 27.08 66.67 70.83 70.83 93.75 3.74×104 1.57×105 2.83×104 4.96×104 1.61
Biofly : Canola oil 0 - 52.08 60.42 72.92 72.92 89.58 1.40×104 2.44×105 8.02×103 2.45×104 0.81
Biofly : Paraffin oil 0 - 25.0 56.25 75.0 - 75.0 3.32×104 4.03×105 2.03×104 5.41×104 0.92
83 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.5: The toxicity of Biofly mixtures with different oils by the ratio (1:1 v/v) on two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.
Mixtures of1 Biofly : 1Oil v/v
Biofly conc. (condia/ml) : oil conc. (ppm).
Cal
cula
ted
LC
50
(con
dia/
ml)
Cal
cula
ted
LC
84
(con
dia/
ml) Confidence limits
Slop
val
ues.
500/
15
2500
/77
5000
/155
1000
0/31
0
2500
0/77
5
5000
0/15
50
1000
0/31
00
2500
00/7
750
Low
er
Upp
er
Mortality %
Biofly : Corn oil 0 0 10.42 31.25 52.08 - 56.25 99 2.59×104 9.49×104 1.93×104 3.48×104 1.77
Biofly : Cotton oil 0 0 27.08 56.25 70.83 83.33 93.75 99 1.09×104 4.44×104 8.25×103 1.64×104 1.64
Biofly : Castor oil 10.42 25 - 45.83 75 97.92 99 100 5.49×103 2.29×104 3.97×103 7.59×103 1.61
Biofly : Mineral oil 0 14.58 25 50 75 87.5 97.92 100 1.05×104 3.67×104 8.26×103 1.35×104 1.85
Biofly : Canola oil 0 0 0 35.42 77.08 83.33 85.42 87.5 1.00×104 9.92×104 6.41×103 1.57×104 1.01
Biofly : Paraffin oil 0 0 27.08 56.25 70.83 83.33 93.75 99.00 1.09×104 4.44×104 8.25×103 1.43×104 1.64
84 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.6: The toxicity of Biofly mixtures with different oils by the ratio (2:1 v/v) on two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.
Mixtures of2 Biofly : 1Oil v/v
Biofly conc. (condia/ml) : oil conc. (ppm).
Cal
cula
ted
LC
50
(con
dia/
ml)
Cal
cula
ted
LC
84
(con
dia/
ml) Confidence limits
Slop
val
ues.
1600
/24
3300
/50
6600
/101
1660
0/25
5
3300
0/50
8
6600
0/10
16
1660
00/2
556
Low
er
Upp
er
Mortality %
Biofly : Corn oil 0 6.25 45.88 64.58 75 98 100 1.12×104 2.72×104 9.14×103 1.37×104 2.59
Biofly : Cotton oil 0 0 45.83 64.58 87.5 97.92 98.6 8.44×103 2.84×104 6.03×103 1.90×104 1.90
Biofly : Castor oil 0 31.25 64.58 93.75 98 100 100 4.95×103 1.11×104 3.96×103 6.19×103 2.85
Biofly : Mineral oil 18.75 37.5 52.08 41.67 93.75 98٫6 100 6.33×103 2.18×104 4.96×103 8.06×103 1.86
Biofly : Canola oil 22.92 - 39 56.25 83.33 99 100 7.06×103 2.54×104 5.49×103 9.07×103 1.80
Biofly : Paraffin oil 0 0 45.83 64.58 87.50 97.92 99.00 8434.968 28412.07 6.65×103 1.1×104 1.896
85 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.7: The toxicity of Biofly mixtures with different oils by the ratio (3:1 v/v) on two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.
Mixtures of1Biofly : 3Oil v/v
Biofly Conc. (condia/ml) : oil conc. (ppm).
Cal
cula
ted
LC
50
(con
dia/
ml)
Cal
cula
ted
LC
84
(con
dia/
ml)
Confidence limits
Slop
val
ues.
250/
2.5
1250
/12.
8
2500
/25
5000
/51
1250
0/12
8
2500
0/25
7
5000
0/51
5
1250
00/1
287
Low
er
Upp
er
Mortality %
Biofly : Corn oil 0 0 29.17 33.33 85.42 93.75 99 100 5.35×103 1.42×104 4.09×103 7.01×103 2.36
Biofly : Cotton oil 0 0 0 29.17 37.5 87.5 91.67 99 1.09×104 3.11×104 8.14×103 2.19×104 2.19
Biofly : Castor oil 0 0 45.83 68.75 95.83 99 100 100 1.70×103 1.18×104 9.89×102 2.90×103 1.19
Biofly : Mineral oil 6.25 8.33 18.75 56.25 99 100 100 100 2.93×103 8.44×103 2.19×103 3.93×103 2.18
Biofly : Canola oil 0 0 33.33 75 85.42 99 100 100 3.47×103 8.58×103 2.70×103 4.46×103 2.54
Biofly : Paraffin oil 0 29.17 37.50 87.50 91.67 99.00 100 100 2.44×103 6.76×103 1.99×103 2.98×103 2.77
86 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
IV.2.2 Effect of Mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) with photostaplizers.All photostaplizers and pigments had no toxicity effect against adults of
two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus up to 104 ppm. The toxicity of
the Biofly/photostaplizers mixtures to the adults of Tetranychus cinnabarinus, LC50
values and their confidence limits are recorded in Tables (IV.8:IV.12).
In case of mixing Biofly formulation with the acetophenone (Table IV.8):
results reveled that, The most toxic mixture was mixture No.1 (Biofly+0.1%
acetophenone) with LC50 value =6.45×103 conidia/ml while the lowest toxic one
was mixture No.4 (Biofly + 1% acetophenone) with LC50 value =2.68×105
conidia/ml.
In case of mixing Biofly formulation with the 4−nitro acetophenon
(Table IV.9), mixture No.1(Biofly + 0.1% acetophenon) was the most toxic one
(LC50 =2.48×102), on the other hand mixture No.4 (Biofly+1% acetophenon) was
the lowest toxic one (LC50 =9.68×104).
In case of mixing Biofly formulation with the 7−nitophenol (Table IV.10),
results revealed that: adding 0.1% 7−nitophenol (mixture No.1) to Biofly
formulation reduced the Biofly LC50 value to 5.57×103 conidia/ml, while adding
1% 7−nitophenol to Biofly formulation (mixture No. 4) make the mixture almost
non toxic to Tetranychus cinnabarinus mites (LC50 more than 107 conidia/ml).
In case of mixing Biofly formulation with the benzophenon(Table IV.11),
the mixture No.1(Biofly + 0.1% benzophenon) was the most toxic mixture where
LC50 value = 1.21×104 conidia/ml and the lowest toxic one was mixture No.4
(Biofly + 1% benzophenon) LC50 value = 3.07×104conidia/ml.
87 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In case of mixing Biofly formulation with the titan yellow pigment
(Table IV.12), data showed that, increasing of titan yellow pigment percentage
enhanced the toxicity of Biofly mixtures. There are a negative relationship
between pigment concentration in the mixture and the mixture toxicity . The most
toxic mixture was mixture No.1(Biofly + 0.1% Titan yellow pigment) (LC50
value=4.89×102) and mixture No.4 (Biofly + 1% Titan yellow pigment) was the
lest toxic one (LC50 value =2.02×104 conidia/ml).
When congo red pigment mixed with Biofly formulation (Table IV.13),
also the mixtures` toxicities enhanced compared with the Biofly formulation alone
but with the increase of pigment ratio the LC50 values increased. Where, mixture
No.1 (Biofly + 0.1% congo red pigment) had LC50 value = 3.55×103 conidia/ml
while mixture No.4 (Biofly + 1% congo red pigment) had LC50 value = 9.90×104
conidia/ml.
Generally. All compound had increased the mixtures toxicities to Teteranychus
cinnabarinus mites, but when increasing the compound ratio to 1% the toxicity
decrease. Similar results were obtained by Nong et al., 2005 and Inglis et al.,
1995.
88 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.8: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the acetophenone (photostabilizer) against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.
Biofly mixtures
Conc. (condia/ml)
Cal
cula
ted
LC
50
(con
dia/
ml)
Cal
cula
ted
LC
84
(con
dia/
ml) Confidence limits
Slop
val
ues.
102 103 104 2×104 5×104 105 2×105 5×105 106
Low
er
Upp
er
Mortality %
1-Mixture No. 1 (Biofly+0.1% acetophenone) 6.25 64.58 - 91.67 93.75 95.83 99.00 100 100 6.45×103 2.62×104 4.37×103 9.51×103 1.64
2-Mixture No. 2 (Biofly+0.2% acetophenone 0 - 47.92 56.25 87.50 89.58 91.67 95.83 100 9.39×103 8.27×104 5.74×103 1.54×104 1.06
3-Mixture No. 3 (Biofly+0.5% acetophenone ) 0 0 0 23.00 33.00 41.00 50.00 61.00 70.00 1.94×105 4.19×106 5.83×104 6.46×105 0.75
4-Mixture No. 4 (Biofly+1% acetophenone 0 0 0 8.33 18.75 25.00 47.92 - 100 2.68×105 1.59×106 1.63×105 4.39×105 1.29
89 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.9: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the 4-nitro acetophenon (photostabilizer) against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.
Biofly mixtures
Conc. (condia/ml)
Cal
cula
ted
LC
50
(con
dia/
ml)
Cal
cula
ted
LC
84
(con
dia/
ml) Confidence limits
Slop
val
ues.
103 104 2×104 5×104 105 2×105 5×105 106
Low
er
Upp
er
Mortality %
1-Mixture No. 1 (Biofly+0.1% 4-nitro acetophenon) 56.25 93.75 95.83 99 100 100 100 100 2.48×102 5.09×102 76 8.11×102 0.76
2-Mixture No. 2 (Biofly+0.2% 4-nitro acetophenon) 47.92 56.25 87.5 89.58 91.67 100 100 100 1.73×103 3.17×104 8.98×102 3.34×103 0.79
3-Mixture No. 3 (Biofly+0.5% 4-nitro acetophenon) 8.33 18.75 77.17 79.17 85.42 99 100 100 4.25×103 1.25×105 3.52×104 5.14×104 2.13
4-Mixture No. 4 (Biofly+1% 4-nitro acetophenon) 0 - 27.08 37.5 43.75 70.83 75 100 9.68×104 9.61×105 6.48×104 1.45×105 1.00
90 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.10: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the 7-nitophenol (photostabilizer) against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.
Biofly mixtures
Conc. (condia/ml)
Cal
cula
ted
LC
50
(con
dia/
ml)
Cal
cula
ted
LC
84
(con
dia/
ml) Confidence limits
Slop
val
ues.
103 104 2×104 5×104 105 2×105 5×105 106
Low
er
Upp
er
Mortality %
1-Mixture No. 1 (Biofly+0.1% 7-nitophenol ) 35.42 39.58 68.75 79.17 93.7 99 100 100 5.57×103 4.01×104 3.78×103 8.19×103 1.17
2-Mixture No. 2 (Biofly+0.2% 7-nitophenol ) - 45.83 64.58 70.83 93.75 99 100 100 1.43×104 5.05×104 1.07×104 1.90×104 1.82
3-Mixture No. 3 (Biofly+0.5% 7-nitophenol ) 0 0 14.58 39.58 41.67 47.92 66.67 - 1.84×105 2.02×106 1.21×105 2.80×106 0.96
4-Mixture No. 4 (Biofly+ 1% 7-nitophenol ) 0 0 0 0 0 12.5 20.83 20.83 3.56×107 3.23×109 1.29×107 9.88×107 0.51
91 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.11: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the benzophenon (photostabilizer) against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.
Biofly mixtures
Conc. (condia/ml)
Cal
cula
ted
LC
50
(con
dia/
ml)
Cal
cula
ted
LC
84
(con
dia/
ml) Confidence limits
Slop
val
ues.
103 104 2×104 5×104 105 2×105 5×105
Low
er
Upp
er
Mortality %
1-Mixture No. 1 (Biofly+0.1% benzophenon) 27.08 39.58 43.75 56.25 66.67 99 100 1.21×104 1.17×105 8.39×103 1.73×104 1.01
2-Mixture No. 2 (Biofly+0.2% benzophenon) 8.33 62.5 60 64.58 70.83 - 100 1.56×104 1.74×105 9.74×103 2.50×104 0.96
3-Mixture No. 3 (Biofly+0.5% benzophenon) 31.25 41.67 47.92 58.33 64.58 72.92 100 1.85×104 2.29×106 8.56×103 4.00×104 0.48
4-Mixture No. 4 (Biofly+1% benzophenon) 0 10.03 18.75 52.08 99 100 100 3.07×104 5.94×104 2.56×104 3.69×104 3.48
92 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.12: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the titan yellow pigment against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.
Biofly mixtures
Concentrations (condia/ml)
Cal
cula
ted
LC
50
(con
dia/
ml)
Cal
cula
ted
LC
84
(con
dia/
ml) Confidence limits
Slop
val
ues.
103 104 2×104 5×104 105 2×105 5×105
Low
er
Upp
er
Mortality %
1-Mixture No. 1 (Biofly+0.1% titan yellow pigment) 68.75 93.75 99 100 100 100 100 4.89×102 2.74×103 2.49×102 9.61×102 1.34
2-Mixture No. 2 (Biofly+0.2% titan yellow pigment) 22.92 47.92 99 100 100 100 100 3.27×103 1.05×104 2.37×103 4.52×103 1.98
3-Mixture No. 3 (Biofly+0.5% titan yellow pigment) 39.58 47.92 81.25 95.83 99 100 100 1.01×103 1.86×104 2.21×103 4.86×103 1.33
4-Mixture No. 4 (Biofly+1% titan yellow pigment) 0 31.25 47.92 70.83 85.42 89.52 99 2.02×104 1.64×105 1.26×104 3.24×104 1.1
93 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.13: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the congo red pigment against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.
Biofly mixtures
Conc. (condia/ml)
Cal
cula
ted
LC
50
(con
dia/
ml)
Cal
cula
ted
LC
84
(con
dia/
ml) Confidence limits
Slop
val
ues.
104 2×104 5×104 105 2×105 5×105
Low
er
Upp
er
Mortality %
1-Mixture No. 1 (Biofly+0.1% congo red pigment) 43.75 70.83 79.17 99 100 100 3.55×103 8.23×104 1.75×103 7.23×103 0.73
2-Mixture No. 2 (Biofly+0.2% congo red pigment) 41.67 81.25 91.67 99 100 100 4.04×103 4.52×104 2.34×103 6.98×103 0.95
3-Mixture No. 3 (Biofly+0.5% congo red pigment) 14.58 39.58 60.42 72.92 99 100 9.07×103 4.21×104 5.92×103 1.39×104 1.50
4- Mixture No. 4 (Biofly+1% congo red pigment) 0 10.42 18.75 83.3 87.5 89.58 9.90×104 4.35×105 6.57×104 1.49×105 1.56
94 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
IV.2.3 Effect of Ultra Violet radiation (UV) on Beauveria bassiana mixtures.The most efficient mixtures from the previous experiment (which had no
adverse effect on Beauveria bassiana potency), had been subjected to study it's
stability under UV radiation. The chosen mixtures had been exposed to UV
radiation for 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 hours and after that, their potency against two-
spotted spider mite T. cinnabarinus had been evaluated by leaf disk dipping
technique and the half life T50 had been estimated from the corresponding
concentration (Tables IV.14 and IV.15).
In case of Biofly/oils mixtures(Table IV.14): based on the obtained data,
The most persistence mixtures were 3Biofly:1paraffin oil and 3Biofly:1 castor oil
(spider mites mortality % had 36 and 12 after 6hours of exposure to UV radiation
and T50= 1.47 and 1.74 hours respectively) while, 3 Biofly:1mineral oil had the
lowest value in this respect ( mortality % was 14% after exposure to UV
radiation for 3 hours and the T50 =0.90 hour).
Table IV.14: The effect of exposure to UV radiation interval on the efficiency of Beauveria bassiana mixtures with botanical and mineral oils against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.
Oils Mixing ratio (v/v)UV irradiation time (hours)
0 1 2 3 6 12Mortality percentage
T0.5
(hours)
Castor oil 3Biofly :1 oil 86 84 56 54 12 - 1.47Canola oil 3Biofly :1 oil 86 84 50 22 - - 1.23Mineral oil 3Biofly :1 oil 86 70 24 14 - - 0.90
Paraffin oil 3Biofly :1 oil 86 74 64 52 36 - 1.74
In case of Biofly/photostablizers mixtures: from Table IV.15 , it could be
concluded that, the most persistence mixtures had Biofly + 0.1 % benzophenon,
95 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Biofly +0.5% congo red and Biofly+0.1% 7-nitrophenol mixtures (which had
64, 54 and 34 mortality percentage and T50 were 5.71, 4.981 and 3.141 hours
respectively) while acetophenon had the lowest values in this respect which had
lost there efficiency against the spider mites after exposure to UV radiation for
two hours of. These findings in somewhat agree with those of Nong, et al. (2005)
and Inglis, et al. (1995).
Table IV.15: The effect of exposure to UV radiation interval on the efficiency of Beauveria bassiana mixtures with some photostabilizers against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.
Mixtures
Add
itive
con
c. UV radiation time (hours)
T 0.5
(hou
rs)
0 1 2 3 6 12
Mortality percentage
Biofly - 84 16 - - - - 0.32
Biofly + Acetophenon 0.1% 84 42 2 - - - 0.32
Biofly + 4-nitro acetophenon0.1% 88 84 78 58 46 32 1.66
0.2% 86 82 82 78 56 44 2.30
Biofly + 7-nitophenol 0.1% 82 78 74 70 52 34 3.14
Biofly + Titan yellow
0.1% 84 44 10 - - - 0.35
0.2% 86 46 16 - - - 0.57
0.5% 84 52 36 - - - 0.58
Biofly + Benzophenon 0.1% 84 84 82 80 72 64 5.71
Biofly + Congo Red
0.1% 84 82 74 62 52 46 2.39
0.2% 88 80 88 66 58 52 3.03
0.5% 88 82 80 86 64 54 4.99
96 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
IV.3 Evaluation of some chemical insecticides efficiency against ECB on certain maize cultivatars under natural infestation conditions.
The use of insecticides alone as a major method to control the ECB lead to
a serious problems such as ECB insecticides resistance, and environmental
contamination.
Another approach is the use of resistant cultivars that exploit the natural
defenses of the plant against ECB beside the most effectiveness insecticides as a
key of integrated pest management programs.
Field experiment had carried out in two locations, (the experimental farm
of Faculty of Agric., Tanta El-Gharbia. and OmEl-Momnen village - Wady El-
Netron at El-Behira Governorate) during the season 2003, to evaluate the effect
of insecticides treatments and resistance maize cultivars on ECB infestation
under field conditions. To choose the most effective insecticides and the most
tolerant cultivars against ECB.
The insecticides' efficiency and the tolerance of commercial cultivars
against ECB infestation were estimated by ECB holes No. /100 internodes,
cavities No./10plants, ECB larvae No./10 plants, holes No./10 ear stalks, damage
grains percentage, 100 grains weight and grains yield/10 plants. Also, the total
nitrogen, protein and phosphorus percentage in corn grains were determined in all
treatments.
97 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
IV.3.1 Susceptibility of corn cultivars at the late season to infestation with ECB under natural infestation conditions. Susceptibility of ten corn cultivars to infestation with ECB in El-Gharbia
and El-Behira governorates under natural infestation conditions is presented in
Table (IV.16).
In all locations and from average data it could be concluded that: single
cross hybrid 13 (S.C.13) and three way cross 351 (T.W.C. 351) were the most
tolerant cultivars while, T.W.C.323 and T.W.C.324 were the most susceptible
cultivers when ECB infestation evaluated by holes No./100 internodes, cavities
No./10plants and larvae No./10plants.
In case of holes No./10 ear stalks, the most susceptibility cultivers were
S.C10 and T.W.C.324 while S.C.13 and T.W.C. 351 were the most tolerant
cultivers in this regard.
In case of damaged grains percentage, cultivars T.W.C.324, T.W.C.310
and S.C.10 had recored the highest values in this respect while, cultivars
T.W.C.351 and S.C.13 had recored the lowest values.
There is a positive relationship between grain protein percentage and the
damaged grain percentage, while there is no relationship between phosphorous
percentage and damaged grains percentage.
Generally: The most tolerant cultivars against ECB infestations were
S.C.13, T.W.C. 351 and S.C.123 cultivars but the rank between them differed
from location to another and between studied parameters, also cultivars S.C.10 and
T.W.C. 324 had the highest values of holes No./10 ear stalks and damaged grain
percentage, because of S.C.10 cultivar has the longest ear stalk, a hight protein
98 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
percentage in the grains, also cultivar S.C.10 had been planted for a long time in
Egypt which break down there tolerance to ECB infestation.
Cultivars T.W.C 310, T.W.C .324 and T.W.C. 321 had the highest values
in damaged grains percentage that because of the ear shelling did not cover the
top of the ears this allow the ECB larvae to tunneling the ears beside the hight
protein content of the cultivers grains. Cultivars T.W.C 351 had tolerant to ECB
infestations because of it's early mature, hardest grains and well ears shelled.
Cultivar S.C.13 had tolerant to ECB infestations due to low protein content in the
grain and its thin stem (lowest diameter between all cultivers).
Table (IV.17) shows the data of 100 grains weight, grains yield and grains
yield reduction as a result of natural infestation with ECB on ten corn cultivars
at El-Gharbia and El-Behira governorates. Cultivars S.C.10, T.W.C324 and Giza 2
had the highest values of 100 grain weight while T.W.C. 351, S.C.13 have the
lowest values, in both locations. Cultivars S.C10 and T.W.C324 had the highest
values in grain yield/10plants while T.W.C 323 and SC.13 had the lowest values in
this respect. From the obtained data we can conclude that: The rank of cultivars
differed from location to another, but within locations data, S.C.10 has the
highest values of 100 grain weight and grains yield/10 plants. Similar results
were reported by other researchers including Metwally and Barakat, 2003;
Sadek et al., 1997 and Lutfallah et al., 1991, who found that tested maize
cultivars show different responses to corn borer infestation. Cultivars S.C.10, 123,
129, S.C.161 and T.W.C.321 expresses resistant to Ostrina nubilalis infestation
and has less grain reduction T.W.C.310, 323, 324, S.C.122, 124 and 155
express susceptible to ECB infestation and have as much loss in yield as did other
cultivars.
99 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.16: Susceptibility of ten corn cultivars to infestation with ECB in El-Gharbia and El-Behira governorates under natural infestation conditions(2003 season).
El-Gharbia site
Cultivars Holes No./100 internods
Cavities No./10plants
Larvae No./10plants
Holes No./ 10 ear stalks
Damaged grains%
Grains protein %
Grains phosphorus%
Giza 2 22.4d* 26.3 b 17.7 c 8.67 cd 4.46 cd 3.96 b 0.48 aS.C.10 23.2cd 30.0 b 22.7 b 13.00 a 7.51 a 3.33 de 0.49 aS.C.13 8.4g 9.0 e 7.0 de 5.00 f 2.26 g 3.27 ef 0.43 bS.C.123 13.7ef 16.0 cd 11.3 d 6.33 d-f 4.39 de 4.50 a 0.50 a
T.W.C. 310 17.3e 19.0 c 17.0 c 8.00 c-e 9.01 a 3.83 bc 0.35 dT.W.C. 321 26.6bc 30.0 b 27.0 ab 8.33 cd 7.58 b 3.08 ef 0.48 aT.W.C. 323 32.9a 37.0 a 29.7 a 10.00 bc 3.48 ef 3.04 f 0.37 cdT.W.C. 324 30.2ab 35.7 a 30.0 a 11.33 ab 9.17 a 3.58 cd 0.40 bcT.W.C. 351 11.4fg 10.3 e 6.0 e 5.00 f 3.16 fg 4.02 b 0.50 aT.W.C. 352 14.3ef 13.3 de 9.0 de 5.67 ef 5.33 c 3.76 bc 0.51 aL.S.D (0.05) 3.796 3.796 4.828 2.414 0.1935 0.2625 0.0515
El-Behira siteGiza 2 10.7 e 13.3 e 11.3 d 7.67 de 4.37 d 4.17 a 0.49 aS.C.10 18.2 cd 24.0 cd 24.7 b 15.67 a 6.71 b 3.28 c 0.50 aS.C.13 6.7 f 8.7 e 6.0 e 7.00 e 2.29 f 3.22 c 0.42 bcS.C.123 9.1 ef 13.0 e 10.3 de 5.67 e 4.40 d 4.31 a 0.49 a
T.W.C. 310 18.3 cd 26.7 c 24.7 b 10.33 cd 8.95 a 3.71 b 0.35 deT.W.C. 321 15.3 d 20.0 d 18.0 c 10.67 c 7.33 b 3.24 c 0.47 abT.W.C. 323 25.4 ab 32.7 b 28.0 b 12.33 bc 3.47 e 3.05 c 0.40 cdT.W.C. 324 26.5 a 38.7 a 34.3 a 13.67 ab 8.61 a 3.57 b 0.34 eT.W.C. 351 10.4 ef 10.3 e 8.3 de 4.67 e 2.89 ef 3.81 b 0.52 aT.W.C. 352 22.1 bc 24.3 cd 18.0 c 7.67 de 5.54 c 3.61 b 0.50 aL.S.D (0.05) 3.880 5.496 4.546 2.819 0.8840 0.2675 0.05147
**Averaged data Giza 2 16.6 d 19.8 c 14.5 c 8.17 de 4.42 d 4.06 b 0.49 bcS.C.10 20.7 bc 27.0 b 23.7 b 14.33 a 7.11 b 3.31 e 0.50 abS.C.13 7.5 f 8.8 e 6.5 e 6.00 f 2.27 f 3.25 ef 0.42 dS.C.123 11.4 e 14.5 d 10.8 d 6.00 f 4.40 d 4.41 a 0.50 ab
T.W.C. 310 17.8 cd 22.8 bc 20.8 b 9.17 d 8.98 a 3.77 cd 0.35 fT.W.C. 321 21.0 b 25.0 b 22.5 b 9.50 cd 7.46 b 3.16 ef 0.48 cT.W.C. 323 29.1 a 34.8 a 28.8 a 11.17 bc 3.47 e 3.04 f 0.38 eT.W.C. 324 28.4 a 37.2 a 32.2 a 12.50 ab 8.89 a 3.57 d 0.37 eT.W.C. 351 10.9 e 10.3 de 7.2 e 4.83 f 3.02 e 3.92 bc 0.51 aT.W.C. 352 18.2 b-d 18.8 c 13.5 cd 6.67 ef 5.43 c 3.68 d 0.51 aL.S.D (0.05) 3.177 4.213 3.566 1.926 0.6886 0.2122 0.01628
*Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)** In spite of location factor the table reflect tolerance of different cultivars.
100 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.17: 100 grain weight, grains yield and grains yield reduction as a result of natural infestation with ECB on ten corn cultivars at El-Gharbia and El-Behira governorates.
El-Gharbia site
Cultivars 100grains weight(g)Grains yield /10plants (kg)Mean Reduction%***
Giza 2 29.0 ab* 1.26 a 28.57S.C.10 31.4 a 1.51 a 33.77S.C.13 23.0 c 1.05 bc 22.86S.C.123 26.0 bc 1.46 a 30.82
T.W.C. 310 29.6 ab 1.16 a-c 25.86T.W.C. 321 29.5 ab 1.38 ab 28.26T.W.C. 323 25.7 bc 0.97 c 27.84T.W.C. 324 28.7 ab 1.47 a 36.05T.W.C. 351 27.0 b 1.37 ab 22.63T.W.C. 352 27.7 ab 1.30 a-c 36.15L.S.D (0.05) 3.894 0.366
El-Behira siteGiza 2 35.3 ab 1.37 d 23.36S.C.10 36.7 a 1.42 bc 26.76S.C.13 31.0 ef 1.18 e 33.90S.C.123 32.8 de 1.22 de 20.49
T.W.C. 310 33.2 cd 1.24 c 33.87T.W.C. 321 33.6 b-d 1.44 bc 19.44T.W.C. 323 32.0 d-f 1.05 a 21.90T.W.C. 324 35.0 a-c 1.47 a 27.89T.W.C. 351 30.8 f 1.30 b 16.92T.W.C. 352 31.0 ef 1.35 de 20.74L.S.D (0.05) 1.914 0.283
**Averaged dataGiza 2 32.15 a 1.31 ab 26.72S.C.10 34.05 a 1.47 a 29.93S.C.13 27 d 1.11 cd 29.73S.C.123 29.4 bc 1.34 a-c 26.12
T.W.C. 310 31.4 b 1.20 b-d 30.00T.W.C. 321 31.55 b 1.41 ab 23.40T.W.C. 323 30.4 b 1.01 d 24.75T.W.C. 324 31.8 ab 1.47 a 31.97T.W.C. 351 28.9 bc 1.34 a-c 19.40T.W.C. 352 29.95 b 1.33 a-c 27.82L.S.D (0.05) 2.032 0.252
*Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)** In spite of location factor the table reflect tolerance of different cultivars.*** Reduction%=(Grain yield in diazinon treatments-Grain yield in control treatment)/ Grain yield in control×100
101 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
IV.3.2 Insecticides efficiency against European Corn Borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) infestation.
IV.3.2.a Holes No./100 internodes. Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten
corn cultivars evaluated by holes No./100 internodes at two different locations
are presented in Table (IV.18). At the two locations there are a significant
differences between the insecticides treatments.
At El-Gharbia site: diazinon treated cultivatar S.C.13 and S.C.123, and
chlorpyrifos treated cultiver S.C.13 had the lowest value in holes No./100
internodes.
Holes No./100 internodes values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in
ascending order as follows: S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C. 351<T.W.C.
310<T.W.C.352< Giza 2<T.W.C. 324<T.W.C. 323<S.C.10<T.W.C. 321.While
diazinon treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as follows: S.C.13<
S.C.123< Giza 2< T.W.C. 310< S.C.10< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C.321<T.W.C. 351<
T.W.C. 352 <T.W.C. 323. Methomyl treated cultivers were in ascending order as
follows: S.C.13< T.W.C. 351< T.W.C. 352< T.W.C. 310< S.C.123<
Giza2< S.C.10< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 323< T.W.C. 321. Fenpropathrin treated
cultivers were in ascending order as follows:Giza 2< T.W.C. 351< S.C.13<
S.C.123< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 352< S.C.10< T.W.C.
323.
Diazinon and fenpropathrin were the most efficient insecticides treatments
against ECB infestation [ infestation reduction percentage(R%) = 77.05 and 71.10
respectively].
At El-Behira site: diazinon treated cultivars S.C.123 and T.W.C.351
102 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
have the lowest value in this regard.
Holes No./100 internodes values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were
in ascending order as follows: T.W.C. 351< S.C.123< Giza 2< S.C.13< T.W.C.
321< T.W.C. 323< S.C.10< T.W.C. 352< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C. 324. While
diazinon treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows: S.C.123< T.W.C.
351< T.W.C.323< S.C.13< T.W.C. 310< S.C.10< Giza 2< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C.
352< T.W.C. 324. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as
follows: S.C.123< T.W.C. 351 < S.C.13< Giza 2< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C.
323< S.C.10< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 352< T.W.C. 324. Fenpropathrin treated
cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.13< Giza 2< S.C.123< T.W.C.
351< T.W.C. 323< T.W.C. 310< S.C.10< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 352.
Diazinon and fenpropathrin were the most efficient insecticides treatments
against ECB infestation (R% = 81.51 and 77.51 respectively).
From averaged data it could be concluded that: diazinon was the most
potent insecticides treatments and the methomyl was the lest effective one(R%=
79.05 and 40.88 respectively). The degree of infestation at Elgharbia site were
more than that in El-Behira site.
IV.3.2.b Cavities No./10 plant.ECB cavities No./10 plants as effected by insecticides treatments and corn
cultivers are sited in Table (IV.19). A significant differences were detected
between the insecticide treatments and corn cultivars.
At El-Gharbia site: diazinon treated cultivars S.C.13, S.C.123 and
T.W.C.351 treatments had the lowest value in this regard.
Cavities No./10 plants values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in
ascending order as follows: S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C. 351< T.W.C. 352< T.W.C.
103 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
310< Giza 2< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C.323< T.W.C. 324< S.C.10. While diazinon
treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows: S.C.13< S.C.123< Giza 2<
T.W.C. 310< S.C.10< T.W.C. 351< T.W.C.321< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C.352<
T.W.C.323. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as follows:
T.W.C. 351< S.C.13< Giza 2< T.W.C.324< S.C.123< T.W.C.310<T.W.C. 321<
T.W.C. 352< T.W.C. 323< S.C.10. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in
ascending order as follows: T.W.C. 351< S.C.13< Giza 2< T.W.C. 324< S.C.123<
T.W.C. 310< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 352< T.W.C.323< S.C.10.
Diazinon was the most efficient insecticide treatments towered ECB
infestation followed by fenpropathrin(R%= 79.49 and 73.68 respectively).
At El-Behira site:diazinon treated cultivar T.W.C.351 and S.C.13 had the
lowest value in this regard.
Cultivers cavities No./10 plants values of chlorpyrifos treated values
were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C. 351< S.C.123< Giza2< S.C.13<
T.W.C.321< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.352< S.C.10< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C. 324. While
diazinon treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.123<
T.W.C.351< T.W.C. 323< Giza 2< T.W.C. 310< S.C.13< S.C.10 < T.W.C. 321<
T.W.C. 352< T.W.C. 324. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged
ascendingly as follows:S.C.13< T.W.C. 351< Giza 2< S.C.123< T.W.C. 323<
S.C.10< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 352. Fenpropathrin treated
cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.13< T.W.C. 351<Giza 2<
S.C.123<T.W.C.323< S.C.10< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 352.
All insecticides had the same potency against ECB in spit of methomyl which had
the lowest effective one. The ECB infestation was much more in Elgharbia than in
El-Behira.
104 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
From the averaged data it could be concluded that: diazinon followed
by fenpropathrin was the most potent insecticides treatments against ECB
infestation(R%= 80.50 and 75.97 respectively) and methomyl was the lowest
effective one.
IV.3.2.c Larvae No. /10plants.ECB larvae No./10 plants as effected by insecticides treatments and corn
cultivars exhibited in Table (IV.20) .In both location there were a significant
differences between insecticides treatments.
At El-Gharbia site: diazinon treated cultivars S.C.10, S.C.123 and S.C.13
treatments had the lowest values in this regard.
Larvae No./10 plants values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in
ascending order as follows:S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C.351< Giza 2< T.W.C. 310<
T.W.C. 352< S.C.10< T.W.C. 323< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 321. While diazinon
treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.10< S.C.123< S.C.13<
Giza 2< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C.324< T.W.C. 351< T.W.C. 352<
T.W.C.323. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as
follows:T.W.C. 351< Giza 2< S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C.
321< S.C.10< T.W.C.352<T.W.C.323. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in
ascending order as follows:T.W.C.351< Giza 2< S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C. 310<
T.W.C.324< T.W.C. 321< S.C.10< T.W.C.352< T.W.C. 323.
Diazinon and fenpropathrin were the most potent insecticides treatments
against ECB infestation (R%= 85.84 and 76.50 respectively).
At El-Behira site: diazinon treated cultivar T.W.C.351, S.C.123 and
S.C.13 had the lowest values in this regard.
Larvae No./10 plants values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in
105 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
ascending order as follows:T.W.C. 351< Giza 2< S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C. 323<
T.W.C. 352< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 324< S.C.10< T.W.C. 310. While diazinon
treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows: S.C.123< T.W.C.351<
S.C.13< S.C.10< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C.321 < T.W.C. 323< Giza 2< T.W.C.
352<T.W.C.324. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as
follows:T.W.C. 323 < Giza 2< T.W.C.351< S.C.13< S.C.10< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.
310< S.C.123< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 352. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in
ascending order as follows:T.W.C. 323< Giza 2< T.W.C. 351< S.C.13< S.C.10<
T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 310< S.C.123< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C.352.
Diazinon and fenpropathrin were the most potent insecticides treatments
against ECB infestation (R%= 85.84 and 76.50 respectively).
Generally, from averaged data: Diazinon and fenpropathrin were the
most potent insecticides against ECB(R%= 88.43 and 77.93 respectively).
IV.3.2.d Holes No./10 ear stalks.Table (IV.21) show the effect of insecticides treatments and corn
cultivers on ECB infestation decided by holes No./ 10 ear stalks.
At El-Gharbia site :a significant differences were detected between the
insecticides treatments. Diazinon treated cultivar S.C.13 and T.W.C.352, and
chlorpyrifos treated cultivar T.W.C.351 had the lowest values in this regard.
Holes No./ 10 ear stalks values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in
ascending order as follows:T.W.C. 351< S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C. 352< T.W.C.
323< T.W.C.321< T.W.C. 324< Giza 2< T.W.C. 310< S.C.10. While diazinon
treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.13< T.W.C.352<
S.C.123< T.W.C.323 < T.W.C. 351< Giza2< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C.324< S.C.10<
T.W.C. 321. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as
106 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
follows:T.W.C.351< S.C.123< T.W.C. 352< S.C.13< T.W.C. 321< Giza2<
T.W.C.310< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.324< S.C.10. Methomyl treated cultivers were in
ascending order as follows:T.W.C.351< S.C.123< T.W.C. 352< S.C.13< T.W.C.
321< Giza2< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.323< T.W.C. 324< S.C.10.
Diazinon was the most effective insecticides treatments against ECB while
methomyl had the lowest effective one in that respect (R%= 61.06 and 13.52
respectively).
At El-Behira site :a significant differences were detected between the
insecticides treatments. Diazinon treated cultivar S.C.123 and T.W.C.351, and
fenopropathrin treated cultivar T.W.C.351 had the lowest values in this regard.
Ten ear stalks values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in ascending
order as follows:T.W.C. 351< S.C.123< T.W.C. 321< S.C.13< T.W.C. 352<
Giza2< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.324< S.C.10.While diazinon treated
cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.123< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.310<
T.W.C. 323< Giza2< S.C.13< T.W.C.352< S.C.10< T.W.C.321< T.W.C.324.
Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as follows:T.W.C.351<
S.C.123< S.C.13< Giza2< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.321< T.W.C.324<
T.W.C.310< S.C.10. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in ascending order as
follows:T.W.C. 351< S.C.123< S.C.13< Giza2< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.352<
T.W.C.321< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.310< S.C.10.
Diazinon and fenpropathrin were the most effective insecticides treatments
against ECB(R%= 48.25 and 22.75 respectively) while there are no significant
differences between methomyl and control treatments .
Generally from average data it could be concluded that: a significant
differences among insecticides treatments were detected. Diazinon was the most
107 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
effective insecticides treatments against ECB while methomyl had the lowest
effective one in this respect (R%= 54.15 and 14.72 respectively).
IV.3.2.e Damaged grains percentage. Table (IV.22) show the effect of insecticides treatments and corn
cultivers on ECB infestation decided by damaged grains percentage.
In both location, a significant differences were detected between the
insecticides treatments.
In all location and from the averaged data: Cultivar S.C.13 treated with
diazinon or fenpropathren and T.W.C.351 treated with diazinon treatments had the
lowest values in this respect. Diazinon followed by fenpropathrin were the most
effective insecticides treatments against ECB (R%= 55.16 and 40.83 respectively)
while methomyl had the lowest effective one in that respect.
At El-Gharbia site:damaged grains percentage values of chlorpyrifos
treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows: S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C.
351< Giza 2< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.321< S.C.10< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.
310. While diazinon treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.13<
T.W.C.351< T.W.C.323< S.C.123< Giza2< T.W.C.352< S.C.10< T.W.C.321<
T.W.C.324< T.W.C.310. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged
ascendingly as follows:S.C.13< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.351< Giza2< S.C.123T.W.C.
352< T.W.C.321< S.C.10< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.324. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers
were in ascending order as follows:S.C.13< T.W.C. 323< T.W.C. 351< Giza2<
S.C.123< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.321< S.C.10< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.324.
At El-Behira site :damaged grains percentage values of chlorpyrifos
treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows: S.C.13< T.W.C. 351<
T.W.C.323< S.C.123< Giza2< T.W.C.352< S.C.10< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C.310<
108 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
T.W.C. 324. While the diazinon treated cultivers were in ascending order as
follows:S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C. 351< Giza 2< T.W.C. 323< T.W.C.352<
S.C.10< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 310. Methomyl treated cultivers could
be arranged ascendingly as follows:S.C.13< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.323< Giza
2< S.C.123< T.W.C.352< T.W.C. 321< S.C.10< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C.310.
Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.13<
T.W.C.351< T.W.C. 323< Giza2< S.C.123< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.321< S.C.10<
T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 310.
IV.3.2.f Grains protein percentage.Data presented in Table (IV.23) show the effect of insecticides treatments
and corn cultivars on grains` protein percentage. In both location, a significant
differences were detected between the corn cultivars only and no significant
difference had been observed between pesticides treatments.
In all location and from the averaged data it could be concluded that,
diazinon had the highest effect of grain protein percentage. Also, there were a
significant positive relationship between the reduction of the ECB infestations and
the grain protein percentage.
At El-Gharbia site: the untreated cultivar T.W.C.323 and methomyl
treated cultivars T.W.C.321and T.W.C.323 had the lowest values in this regard
while cultivar S.C.13 treated with fenopropathrin or chlorpyrifos or diazinon
had the highest values in this regard.
Grains protein percentage values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in
ascending order as follows:T.W.C.323< T.W.C.321< S.C.10< S.C.13< T.W.C.
324< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.351< Giza2< S.C.123. While diazinon
treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C. 321< T.W.C.323<
109 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
S.C.13< S.C.10< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 352< T.W.C. 310< Giza2< T.W.C. 351<
S.C.123. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as
follows:T.W.C.323< T.W.C. 321< S.C.13< S.C.10< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.352<
Giza2< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.351< S.C.123. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in
ascending order as follows:T.W.C.323< T.W.C.321< S.C.13< S.C.10< T.W.C.324<
T.W.C.352< Giza2< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.351< S.C.123.
At El-Behira site: the untreated cultivars T.W.C.323, methomyl treated
cultivar T.W.C.321 and T.W.C.323 had the lowest values in this respect while
cultivar S.C.13 treated with fenopropathrin or chlorpyrifos or diazinon had the
highest values in this respect.
Grains protein percentage values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in
ascending order as follows:T.W.C.323< T.W.C.321< S.C.13< S.C.10< T.W.C.324<
T.W.C.352< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.310< Giza2< S.C.123. While diazinon treated
cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C. 323< T.W.C.321< S.C.13<
S.C.10< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.351< Giza2< S.C.123.
Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as follows:T.W.C. 321<
S.C.10< T.W.C.323< S.C.13< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.
310< Giza2< S.C.123. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in ascending order as
follows:T.W.C. 321< S.C.10< T.W.C.323< S.C.13< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.352<
T.W.C.351< T.W.C.310< Giza2< S.C.123.
From averaged data it could be concluded that: a significant differences
were detected between the pesticides treatments. Untreated cultivars T.W.C.323
and T.W.C.321, methomyl treated cultivar T.W.C.321 and T.W.C.323 had the
lowest values in this respect while S.C.13 treated with fenopropathrin or
chlorpyrifos or diazinon had the highest values in this respect.
110 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
IV.3.2.g Grains phosphorus percentage.Data presented in Table (IV.24) show the effect of insecticides treatments
and corn cultivars on grains phosphorous percentage.
In both location and from averaged data, a significant differences were
detected between the corn cultivars only while, there are no significant
differences between the pesticides treatments.
In all location and from the averaged data it could be concluded that,
diazinon had the highest effect of grain phosphorous percentage. Also, there were
no significant relationship between reduction ECB infestations and the grain
phosphorous percentage.
At El-Gharbia site: diazinon treated cultivar T.W.C.310 and methomyl
treated cultivar T.W.C.324 had the lowest values in this regard while,
fenpropathrin treated cultivar Giza2 and diazinon treated cultivar T.W.C.352 had
the highest values in this regard.
Grain phosphorous percentage values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers
were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C.310< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.323< S.C.13<
T.W.C.321< T.W.C.351< S.C.123< T.W.C.352< Giza2< S.C.10. While diazinon
treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C. 310< T.W.C.324<
T.W.C.323< S.C.13< Giza2< T.W.C.321< S.C.123< T.W.C.351< S.C.10<
T.W.C.352. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as
follows:T.W.C.324< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.310< S.C.13< T.W.C.321< S.C.10<
S.C.123< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.351< Giza2. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in
ascending order as follows:T.W.C.324< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.310< S.C.13<
T.W.C.321< S.C.10< S.C.123< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.351< Giza2.
At El-Behira site: fenopropathrin treated cultivar T.W.C.324 and
111 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
diazinon treated cultivar T.W.C.324 had the lowest values in this respect while
chlorpyrifos treated cultivar T.W.C.351 and diazinon treated cultivar T.W.C.351
had the highest values in this respect.
Grain phosphorous percentage values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers
were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C.310< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.323< S.C.13<
T.W.C.321< S.C.10< Giza2< T.W.C.352< S.C.123< T.W.C.351. While diazinon
treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C.324< T.W.C.310<
T.W.C.323< S.C.13< T.W.C.321< S.C.123< S.C.10< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.352<
Giza2. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as follows:
T.W.C.324< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.323< S.C.13< T.W.C.321< T.W.C.352<
T.W.C.351< Giza2< S.C.123< S.C.10. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in
ascending order as follows:T.W.C.324< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.323< S.C.13<
T.W.C.321< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.351< Giza2< S.C.123< S.C.10.
IV.3.2.h 100 grain weight (g.). Data presented in Table (IV.25) show the effect of insecticides
treatments and corn cultivars on 100 grain weight.
At El-Gharbia site: a significant differences between insecticides
treatments only had been observed. Untreated cultivars S.C.10 or treated with
diazinon or chlorpyrifos had the highest values in 100 grain weight, while the
untreated S.C.13 and T.W.C321 cultivers had the lowest value in this respect.
Diazinon followed by chlorpyrifos treatments had the highest value in 100 grain
weight.
100 grain weight values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in
ascending order as follows:T.W.C.321< T.W.C.323< S.C.123< S.C.13<
T.W.C.351< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.310< Giza2< T.W.C.324< S.C.10. While diazinon
112 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C.323< T.W.C.352<
S.C.123< S.C.13< T.W.C.310< Giza2< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.321<
S.C.10. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as follows:
T.W.C.323< S.C.123< T.W.C.351< S.C.13< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.310<
T.W.C.321< Giza2< S.C.10. Methomyl treated cultivers were in ascending order
as follows:T.W.C.323< S.C.123< T.W.C.351< S.C.13< T.W.C.352 < T.W.C.324<
T.W.C.310< T.W.C.321< Giza2< S.C.10.
At El-Behira site: there were a significant differences between insecticides
treatments. Cultivar S.C.10 treated with diazinon or fenopropathrin and S.C.13
treated with fenopropathrin treatments had the highest values in 100 grains
weight. While T.W.C.351 treated with fenopropathrin or methomyl and untreated
T.W.C.351 had the lowest values in this respect. Diazinon followed by
chlorpyrifos treatments had the highest values in 100 grains weight.
100 grain weight values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in
ascending order as follows:T.W.C.351< Giza2< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.321<
S.C.123< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.324< S.C.13< T.W.C.352< S.C.10. While diazinon
treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C.351< Giza2<
T.W.C.310< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.321< S.C.123< S.C.13< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.324<
S.C.10. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as
follows:T.W.C.351< Giza2< T.W.C.321< S.C.123< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.310<
T.W.C.324< T.W.C.352< S.C.10< S.C.13. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in
ascending order as follows:T.W.C.351< Giza2< T.W.C.321< S.C.123<
T.W.C.323< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.352< S.C.10< S.C.13.
From the averaged data it could be concluded that: a significant
differences were found between the insecticides treatments. Cultivar S.C.10
113 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
treated with diazinon or fenopropathrin had the highest values in 100 grains
weight. While methomyl treated cultivar T.W.C.323, T.W.C.351 and S.C.13
treatments had the lowest values in this respect. Diazinon and chlorpyrifos
treatments had the highest values in 100 grains weight.
IV.3.2.i Grains yield/10 plants(Kg).Table (IV.26) show the effect of insecticide treatments and corn cultivars
on grain yield/10plants.
A significant differences were found between the insecticides treatments
in both locations.
At El-Gharbia site: grains yield/10 plants values of chlorpyrifos treated
cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C. 323< S.C.13< Giza2< T.W.C.
310< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.321< S.C.123< S.C.10< T.W.C.324. While
diazinon treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C.323<
S.C.13< T.W.C. 310< Giza2< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.321< T.W.C.351< S.C.123<
T.W.C.324< S.C.10. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as
follows:T.W.C. 323< S.C.13< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.321< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.352<
Giza2< S.C.23< T.W.C.324< S.C.10. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in
ascending order as follows:T.W.C.323< S.C.13< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.321<
T.W.C.351< T.W.C. 352< Giza 2< S.C.123< T.W.C.324< S.C.10.
At El-Behira site: grains yield/10 plants values of chlorpyrifos treated
cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.13< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.352<
T.W.C.323< S.C.123< T.W.C.310< S.C.10< Giza 2< T.W.C.321< T.W.C.324.
While diazinon treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C.323<
S.C.123< T.W.C.352< S.C.13< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.310< Giza2< T.W.C.321<
S.C.10< T.W.C.324. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as
114 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
follows:T.W.C. 323< S.C.123< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.351< S.C.13<
Giza2< T.W.C.321< T.W.C.324< S.C.10. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in
ascending order as follows:T.W.C.323< S.C.123< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.352<
T.W.C. 351< S.C.13< Giza2< T.W.C.321< T.W.C.324< S.C.10.
In all locations and from averaged data it could be concluded that: diazinon
treated cultivar S.C.10 and T.W.C.324, and chlorpyrifos treated cultivar T.W.C.324
treatments had the highest values in grain yield/10plants while untreated
T.W.C.323 and S.C.13 and methomyl treated cultivars T.W.C.323 had the
lowest values in this respect. Diazinon followed by chlorpyrifos treatments had
the highest value in grains yield/10plants, while the control and methomyl
treatments had the lowest values in this regard.
From the previous data we can conclude that:
● The most potent insecticides against ECB infestation were diazinon
followed by fenpropathrin. Which reduced the holes No./100 internodes,
cavities No./10plants, holes No./10 ear stalks and larvae No./10plants in
all locations, while methomyl was the least toxic one.
● In case of yield and yield component :Diazinon insecticide had the
highest values in 100grain weight and grains yield/10plants followed by
chlorpyrifos in both locations.
These findings are in accordance with those obtained by Barbulescu 1971 ;
Hills et al., 1972; Martel and Hudon, 1978; Melia Masia and Almajano
Contreras, 1973; Mustea, 1977; Thompson and White, 1977 and Voinescu and
Barbulescu, 1986 who is found that diazinon was the most potent insecticides
against ECB infestation.
This results may be due to that diazinon had high vapor pressure (1.2×10-2
115 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Pa at 25° ), stomach and respiratory actions, long half life (Sattar, 1991; Gonzalez
and Aravena-C, 1990 and Smith et al., 1998). On the other hand, Rinkleff et al.,
1995 found that methomyl had a low residual toxicity to Ostrina nubilalis
neonates. That maybe due to that methomyl had shortest half life (T50 =0.91days)
(Wilwam and Sundararajan, 1986) and low stability at room temperature in
aqueous solutions and the rate of decomposition increase in higher temperature, in
presence of sunlight and on exposure to air.
116 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.18: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by holes number/100 internodes in the two locations.
El-Gharbia
CultivarsTreatments
Control Chlorpyrifos Diazinon Methomyl FenpropathrinMean Mean R%*** Mean R% Mean R% Mean R%
Giza 2 22.41d* 8.23 abc 63.30 3.57abc 84.09 15.17 b 32.30 3.82b 82.97S.C.10 23.24cd 10.77 a 53.65 4.23abc 81.80 16.14 b 30.54 8.87a 61.85S.C.13 8.38g 1.96 e 76.56 1.92c 77.07 4.36 d 47.91 4.11b 50.91S.C.123 13.65ef 3.41 de 75.05 2.94bc 78.44 9.88 c 27.63 4.36b 68.06
T.W.C. 310 17.26e 5.15 c-e 70.15 4.09a-c 76.30 8.39 c 51.35 5.11b 70.38T.W.C. 321 26.65bc 10.85 a 59.30 5.30a-c 80.10 24.57 a 7.80 6.43ab 75.87T.W.C. 323 32.92a 9.79 ab 70.27 7.10a 78.42 16.75 b 49.12 9.59a 70.87T.W.C. 324 30.23ab 9.57 ab 68.33 5.16a-c 82.92 16.52 b 45.35 4.46b 85.25T.W.C. 351 11.42 fg 3.54 de 69.03 5.33a-c 53.32 7.65 cd 33.04 3.87b 66.10T.W.C. 352 14.32ef 6.01 b-d 58.01 6.35ab 55.62 8.27 c 42.24 7.33ab 48.83
Mean 20.05A 6.93 C 65.45 4.60D 77.05 12.77 B 36.29 5.79CD 71.10L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =1.246 for interactions =3.796
El-BehiraGiza 2 10.70 d 3.54 a 66.94 2.65b 75.23 7.39 bc 30.96 2.77ab 74.13S.C.10 18.24bc 5.32 a 70.81 2.60b 85.76 9.03 ab 50.50 3.64ab 80.02S.C.13 6.66e 3.65 a 45.19 2.37b 64.45 5.93 bc 10.99 1.92b 71.14S.C.123 9.09de 2.46 a 72.91 1.55b 82.89 4.92 c 45.87 3.03ab 66.70
T.W.C. 310 18.28bc 5.69 a 68.90 2.45b 86.59 8.67 a-c 52.59 3.59ab 80.35T.W.C. 321 15.33c 3.69 a 75.94 3.05b 80.08 11.65 a 24.01 4.28ab 72.06T.W.C. 323 25.36a 4.17 a 83.56 2.33b 90.82 8.85 ab 65.09 3.52ab 86.10T.W.C. 324 26.49a 5.78 a 78.20 7.38a 72.15 12.44 a 53.04 4.21ab 84.11T.W.C. 351 10.42de 2.24 a 78.54 1.71b 83.63 5.86 bc 43.75 3.50ab 66.39T.W.C. 352 22.05b 5.65 a 74.38 3.98ab 81.95 12.22 a 44.59 6.10a 72.35
Mean 16.26A 4.22 C 74.06 3.01C 81.51 8.69 B 46.53 3.66C 77.51L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =1.525 for interactions =3.880
Average data**Giza 2 16.56d 5.88 ab 64.48 3.11ab 81.23 11.28 cd 31.87 3.29bc 80.11S.C.10 20.74bc 8.05 a 61.19 3.41ab 83.54 12.59 bc 39.32 6.25ab 69.84S.C.13 7.52 f 2.81 b 62.66 2.14b 71.48 5.15 g 31.56 3.02c 59.87S.C.123 11.37e 2.93 b 74.19 2.25b 80.22 7.40 e-g 34.92 3.69a-c 67.52
T.W.C. 310 17.77cd 5.42 ab 69.51 3.27ab 81.60 8.53 d-f 51.99 4.35a-c 75.51T.W.C. 321 20.99b 7.27 a 65.38 4.18ab 80.09 18.11 a 13.72 5.36a-c 74.48T.W.C. 323 29.14a 6.98 a 76.06 4.71ab 83.82 12.80 bc 56.07 6.56a 77.50T.W.C. 324 28.36a 7.67 a 72.94 6.27a 77.89 14.48 b 48.94 4.33a-c 84.72T.W.C. 351 10.92e 2.89 b 73.57 3.52ab 67.78 6.75 fg 38.15 3.69a-c 66.23T.W.C. 352 18.18b-d 5.83 ab 67.93 5.17ab 71.58 10.24 c-e 43.66 6.71a 63.09
Mean 18.15A 5.57 C 69.30 3.80D 79.05 10.73 B 40.88 4.73CD 73.97L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =1.191 for interactions =3.177
*Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)** In spite of location factor the table reflect tolerance of different cultivars. ***R%= ( control-treatment)/ control×100
117 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.19: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by cavity number/10plants in the two locations.
El-Gharbia
CultivarsTreatments
Control Chlorpyrifos Diazinon Methomyl FenpropathrinMean Mean R%*** Mean R% Mean R% Mean R%
Giza 2 26.33b* 9.00ab 65.82 4.00ab 84.81 18.00b 31.65 4.33b 83.54S.C.10 30.00b 13.00a 56.67 4.67ab 84.44 19.00b 36.67 10.33a 65.56S.C.13 9.00e 2.07c 76.95 2.15b 76.13 4.67d 48.15 4.00b 55.56S.C.123 16.00cd 3.00c 81.25 2.33ab 85.42 11.00c 31.25 4.67b 70.83
T.W.C. 310 19.00c 6.00bc 68.42 4.00ab 78.95 8.33cd 56.14 5.00b 73.68T.W.C. 321 30.00b 10.00ab 66.67 5.33ab 82.22 20.00a 33.33 6.67ab 77.78T.W.C. 323 37.00a 11.00a 70.27 7.00a 81.08 19.00b 48.65 9.00a 75.68T.W.C. 324 35.67a 11.00a 69.16 5.33ab 85.05 19.67b 44.86 4.33b 87.85T.W.C. 351 10.33e 3.67c 64.52 5.00ab 51.61 6.67cd 35.48 3.00b 70.97T.W.C. 352 13.33de 5.67bc 57.50 6.67ab 50.00 8.67cd 35.00 8.33ab 37.50
Mean 22.67A 7.44BC 67.17 4.65B 79.49 13.50AB 40.44 5.97CD 73.68L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =1.246 for interactions =3.7.96
El-BehiraGiza 2 13.33 d 4.33a 67.50 3.00b 77.50 9.67c 27.50 3.67a 72.50S.C.10 24.00bc 7.00a 70.83 4.00b 83.33 12.00a-c 50.00 4.33a 81.94S.C.13 8.67e 4.67a 46.15 3.67b 57.69 5.67c 34.62 3.00a 65.38S.C.123 13.00de 3.00a 76.92 1.67b 87.18 7.33c 43.59 4.00a 69.23
T.W.C. 310 26.67bc 7.33a 72.50 3.00b 88.75 11.33a-c 57.50 4.33a 83.75T.W.C. 321 20.00c 4.67a 76.67 4.00b 80.00 15.33ab 23.33 6.00a 70.00T.W.C. 323 32.67a 5.00a 84.69 2.67b 91.84 10.00bc 69.39 4.00a 87.76T.W.C. 324 38.67a 8.00a 79.31 10.67a 72.41 16.33a 57.76 6.00a 84.48T.W.C. 351 10.33de 2.67a 74.19 1.67b 83.87 7.00c 32.26 3.33a 67.74T.W.C. 352 24.33b 6.67a 72.60 4.67b 80.82 12.00a-c 50.68 7.00a 71.23
Mean 21.17A 5.33C 74.80 3.90C 81.57 10.67B 49.61 4.57C 78.43L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =1.494 for interactions =5.496
Average data**Giza 2 19.83c 6.67a-c 66.39 3.50b 82.35 13.83b-d 30.25 4.00ab 79.83S.C.10 27.00b 10.00a 62.96 4.33ab 83.95 15.50b 42.59 7.33ab 72.84S.C.13 8.83e 3.37bc 61.84 2.91b 67.09 5.17e 41.51 3.50ab 60.38S.C.123 14.50d 3.00c 79.31 2.00b 86.21 9.17e 36.78 4.33ab 70.11
T.W.C. 310 22.83bc 6.67a-c 70.80 3.50b 84.67 9.83de 56.93 4.67ab 79.56T.W.C. 321 25.00b 7.33ab 70.67 4.67ab 81.33 17.67a 29.33 6.33ab 74.67T.W.C. 323 34.83a 8.00a 77.03 4.83ab 86.12 14.50bc 58.37 6.50ab 81.34T.W.C. 324 37.17a 9.50a 74.44 8.00a 78.48 18.00b 51.57 5.17ab 86.10T.W.C. 351 10.33de 3.17bc 69.35 3.33b 67.74 6.83e 33.87 3.17b 69.35T.W.C. 352 18.83c 6.17a-c 67.26 5.67ab 69.91 10.33c-e 45.13 7.67a 59.29
Mean 21.92A 6.39 C 70.86 4.27D 80.50 12.08B 44.87 5.27CD 75.97L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =1.358 for interactions =4.213
*Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)** In spite of location factor the table reflect tolerance of different cultivars. ***R%= ( control-treatment)/ control×100
118 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.20: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by larvae number/10plants in the two locations.
El-Gharbia
CultivarsTreatments
Control Chlorpyrifos Diazinon Methomyl FenpropathrinMean Mean R%*** Mean R% Mean R% Mean R%
Giza 2 17.67c* 4.67ab 73.58 2.00 a 88.68 13.00bc 26.42 3.00b 83.02S.C.10 22.67b 8.00a 64.71 1.33 a 94.12 14.33b 36.76 6.00a 73.53S.C.13 7.00de 1.37b 80.42 1.44 a 79.37 3.33e 52.38 3.00b 57.14S.C.123 11.33d 2.33b 79.41 1.33 a 88.24 8.33cd 26.47 3.33b 70.59
T.W.C. 310 17.00c 5.00ab 70.59 2.00 a 88.24 5.33de 68.63 3.33b 80.39T.W.C. 321 27.00ab 8.67a 67.90 2.67 a 90.12 25.33a 6.17 4.00ab 85.19T.W.C. 323 29.67a 8.00a 73.03 4.67 a 84.27 15.33b 48.31 7.00a 76.40T.W.C. 324 30.00a 8.33a 72.22 2.67 a 91.11 13.67b 54.44 3.33b 88.89T.W.C. 351 6.00e 2.33b 61.11 2.67 a 55.56 4.33de 27.78 2.33b 61.11T.W.C. 352 9.00de 5.00ab 44.44 4.33 a 51.85 6.33de 29.63 6.33ab 29.63
Mean 17.73A 5.37C 69.72 2.51 D 85.84 10.93B 38.35 4.17CD 76.50L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =2.028 for interactions =4.828
El-BehiraGiza 2 11.33 d 3.00a 73.53 2.00 a 82.35 10.67b-d 5.88 2.67a 76.47S.C.10 24.67bc 5.33a 78.38 1.67 a 93.24 13.67ab 44.59 3.33a 86.49S.C.13 6.00e 3.00a 50.00 1.33 a 77.78 4.00b-d 33.33 3.00a 50.00S.C.123 10.33de 3.33a 67.74 0.33 a 96.77 8.67cd 16.13 4.67a 54.84
T.W.C. 310 24.67bc 6.00a 75.68 1.67 a 93.24 10.67b-d 56.76 4.33a 82.43T.W.C. 321 18.00c 5.00a 72.22 1.67 a 90.74 15.67a 12.96 5.33a 70.37T.W.C. 323 28.00a 4.67a 83.33 1.67 a 94.05 11.00b-d 60.71 2.33a 91.67T.W.C. 324 34.33a 5.00a 85.44 3.33 a 90.29 13.00a-c 62.14 4.00a 88.35T.W.C. 351 8.33de 2.00a 76.00 0.33 a 96.00 7.33d 12.00 2.67a 68.00T.W.C. 352 18.00b 4.67a 74.07 2.67 a 85.19 8.67cd 51.85 5.67a 68.52
Mean 18.37A 4.20C 77.13 1.67 D 90.93 10.33B 43.74 3.80CD 79.31L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.922 for interactions =4.546
Average data**Giza 2 14.50c 3.83a-c 73.56 2.00 a 86.21 11.83bc 18.39 2.83a 80.46S.C.10 23.67b 6.67a 71.83 1.50 a 93.66 14.00b 40.85 4.67a 80.28S.C.13 6.50e 2.19c 66.38 1.39 a 78.63 3.67d 43.59 3.00a 53.85S.C.123 10.83d 2.83bc 73.85 0.83 a 92.31 8.50cd 21.54 4.00a 63.08
T.W.C. 310 20.83b 5.50a-c 73.60 1.83 a 91.20 8.00d 61.60 3.83a 81.60T.W.C. 321 22.50b 6.83a 69.63 2.17 a 90.37 20.50a 8.89 4.67a 79.26T.W.C. 323 28.83a 6.33ab 78.03 3.17 a 89.02 13.17b 54.34 4.67a 83.82T.W.C. 324 32.17a 6.67a 79.27 3.00 a 90.67 13.33b 58.55 3.67a 88.60T.W.C. 351 7.17e 2.17c 69.77 1.50 a 79.07 5.83d 18.60 2.50a 65.12T.W.C. 352 13.50cd 4.83a-c 64.20 3.50 a 74.07 7.50d 44.44 6.00a 55.56
Mean 18.05A 4.79C 73.49 2.09 D 88.43 10.63B 41.09 3.98C 77.93L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =1.191 for interactions =3.566
*Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)** In spite of location factor the table reflect tolerance of different cultivars. ***R%= ( control-treatment)/ control×100
119 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.21: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by holes number/10 ear stalks in the two locations.
El-Gharbia
CultivarsTreatments
Control Chlorpyrifos Diazinon Methomyl FenpropathrinMean Mean R%*** Mean R% Mean R% Mean R%
Giza 2 8.67 cd* 5.00abc 42.31 3.33ab 61.54 7.67 b 11.54 3.67b 57.69S.C.10 13.00 a 6.67a 48.72 5.00a 61.54 12.00 a 7.69 6.67a 48.72S.C.13 5.00 f 2.67cd 46.67 1.67b 66.67 4.67 de 6.67 3.33b 33.33S.C.123 6.33 d-f 3.00b-d 52.63 2.67ab 57.89 5.67 de 10.53 2.67b 57.89
T.W.C. 310 8.00 c-e 5.33ab 33.33 3.33ab 58.33 6.67 cd 16.67 4.33b 45.83T.W.C. 321 8.33 cd 4.00b-d 52.00 5.00a 40.00 8.33 bc 0.00 3.33ab 60.00T.W.C. 323 10.00 bc 3.67b-d 63.33 2.67ab 73.33 8.33 bc 16.67 4.67a 53.33T.W.C. 324 11.33 ab 4.67a-c 58.82 3.33ab 70.59 8.67 bc 23.53 5.00b 55.88T.W.C. 351 5.00 f 2.00d 60.00 2.67ab 46.67 4.00 e 20.00 2.33b 53.33T.W.C. 352 5.67 ef 3.00b-d 47.06 2.00b 64.71 4.33 de 23.53 3.00ab 47.06
Mean 8.13 A 4.00C 50.82 3.17D 61.07 7.03 B 13.52 3.90CD 52.05L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.564 for interactions =2.414
El-BehiraGiza 2 7.67 d 6.67b-d 13.04 4.33a-c 43.48 7.00 cd 8.70 7.00c 8.70S.C.10 15.67 bc 10.00a 36.17 6.33ab 59.57 13.00 a 17.02 13.33a 14.89S.C.13 7.00 e 6.33cd 9.52 5.00a-c 28.57 4.67 b-d 33.33 6.33c 9.52S.C.123 5.67 de 5.67d 0.00 3.00c 47.06 4.67 e 17.65 4.00c 29.41
T.W.C. 310 10.33 bc 8.33a-d 19.35 4.00a-c 61.29 6.33 ab 38.71 10.33b 0.00T.W.C. 321 10.67 c 6.00cd 43.75 6.67a 37.50 10.00 bc 6.25 7.33c 31.25T.W.C. 323 12.33 a 7.33a-d 40.54 4.00a-c 67.57 10.00 bc 18.92 7.00c 43.24T.W.C. 324 13.67 a 9.33ab 31.71 6.67a 51.22 13.33 a 2.44 8.00bc 41.46T.W.C. 351 4.67 de 4.33cd 7.14 3.67bc 21.43 4.67 cd 0.00 3.33c 28.57T.W.C. 352 7.67 b 6.33a-c 17.39 5.67a-c 26.09 6.67 de 13.04 7.00c 8.70
Mean 9.53 A 7.03B 26.22 4.93C 48.25 8.03 A 15.73 7.37B 22.73L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =1.206 for interactions =2.819
**Average data Giza 2 8.17 de 5.83b-d 28.57 3.83b-d 53.06 7.33 c 10.20 5.33cd 34.69S.C.10 14.33 a 8.33a 41.86 5.67ab 60.47 12.50 a 12.79 10.00a 30.23S.C.13 6.00 f 4.50d 25.00 3.33cd 44.44 4.67 d 22.22 4.83cd 19.44S.C.123 6.00 f 4.33d 27.78 2.83d 52.78 5.17 d 13.89 3.33d 44.44
T.W.C. 310 9.17 d 6.83a-c 25.45 3.67cd 60.00 6.50 c 29.09 7.33b 20.00T.W.C. 321 9.50 cd 5.00cd 47.37 5.83a 38.60 9.17 bc 3.51 5.33cd 43.86T.W.C. 323 11.17 bc 5.50b-d 50.75 3.33cd 70.15 9.17 bc 17.91 5.83b-d 47.76T.W.C. 324 12.50 ab 7.00ab 44.00 5.00a-c 60.00 11.00 b 12.00 6.50bc 48.00T.W.C. 351 4.83 f 3.17d 34.48 3.17cd 34.48 4.33 d 10.34 2.83d 41.38T.W.C. 352 6.67 ef 4.67b-d 30.00 3.83b-d 42.50 5.50 d 17.50 5.00cd 25.00
Mean 8.83 A 5.52C 37.55 4.05D 54.15 7.53 B 14.72 5.63C 36.23L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.565 for interactions =1.926
*Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)** In spite of location factor the table reflect tolerance of different cultivars.***R%= ( control-treatment)/ control×100
120 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.22: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by damage grains% in two locations.
El-Gharbia
CultivarsTreatments
Control Chlorpyrifos Diazinon Methomyl FenpropathrinMean Mean R%*** Mean R% Mean R% Mean R%
Giza 2 4.46cd 2.35cd 47.26 1.76c 60.49 3.29cd 26.28 1.98de 55.49S.C.10 7.51b 3.94b 47.48 2.58bc 65.71 5.41b 27.98 4.17b 44.45S.C.13 2.26g 1.49d 33.90 0.74d 67.47 1.79e 20.88 1.21e 46.66S.C.123 4.39de 2.31cd 47.45 1.75c 60.08 3.15d 28.21 2.56cd 41.58
T.W.C. 310 9.01a 5.89a 34.59 4.20a 53.35 7.22a 19.87 5.30a 41.17T.W.C. 321 7.58b 3.62b 52.19 3.06b 59.65 5.28b 30.37 4.15b 45.28T.W.C. 323 3.48ef 2.36cd 31.99 1.72c 50.64 2.61de 25.07 1.78de 48.73T.W.C. 324 9.17a 5.74a 37.42 4.17a 54.50 7.32a 20.12 5.47a 40.28T.W.C. 351 3.16 fg 2.34cd 25.81 1.50a 52.62 2.60de 17.50 1.86de 41.04T.W.C. 352 5.33c 3.20bc 39.98 2.30bc 56.79 4.11c 22.95 3.33bc 37.56
Mean 5.63A 3.33C 40.97 2.38D 57.80 4.28B 24.08 3.18C 43.52L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.3053 for interactions=0.9135
El-BehiraGiza 2 4.37d 2.53d 42.13 1.71de 60.86 3.41d 21.96 2.17cd 50.26S.C.10 6.71b 4.05bc 39.66 2.94bc 56.15 5.01bc 25.33 4.45b 33.62S.C.13 2.29 f 1.64e 28.35 0.84e 63.12 1.96e 14.33 1.51d 34.17S.C.123 4.40d 2.49de 43.37 1.60de 63.69 3.37d 23.41 2.91c 33.96
T.W.C. 310 8.95a 5.28a 40.97 4.52a 49.55 7.88a 11.93 5.92a 33.92T.W.C. 321 7.33b 4.34b 40.83 3.33b 54.51 5.75b 21.61 4.31b 41.24T.W.C. 323 3.47e 2.32de 33.17 2.31cd 33.54 2.69de 22.41 2.07cd 40.35T.W.C. 324 8.61a 6.00a 30.28 4.35a 49.49 7.04a 18.17 4.73b 45.09T.W.C. 351 2.89ef 2.10de 27.42 1.68de 41.78 2.25e 22.21 1.84d 36.23T.W.C. 352 5.54c 3.45c 37.71 2.68bc 51.66 4.73c 14.60 3.89b 29.70
Mean 5.46A 3.42C 37.32 2.60D 52.42 4.41B 19.18 3.38C 38.05L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.1796 for interactions=0.8840
**Average dataGiza 2 4.41d 2.44c 44.72 1.74e 60.67 3.35d 24.14 2.08de 52.90S.C.10 7.11b 4.00b 43.79 2.76bc 61.20 5.21b 26.73 4.31b 39.34S.C.13 2.27 f 1.57d 31.11 0.79 f 65.28 1.87g 17.58 1.36 f 40.38S.C.123 4.40d 2.40c 45.40 1.68e 61.89 3.26de 25.81 2.74d 37.77
T.W.C. 310 8.98a 5.59a 37.77 4.36a 51.46 7.55a 15.91 5.61a 37.56T.W.C. 321 7.46b 3.98b 46.61 3.20b 57.12 5.51b 26.06 4.23bc 43.29T.W.C. 323 3.47e 2.34c 32.58 2.01de 42.10 2.65ef 23.74 1.93ef 44.54T.W.C. 324 8.89a 5.87a 33.97 4.26a 52.07 7.18a 19.17 5.10a 42.61T.W.C. 351 3.02e 2.22cd 26.58 1.59e 47.44 2.42 fg 19.75 1.85ef 38.74T.W.C. 352 5.43c 3.32b 38.83 2.49cd 54.18 4.42c 18.70 3.61c 33.55
Mean 5.54A 3.37C 39.18 2.49D 55.16 4.34B 21.67 3.28C 40.83L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.2054 for interactions=0.6886
*Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)** In spite of location factor the table reflect tolerance of different cultivars. ***R%= ( control-treatment)/ control×100
121 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.23: Effect of chemical insecticides treatments and corn cultivars on grains protein percentage.
El-Gharbia
CultivarsTreatments
Control Chlorpyrifos Diazinon Methomyl FenpropathrinGiza 2 3.96 b 4.02 b 4.10 bc 3.96 b 4.02 bS.C.10 3.33 de 3.36 d 3.49 ef 3.30 e 3.45 deS.C.13 3.27 ef 3.39 d 3.41 f 3.32 de 3.40 eS.C.123 4.50 a 4.59 a 4.55 a 4.49 a 4.59 a
T.W.C. 310 3.83 bc 3.95 b 3.87 cd 3.71 bc 4.05 bT.W.C. 321 3.08 ef 3.25 d 3.30 f 3.08 e 3.30 eT.W.C. 323 3.04 f 3.21 d 3.37 f 3.10 e 3.28 eT.W.C. 324 3.58 cd 3.66 c 3.70 de 3.57 cd 3.68 cdT.W.C. 351 4.02 b 3.97 b 4.14 b 3.90 b 4.11 bT.W.C. 352 3.76 bc 3.81 bc 3.84 cd 3.79 bc 3.90 bc
Mean 3.64 BC 3.72 AB 3.78 A 3.62 C 3.78 AL.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.09784 for interactions=0.2625
El-BehiraGiza 2 4.17 a 4.15 a 4.23 ab 3.67 bc 4.26 aS.C.10 3.28 c 3.46 cd 3.45 d 3.24 e 3.30 dS.C.13 3.22 c 3.42 cde 3.41 d 3.28 de 3.39 cdS.C.123 4.31 a 4.35 a 4.46 a 4.35 a 4.43 a
T.W.C. 310 3.71 b 3.87 b 3.99 bc 3.67 bc 3.94 bT.W.C. 321 3.24 c 3.25 de 3.35 d 3.08 e 3.22 dT.W.C. 323 3.05 c 3.17 e 3.32 d 3.15 e 3.37 cdT.W.C. 324 3.57 b 3.58 bc 3.88 c 3.52 cd 3.61 cT.W.C. 351 3.81 b 3.80 b 3.99 bc 3.84 b 3.91 bT.W.C. 352 3.61 b 3.69 bc 3.73 c 3.61 bc 3.62 c
Mean 3.60 A 3.67 A 3.78 A 3.54 A 3.71 AL.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.2831 for interactions=0.2675
Average data**Giza 2 4.06 b 4.09 b 4.16 b 3.81 b 4.14 bS.C.10 3.31 e 3.41 ef 3.47 e 3.27 de 3.38 dS.C.13 3.25 ef 3.40 fg 3.41 e 3.30 d 3.39 dS.C.123 4.41 a 4.47 a 4.50 a 4.42 a 4.51 a
T.W.C. 310 3.77 cd 3.91 bc 3.93 cd 3.69 bc 4.00 bT.W.C. 321 3.16 ef 3.25 fg 3.33 e 3.08 e 3.26 dT.W.C. 323 3.04 f 3.19 g 3.35 e 3.12 de 3.32 dT.W.C. 324 3.57 d 3.62 de 3.79 d 3.54 c 3.65 cT.W.C. 351 3.92 bc 3.89 bc 4.07 bc 3.87 b 4.01 bT.W.C. 352 3.68 d 3.75 cd 3.79 d 3.70 bc 3.76 c
Mean 3.62 BC 3.70 AB 3.78 A 3.58 C 3.74 AL.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.09414 for interactions=0.2122
*Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)** In spite of location factor the table reflect tolerance of different cultivars.
122 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.24: Effect of chemical insecticides treatments and corn cultivars on grains phosphors percentage.
El-Gharbia
CultivarsTreatments
Control Chlorpyrifos Diazinon Methomyl FenpropathrinGiza 2 0.48 ab 0.52a 0.48ab 0.46 ab 0.53aS.C.10 0.49 a 0.52a 0.52a 0.50 a 0.49abS.C.13 0.43 bc 0.42b 0.44b 0.42 bc 0.43cdS.C.123 0.50 a 0.50a 0.50a 0.51 a 0.50ab
T.W.C. 310 0.35 d 0.34c 0.32c 0.35 de 0.38deT.W.C. 321 0.48 ab 0.48a 0.48ab 0.48 a 0.47bcT.W.C. 323 0.37 d 0.41b 0.37c 0.39 cd 0.37eT.W.C. 324 0.40 cd 0.34c 0.35c 0.33 e 0.34eT.W.C. 351 0.50 a 0.49a 0.51a 0.49 a 0.52abT.W.C. 352 0.51 a 0.51a 0.53a 0.50 a 0.50ab
Mean 0.45 A 0.45A 0.45A 0.44 A 0.45AL.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.0010 for interactions=0.05147
El-BehiraGiza 2 0.49 a 0.50ab 0.52a 0.52 a 0.50aS.C.10 0.50 a 0.49ab 0.51a 0.51 a 0.51aS.C.13 0.42 bc 0.42cd 0.45bc 0.42 c 0.43bcS.C.123 0.49 a 0.51a 0.49ab 0.49 ab 0.50a
T.W.C. 310 0.35 de 0.34e 0.35de 0.35 d 0.38cT.W.C. 321 0.47 ab 0.45bc 0.48ab 0.44 bc 0.47abT.W.C. 323 0.40 cd 0.38de 0.40cd 0.41 c 0.39cT.W.C. 324 0.34 e 0.34e 0.33e 0.34 d 0.32dT.W.C. 351 0.52 a 0.54a 0.51a 0.53 a 0.49aT.W.C. 352 0.50 a 0.50ab 0.51a 0.50 a 0.47ab
Mean 0.45 A 0.45A 0.45A 0.45 A 0.45AL.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.0059 for interactions=0.05147
Avareg data**Giza 2 0.49 bc 0.51a 0.50bc 0.49 b 0.52aS.C.10 0.50 ab 0.51a 0.52a 0.51 a 0.50bS.C.13 0.42 d 0.42c 0.44e 0.42 d 0.43dS.C.123 0.50 ab 0.51a 0.49cd 0.50 ab 0.50b
T.W.C. 310 0.35 f 0.34e 0.34g 0.35 f 0.38eT.W.C. 321 0.48 c 0.46b 0.48d 0.46 c 0.47cT.W.C. 323 0.38 e 0.40d 0.39 f 0.40 e 0.38eT.W.C. 324 0.37 e 0.34e 0.34g 0.33 g 0.33 fT.W.C. 351 0.51 a 0.51a 0.51ab 0.51 a 0.50bT.W.C. 352 0.51 a 0.50a 0.52a 0.50 ab 0.48c
Mean 0.45 A 0.45A 0.45A 0.45 A 0.45AL.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.0059 for interactions=0.01628
*Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)** In spite of location factor the table reflect tolerance of different cultivars.
123 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.25: Effect of chemical insecticides treatments and corn cultivars on 100 grains weight (g.).
El-Gharbia
CultivarsTreatments
Control Chlorpyrifos Diazinon Methomyl FenpropathrinGiza 2 28.99*ab 29.81 a 29.70 a-c 27.63ab 29.63 bS.C.10 31.44a 31.36 a 32.79 a 30.08a 30.81 aS.C.13 23.00c 28.18 ab 28.09 bc 25.76bc 27.79 bS.C.123 26.00bc 27.64 ab 27.63 bc 27.68ab 27.00 b
T.W.C. 310 29.48ab 29.25 ab 29.25 a-c 27.47ab 28.70 bT.W.C. 321 29.55ab 25.58 b 31.29 ab 29.53ab 29.17 abT.W.C. 323 25.69bc 25.65 b 26.16 c 23.12c 25.21 aT.W.C. 324 28.74ab 31.18 a 30.86 ab 28.53ab 28.62 bT.W.C. 351 27.93b 28.42 ab 29.81 a-c 26.53a-c 27.44 bT.W.C. 352 27.73ab 28.58 ab 27.54 bc 25.88bc 28.08 ab
Mean 27.86AB 28.57 AB 29.31 A 27.22B 28.24 CDL.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =1.659 for interactions=3.894
El-BehiraGiza 2 31.04 d 32.29 ef 33.42 d 30.33e 31.41 ghS.C.10 35.34 bc 37.11 a 38.99 a 37.03a 37.93 abS.C.13 35.04 e 36.23 ab 36.24 bc 31.54de 38.30 aS.C.123 32.77 de 34.57 b-d 34.65 cd 32.68cd 32.55 e-g
T.W.C. 310 33.60 bc 35.72 a-c 33.82 d 34.27bc 34.44 c-eT.W.C. 321 30.97 c 34.01 c-e 33.94 d 31.24de 32.06 f-hT.W.C. 323 31.96 a 33.76 de 33.90 d 32.45cd 33.66 d-fT.W.C. 324 33.20 a 35.80 a-c 37.39 ab 34.13bc 34.47 cdT.W.C. 351 30.82 de 31.02 f 30.94 e 30.36e 30.34 hT.W.C. 352 36.68 b 36.31 ab 37.33 ab 36.02ab 36.15 bc
Mean 33.14 A 34.68 AB 35.06 A 33.01C 34.13 BL.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =1.085 for interactions=1.914
Avarage data**Giza 2 30.02c-e 31.05 bc 31.56 c-e 28.98c-e 30.52 c-eS.C.10 33.39a 34.24 a 35.89 a 33.56a 34.37 aS.C.13 29.02de 32.21 ab 32.16 b-d 28.65de 33.04 abS.C.123 29.39de 31.11 bc 31.14 c-e 30.18b-d 29.78 de
T.W.C. 310 31.54a-c 32.48 ab 31.53 c-e 30.87bc 31.57 b-dT.W.C. 321 30.26b-e 29.80 c 32.61 bc 30.38b-d 30.62 c-eT.W.C. 323 28.83e 29.71 c 30.03 e 27.79e 29.43 eT.W.C. 324 30.97b-d 33.49 a 34.12 ab 31.33b 31.55 b-dT.W.C. 351 29.37e 29.72 c 30.38 de 28.44de 28.89 eT.W.C. 352 32.21ab 32.44 ab 32.44 bc 30.95bc 32.11 bc
Mean 30.50BC 31.62 A 32.19 A 30.11C 31.19 ABL.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.9383 for interactions=2.032
*Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)** In spite of location factor the table reflect tolerance of different cultivars.
124 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.26: Effect of chemical insecticides treatments and corn cultivars on grains yield/10plants (kg.).
El-Gharbia
CultivarsTreatments
Control Chlorpyrifos Diazinon Methomyl FenpropathrinGiza 2 1.26a* 1.44 b-d 1.62 b-d 1.43ab 1.59 bS.C.10 1.51a 1.87 a 2.02 a 1.52a 1.66 aS.C.13 1.05bc 1.40 cd 1.29 de 1.22a 1.38 bS.C.123 1.46a 1.77 ab 1.91 ab 1.47a 1.60 b
T.W.C. 310 1.16a-c 1.46 d 1.46 c-e 1.32a 1.40 abT.W.C. 321 1.38ab 1.63 a-c 1.77 a-c 1.45a 1.51 bT.W.C. 323 0.97c 1.20 d 1.24 e 0.98b 1.08 aT.W.C. 324 1.47a 1.92 a 2.00 a 1.48a 1.64 bT.W.C. 351 1.37ab 1.59 a-c 1.68 a-c 1.35a 1.52 bT.W.C. 352 1.30a-c 1.48 b-d 1.77 a-c 1.54a 1.58 ab
Mean 1.29C 1.58 B 1.68 A 1.38C 1.50 CDL.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.1427 for interactions=0.3687
El-BehiraGiza 2 1.37d 1.66 a 1.69 a-c 1.38a-c 1.54 abS.C.10 1.42bc 1.65 a 1.80 ab 1.47a 1.66 aS.C.13 1.18e 1.35 b 1.58 bc 1.19d 1.51 a-cS.C.123 1.22de 1.59 ab 1.47 cd 1.31a-d 1.36 bc
T.W.C. 310 1.24c 1.61 ab 1.66 a-c 1.25b-d 1.41 a-cT.W.C. 321 1.44bc 1.66 a 1.72 a-c 1.45ab 1.59 a-cT.W.C. 323 1.05a 1.50 ab 1.28 d 1.11cd 1.23 cT.W.C. 324 1.47a 1.69 a 1.88 a 1.50a 1.62 abT.W.C. 351 1.30b 1.42 ab 1.52 cd 1.33b-d 1.47 a-cT.W.C. 352 1.35de 1.42 ab 1.63 cd 1.30a-d 1.42 bc
Mean 1.30A 1.55 A 1.62 A 1.33C 1.48 BL.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.09641 for interactions=0.2828
Average data**Giza 2 1.31ab 1.55 b-e 1.66 bc 1.41a 1.57 aS.C.10 1.47a 1.76 ab 1.91 a 1.50a 1.66 aS.C.13 1.11cd 1.37 e 1.44 cd 1.21ab 1.44 aS.C.123 1.34a-c 1.68 a-c 1.69 a-c 1.39a 1.48 a
T.W.C. 310 1.20b-d 1.54 de 1.56 bc 1.28ab 1.41 abT.W.C. 321 1.41ab 1.64 a-d 1.74 ab 1.45a 1.55 aT.W.C. 323 1.01d 1.35 e 1.26 d 1.05b 1.15 bT.W.C. 324 1.47a 1.81 a 1.94 a 1.49a 1.63 aT.W.C. 351 1.34a-c 1.51 c-e 1.60 bc 1.34ab 1.50 aT.W.C. 352 1.33a-c 1.45 c-e 1.70 bc 1.42a 1.50 a
Mean 1.30D 1.57 B 1.65 A 1.35D 1.49 CL.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.08857 for interactions=0.1289
*Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)** In spite of location factor the table reflect tolerance of different cultivars.
125 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
IV.4 Chemical analysis of Corn cultivars.
The aim of this investigation is identify the mechanisms of resistance in
previous corn cultivars through determination of some chemical and physical
parameters ( cellulose contents , percent of ash , total soluble solid TSS and stem
Rigidity). The present investigation was conducted at the experimental farm of
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tanta. The experiments were made in 2003
growing seasons. The experimental design was a factorial complete randomized
plot with three replications and 10 treatments (the previous cultivers).
Table(IV.27) show the chemical and physical parameters of the previous
corn cultivars.
Cultivars S.C.123 and Giza 2 had the lowest values in ash% (6.89 and
6.92 respectively) while, T.W.C. 352 and T.W.C. 324 cultivars had the highest
value in this respect ( 7.59 and 7.28 respectively).
Cultivars S.C.10, T.W.C. 352 and T.W.C. 351 had the highest values in
%Celluloses (34.73, 31.63 and 31.57 respectively). On the other hand Giza 2 and
T.W.C. 323 cultivars had the lowest value in this regard ( 22.93 and 24.20
respectively).
Cultivars T.W.C. 351 and S.C.13 had the lowest values in TSS ( 3.63 and
3.73 respectively) while, T.W.C. 321,T.W.C. 324, T.W.C. 352 and T.W.C. 323 had
the highest value in this respect ( 5.47,5.27, 5.20 and 5.20 respectively).
Cultivars S.C.13, T.W.C. 352 and S.C.123 had the lowest values in stem
rigidity which had 2.93, 3.00 and 3.00 Newton, while S.C.10 and T.W.C. 323 had
the highest values in this respect which had 5.38 and 4.83 Newton respectively.
126 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.27: Some chemical and physical parameters of ten corn cultivars.
Cultivars Chemical parameters Physical parameters
%Ash %Celluloses TSS Rigidity
Giza 2 6.92 22.93 4.13 3.11
S.C.10 6.95 34.73 4.60 5.38
S.C.13 6.97 26.97 3.73 2.93
S.C.123 6.89 27.08 4.33 3.00
T.W.C. 310 7.24 30.89 4.73 4.37
T.W.C. 321 7.31 26.17 5.47 4.35
T.W.C. 323 7.16 24.20 5.27 4.83
T.W.C. 324 7.28 25.01 5.20 4.36
T.W.C. 351 7.19 31.57 3.63 3.84
T.W.C. 352 7.59 31.63 5.20 3.00
127 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
IV.5 Evaluation of some microbial insecticides efficiency against ECB on certain maize cultivators compared with chemical insecticides under natural infestation conditions.Two field experiment were carried out at the Experimental Farm of Faculty
of Agric., Tanta Univ. during 2004 and 2005 successive seasons. To evaluate some
biocide (Agrine and Biofly), mixtures of biocides with some protective agents (oil
and photostaplizer which enhanced the bioicide persistence against sunlight and
UV) and bioicide mixtures with protective agents and the half the field application
rate of diazinon (the most efficient insecticide). That on the most tolerant corn
cultivar and two of the highest production caltivars and also hight susceptible to
ECB infestation . To achieve the most integrated chemical & biological control of
the European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis).
IV.5.1 Holes No./100 internodes. Data presented in Table (IV.28) show the effect of bioicide treatments
and corn cultivars on ECB infestation assessed by holes No./100 internodes.
A significant differences among corn cultivars and biocides treatments
were detected in the two seasons.
At season 2004: cultiver S.C. 10 treated with mixture No.4 or diazinon
treatments had the lowest value in holes No./100 internodes.
Holes No./100 internodes values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides
were in ascending order as follows:Diazinon< mixture No.4< mixture No.3<
mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Biofly< Agerin< paraffin oil < control. While
T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows:mixture No.4<
128 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
diazinon< mixture No.3< mixture No.2< Biofly< mixture No.1< Agerin<
control<paraffin oil. T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as
follows:mixture No.4< diazinon< mixture No. 3< mixture No.2< mixture No.1<
Biofly< Agerin< paraffin oil < control.
From biocides treatments means: mixture No.4 and diazinon were the
most effective treatments against ECB infestation evaluated by holes No./100
internodes (reduction %(R%)=82.72 and 79.99 respectively). There are no
significant different between the three cultivars in susceptibility against ECB
infestation .
At season 2005: cultivars S.C. 10 treated with paraffin oil and untreated
S.C. 10 treatments recored the highest values in holes No./100 internodes while
T.W.C.310 treated with diazinon and T.W.C.351 treated with mixture No.4
treatments had the lowest values in this respect.
Holes No./100 internodes values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides
were in ascending order as follows:Biofly< diazinon< mixture No.4< mixture
No.3< mixture No.2< Agerin< mixture No.1< control < paraffin oil. While
T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows:diazinon<
mixture No. 3< mixture No.4< Biofly< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin<
paraffin oil < control. T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as
follows:mixture No.4< mixtureNo. 3< Diazinon< mixture No.2< Biofly<
Agerin< mixture No.1< paraffin oil< control.
Diazinon and mixture No.4 were the most effective treatments against ECB
infestation evaluated by holes No./100 internodes (R%= 79.12 and 78.45
respectively).
The most susceptibility cultivar was S.C10, while the T.W.C.351 and
129 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
T.W.C.310 cultivars had the same tolerant potency toward ECB infestation .
From the averaged data it could be concluded that: a significant
differences were detected between the insecticides treatments and corn cultivars.
Untreated S.C. 10 cultivar recored the highest value in holes/ 100
internodes, while T.W.C. 351 treated with mixture No.4 and S.C. 10 treated with
diazinon recorded the lowest values in this regard.
Holes No./100 internodes values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides
were in ascending order as follows:diazinon< mixture No.4< mixture No.3<
mixture No.2< Biofly mixture No.1< Agerin< paraffin oil < control. While
T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows:diazinon<
mixture No.3< mixture No.4< Biofly< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin<
paraffin oil< control . T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as follows:
mixture No.4< diazinon< mixture No.3< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Biofly<
Agerin< paraffin oil < control.
Mixture No.4, diazinon and mixture No.3 were the most effective
treatments against ECB infestation evaluated by holes No./100 internodes (R
%=81.03, 79.65 and 75.20 respectively).
The most susceptible cultiver was S.C10 while T.W.C.351 cultivars had
the most tolerant potency against ECB infestation determined by holes/100
internodes.
IV.5.2 Cavities No./10plants. Data presented in Table (IV.29) show the effect of biocides treatments
and corn cultivars on ECB infestation evaluated by cavities No./10plants
A significant differences were found between the biocides treatments and
corn cultivars in the two seasons.
130 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
At season 2004: T.W.C.351 treated with mixture No.4 had the lowest
value in this respect. Cavities No./10plants values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with
biocides were in ascending order as follows: diazinon< mixture No.4< mixture No.
3< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Biofly< Agerin<control < paraffin oil.
While T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows:
mixture No.4< mixture No. 3< diazinon< mixture No.2< Biofly< mixture No.1<
Agerin< control <paraffin oil. T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as
follows: mixture No.4< diazinon< mixture No.3< mixture No.2< mixture No.1<
Biofly< Agerin< paraffin oil< control.
Mixture No.4 and diazinon were the most effective treatments against
ECB infestation evaluated by cavities No./10plants (R%= 87.00 and 83.01
respectively).
The most susceptible cultivars were S.C10 and T.W.C.310, while the
T.W.C.351 had the most tolerant cultivar against ECB infestation determined by
cavity /10plants.
At season 2005: T.W.C.310 treated with diazinon , T.W.C. 351 treated
with mixture No.4 and T.W.C. 351 treated with mixture No.3 had the lowest
values in this respect. Cavities No./10plants values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with
biocides were in ascending order as follows: diazinon< Biofly< mixture No.4<
mixture No.3< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin< paraffin oil <
control. While T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in ascending order as
follows: diazinon< mixture No.3< mixture No.4< Biofly< mixture No.2<
mixture No.1< Agerin < control <paraffin oil. T.W.C351 treatments were in
ascending order as follows: mixture No.3< mixture No.4< diazinon< mixture
No.2< mixture No.1< Biofly< Agerin< paraffin oil< control.
131 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Diazinon and mixture No.4 were the most effective treatments against ECB
infestation evaluated by cavity No./10plants (R%=78.93 and 78.25 respectively).
The most susceptible cultivar was S.C10 ,while T.W.C.351 and
T.W.C.310 cultivars had the same tolerant trend against ECB infestation
determined by cavities No./10plants.
From the averaged data it could be concluded that: a significant
difference were observed between the insecticides treatments and corn cultivars .
T.W.C.351 treated with mixture No.4 and T.W.C.310 treated with
diazinon treatments had the lowest values in this respect . Cavity No./10 plants
values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides were in ascending order as
follows:diazinon< mixture No.4< mixture No.3< mixture No.2< Biofly< mixture
No.1< Agerin< paraffin oil< control. While T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in
ascending order as follows:diazinon< mixture No.3< mixture No.4<
Biofly< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin<control < paraffin oil.
T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as follows: mixture No.4< mixture
No. 3< diazinon< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Biofly< Agerin< paraffin oil <
control.
Mixture No.4, diazinon and mixture No.3 were the most effective
treatments against ECB infestation evaluated by cavities No./10plants (R%=83.29,
81.28and 76.31 respectively).
The most susceptible cultivar was S.C10, while the T.W.C.351 had the
most tolerant cultiver against ECB infestation determined by cavities
No./10plants.
IV.5.3 Larvae No./10plants. Data presented in Tables (IV.30) show the effect of biochemicals
132 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
treatment and corn cultivars on ECB infestation evaluated by larvae No./10plans.
In the two season there were a significant differences between the bioicide
treatments, while, there were no significant difference between cultivar
treatments .
At season 2004: T.W.C.351 and S.C.10 cultivars treated with mixture
No.4 treatments had the lowest values in this respect.
Larvae No./10plans values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides were in
ascending order as follows: mixture No.4< diazinon< mixture No. 3< mixture
No.2< mixture No.1< Biofly< Agerin< paraffin oil < control. While T.W.C.310
cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows:mixture No.4< mixture
No. 3< diazinon< Biofly< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin< paraffin oil<
control. T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as follows: mixture No.4<
diazinon< mixtureNo.3< Biofly< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin<
paraffin oil< control.
At season 2005: T.W.C. 310 treated with diazinon and T.W.C.310 treated
with mixture No.3 treatments had the lowest values in this regard.
Larvae No./10 plans values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides were in
ascending order as follows:mixture No.4< diazinon< Biofly< mixture No.3<
mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin< paraffin oil< control. While T.W.C.310
cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows:diazinon< mixture
No.3< mixture No.4< Biofly< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin<
paraffin oil< control. T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as follows:
mixture No. 3< mixture No.4< diazinon< Biofly< mixture No.1< Agerin<
mixture No.2< paraffin oil< control.
ECB infestation evaluated by larvae No./10plants had lowest values in case
133 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
of diazinon, mixture No.4 and mixture No.3 treatments.
The most susceptibility cultivars was S.C10, while the T.W.C.351 and
T.W.C.310 had the same tolerance tendency against ECB infestation .
From the averaged data it could be concluded that: a significant
differences was found between the insecticides treatments and corn cultivars.
T.W.C. 351 treated with mixture No.4 and S.C.10 treated with mixture
No.4 had the lowest values in this respect. Larvae No./10plans values of S.C.10
cultiver treated with biocides were in ascending order as follows: mixture No.4<
diazinon< mixture No. 3< mixture No.2< Biofly< mixture No.1<
Agerin< paraffin oil< control. While T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in
ascending order as follows: mixture No. 3< diazinon< mixture No.4< Biofly<
mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin< paraffin oil< control. T.W.C351 treatments
were in ascending order as follows:mixture No.4< diazinon< mixture No. 3<
Biofly< mixture No.1< mixture No.2< Agerin< paraffin oil< control.
From the means values: ECB infestation evaluated by larvae No./10plants
had the lowest values in case of mixture No.4, diazinon and mixture No.3
treatments(R%=80.88, 77.45 and 74.40 respectively).The most susceptible cultivar
was S.C.10.
IV.5.4 100 grain weight.The effect of biochemicals treatments and corn cultivars on 100 grain
weight are presented in Tables (IV.31). There were a significant difference
detected between the insecticides treatments and corn cultivars in the two
seasons.
At season 2004: cultivar S.C.10 treated with Diazinon treatment recorded
the highest value in 100 grain weight followed by S.C.10 treated with mixture
134 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
No.4. 100 grain weight values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides were in
ascending order as follows: control<Agerin< paraffin oil< mixture No.2<
Biofly< mixture No.1< mixture No.3< mixture No.4< diazinon. While
T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows: paraffin
oil<control <Biofly< Agerin< mixture No.2< mixture No.3< mixture No.1<
mixture No.4< Diazinon. T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as
follows: mixture No.1< mixture No.2< paraffin oil< Biofly< Agerin< mixture
No.4< mixture No. 3< control< diazinon.
100grains weight had the highest value in case of diazinon and mixture
No.4 treatments .
The highest value of 100grains weight was recorded by S.C.10 cultivar
which superior the other cultivars.
At season 2005: cultivar S.C.10 treated with diazinon or treated with
mixture No.4 recorded the highest value in 100grains weight. 100 grain weight
values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides were in ascending order as follows:
control < paraffin oil< Agerin< Biofly< mixture No.1< mixture No.2<
mixture No.3< mixture No.4< diazinon. While T.W.C.310 cultivers
treatments were in ascending order as follows: mixture No.3< Agerin< Biofly<
paraffin oil< mixture No.1 < control< mixture No.2< diazinon< mixture
No.4. T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as follows:paraffin oil<
Agerin< Biofly< mixture No.1 < control< mixture No.2< mixture No. 3< mixture
No.4< diazinon.The highest values of 100 grain weight was recorded by S.C.10
cultivar.
From the averaged data it could be concluded that: a significant
differences among corn cultivars and biochemicals treatments were detected.
135 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Cultivar S.C.10 treated with diazinon or treated with mixture No.4
treatments recorded the highest value in 100grains weight. 100 grain weight values
of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides were in ascending order as follows:
control < paraffin oil< Agerin< Biofly< mixture No.1< mixture No.2<
mixture No.3< mixture No.4< diazinon. While T.W.C.310 cultivers
treatments were in ascending order as follows: paraffin oil<control < mixture No.
3< Agerin< Biofly< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< diazinon< mixture No.4 .
T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as follows:paraffin oil< Agerin<
mixture No.1< Biofly< mixture No.2<control< mixture No.3< mixture No.4<
diazinon.
S.C.10 cultivar had the highest value in 100 grain weight compared with
other cultivar T.W.C.310 and T.W.C.351
IV.5.5 Grains yield/10plants.Tables (IV.32) show the effect of biochemicals treatments and corn
cultivars on grains yield /10plants.
In both seasons there were a significant differences observed between the
insecticides treatments and corn cultivars in season 2005 . While there were no
significant difference between corn cultivars in season 2004.
At season 2004: the highest values of grains yield/10plants were recorded
with T.W.C.310 treated with mixture No.4 treatment and S.C.10 treated with
diazinon. Grains yield /10plants values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides
were in ascending order as follows:control< paraffin oil< Agerin< Biofly<
mixture No.1< mixture No.2< mixture No.3< mixture No.4. While T.W.C.310
cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows:control< paraffin oil<
Agerin< Biofly< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< mixture No.3< diazinon.
136 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as follows:control< Agerin<
paraffin oil< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Biofly< mixture No.3< diazinon.
Mixture No.4 and diazinon treatments had the highest values in grain yield
/10plants.There are no significant differences between the three cultivar in grain
yield /10plants.
At season 2005: the highest value of grains yield /10plants were recorded
with S.C.10 treated with diazinon or treated with mixture No.4. Grains yield /
10plants values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides were in ascending order
as follows:control< paraffin oil< Agerin< Biofly< mixture No.1<
mixture No.2< mixture No.3< mixture No.4. While
T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows:paraffin oil<
control< Agerin< mixture No.1< Biofly< mixture No.3< mixture No.2< mixture
No.4. T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as follows:paraffin oil<
control< Agerin< Biofly< mixture No.1< mixture No.2< mixture No.3< mixture
No.4.
Diazinon followed by mixture No.4 treatments had the highest values in
grains yield /10plants, while control treatments and paraffin oil treatments had the
lowest values. S.C.10 cultivar had the highest value of grains yield /10plants
while T.W.C.351 cultivars had the lowest value in this respect.
From the averaged data it could be concluded that : a significant
differences were observed between the insecticides treatments and corn cultivars .
The highest values of grains yield/10plants were recorded with S.C.10 treated
with diazinon treatment followed by S.C.10 treated with mixture No.4.
Grains yield /10plants values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides were
in ascending order as follows:control< paraffin oil< Agerin< Biofly< mixture
137 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
No.1< mixture No.2< mixture No.3< mixture No.4. While T.W.C.310 cultivers
treatments were in ascending order as follows:control< paraffin oil< Agerin<
Biofly< mixture No.1< mixture No.2< mixture No.3< diazinon. T.W.C351
treatments were in ascending order as follows:control< paraffin oil< Agerin<
mixture No.2< Biofly< mixture No.1< mixture No.3< mixture No.4.
S.C10 cultivar had surpassed the other cultivars T.W.C.310 and T.W.C.351
in grains yield /10plants .
From the previous data it could be concluded that:
● In case of infestation parameter (holes No./100internodes and
cavities No./10plants, ) it could be concluded that: In all cultivars (S.C.10,
T.W.C.310 and T.W.C351) control, paraffin oil and Agerin treatments had
the highest values in this parameters, while diazinon, mixture No.4 and
mixture No.3 had the lowest values in this regard but the ranke between
them differ from cultivar to anther. The cultivars rank in this parameters
had S.C10, T.W.C310 and T.W.C351.
● In case of productivity parameters (100 grains weight and grains
yield/10plants), the trend differ from parameters to another. But, it could be
concluded that:
● In case of 100 grain weight: control, paraffin oil and Agerin
treatments had the lowest values in this respect, while diazinon, mixture
No.4 and mixture No.3 had the highest values, either But, the cultivars
rank of in these parameters were S.C10, T.W.C310, and T.W.C351.
● In case of grains yield/10plants: control, paraffin oil and Agerin
treatments had the lowest values in this respect, while diazinon, mixture
No.3, mixture No.2 and mixture No.4 had the highest values٫ But, the
138 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
cultivars rank of these parameters were S.C10, T.W.C310, and T.W.C351.
Generally:
● There are no significant differences between control and paraffin
oil treatments in most studied parameters.
● Agrine was the lowest effective treatments against ECB infestation.
● Biofly had a moderate effect in this respect and superior Agrine.
● Mixing Biofly or Agrine with oil and photostablizer had enhanced
the activity of the compounds but was more effective in case of Biofly
Beauveria bassiana.
● Adding the half dose of the pesticides diazinon had enhanced the
activity against ECB infestation and there are no significant difference
between the mixture and the original pesticide in activity in most cases.
● Diazinon, mixture No.4 and mixture No.3 the only treatments that
effecting the stalk holes No/10plants. The most susceptible cultivars in this
respect was S.C.10
● The most susceptibility cultivars was S.C.10 followed by
T.W.C.310 (when take all parameters in consideration).
● S.C.10 had superior other cultivars in all productivity parameters
Many investigators reported that Bacillus thuringiensis had a low efficacy
against ECB infestation. Also, Beauveria bassina formulation had superior
Bacillus thuringiensis formulation in activity against ECB infestation (Sabbour,
2002; Cagan et al., 1995; Chiuo and Hou,1993 and Lewis and Bing, 1991). On
the other hand, our finding disagree with, He, et al.(2002) who, found that
Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t) spray and B.t granules were more effective than
Beauveria bassiana formulation in reducing the damage from ACB on sweet corn.
139 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.28: Efficiency of biocides treatments against ECB infestation on three corn cultivars evaluated by holes number/100 internodes, during 2004 and 2005 seasons.
Season 2004
TreatmentsCultivars
S.C. 10 T.W.C. 310 T.W.C 351Means
Mean % R.*** Mean % R. Mean % R. Mean % R.Control 20.09 a 16.80 a 15.45 a 17.45 a
Paraffin oil 19.53 a 2.80 17.25 a -2.68 15.48 a -0.19 17.42 a 0.15Agerin 13.28 b 33.90 12.48 b 25.69 12.05 b 22.01 12.60 b 27.76Biofly 10.30 c 48.72 7.67 c 54.34 7.56 c 51.08 8.51 c 51.22
Mixture No. 1 7.59 d 62.23 7.90 c 52.95 6.76 c 56.28 7.41 cd 57.50Mixture No. 2 5.25 de 73.85 7.05 cd 58.03 5.93 cd 61.59 6.08 de 65.15Mixture No. 3 3.24 ef 83.86 4.64 de 72.36 5.13 cde 66.83 4.34 ef 75.14Mixture No. 4 2.13 f 89.38 3.90 e 76.79 3.02 e 80.48 3.02 f 82.72
Diazinon 2.07 f 89.67 4.36 de 74.03 4.04 de 73.88 3.49 f 79.99Means 9.28 A 9.12 A 8.38 A 8.92
L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=1.976 for biocides treatments=1.981 for interactions=2.711Season 2005
Control 14.37 a 10.52 a 9.29 a 11.39 aParaffin oil 14.56 a -1.32 9.42 ab 10.49 8.55 a 8.01 10.84 a 4.85
Agerin 9.18 b 36.11 8.19 bc 22.18 5.31 b 42.82 7.56 b 33.65Biofly 2.84 d 80.21 4.50 e 57.27 5.09 b 45.17 4.14 cd 63.63
Mixture No. 1 9.55 b 33.52 6.83 cd 35.07 5.80 b 37.61 7.39 b 35.11Mixture No. 2 5.58 c 61.20 5.40 de 48.62 3.87 bc 58.34 4.95 c 56.55Mixture No. 3 4.90 cd 65.93 1.63 g 84.52 1.92 cd 79.29 2.82 de 75.29Mixture No. 4 3.44 cd 76.08 2.64 f 74.89 1.29 d 86.16 2.46 e 78.45
Diazinon 3.30 d 77.05 1.22 g 88.42 2.62 cd 71.79 2.38 e 79.12Means 7.52 A 5.59 B 4.86 B 5.99
L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=0.8803 for biocidestreatments=1.511 for interactions=2.271**Averaged data
Control 17.23 a 13.66 a 12.37 a 14.42 aParaffin oil 17.04 a 1.08 13.33 a 2.39 12.01 a 2.89 14.13 a 2.01
Agerin 11.23 b 34.83 10.33 b 24.34 8.68 b 29.82 10.08 b 30.08Biofly 6.57 d 61.85 6.08 c 55.47 6.33 c 48.86 6.33 cd 56.12
Mixture No. 1 8.57 c 50.26 7.37 c 46.06 6.28 c 49.27 7.40 c 48.65Mixture No. 2 5.41 de 68.57 6.23 c 54.41 4.90 cd 60.37 5.51 d 61.76Mixture No. 3 4.07 ef 76.39 3.14 d 77.04 3.53 de 71.51 3.58 e 75.20Mixture No. 4 2.79 f 83.83 3.27 d 76.06 2.15 e 82.61 2.74 e 81.03
Diazinon 2.69 f 84.41 2.79 d 79.57 3.33 de 73.09 2.94 e 79.65Means 8.40 A 7.35 AB 6.62 B 7.46
L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=1.205 for biocidestreatments=1.636 for interactions=1.755
**Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)** In spite of seasons factor the table reflect efficacy of different biocides. ***R%= (control -treatment-)/ control×100
140 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.29: Efficiency of biocides treatments against ECB infestation on three corn cultivars evaluated by cavity number/10 plants, during 2004 and 2005 seasons.
Season 2004
TreatmentsCultivars
S.C. 10 T.W.C. 310 T.W.C 351Means
Mean % R.*** Mean % R. Mean % R. Mean % R.Control 27.00 a* 21.67 a 18.00 a 22.22 a
Paraffin oil 27.70 a -2.61 23.33 a -7.69 18.33 a -1.85 23.12 a -4.06Agerin 17.33 b 35.80 16.67 b 23.08 14.00 b 22.22 16.00 b 28.00Biofly 14.07 b 47.87 9.00 c 58.46 8.33 c 53.70 10.47 c 52.89
Mixture No. 1 9.67 c 64.20 10.67 c 50.77 7.93 c 55.97 9.42 cd 57.61Mixture No. 2 6.30 cd 76.68 8.67 c 60.00 6.67 cd 62.96 7.21 de 67.56Mixture No. 3 4.59 d 82.99 4.48 d 79.32 5.00 cde 72.22 4.69 ef 78.89Mixture No. 4 2.67 d 90.12 3.67 d 83.08 2.33 e 87.04 2.89 f 87.00
Diazinon 2.66 d 90.16 4.67 d 78.46 4.00 de 77.78 3.77 f 83.01Means 12.44 A 11.42 A 9.40 B 11.09
L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=1.912 for biocides treatments=2.737 for interactions=3.900Season 2005
Control 22.67 a 13.04 ab 13.33 a 16.35 aParaffin oil 18.67 b 17.65 15.33 a -17.61 10.33 ab 22.50 13.44 b 17.75
Agerin 14.33 c 36.76 11.33 b 13.07 9.00 bc 32.50 12.89 b 21.15Biofly 5.00 e 77.94 5.33 de 59.09 7.26 bcd 45.56 5.86 de 64.12
Mixture No. 1 14.00 c 38.24 10.67 bc 18.18 6.26 cd 53.06 10.31 c 36.93Mixture No. 2 9.67 d 57.35 7.67 cd 41.19 4.67 de 65.00 7.33 d 55.14Mixture No. 3 9.00 d 60.29 2.33 e 82.10 2.00 e 85.00 4.44 ef 72.81Mixture No. 4 5.33 e 76.47 3.33 e 74.43 2.00 e 85.00 3.56 ef 78.25
Diazinon 4.67 e 79.41 1.33 f 89.77 4.33 de 67.50 3.44 f 78.93Means 11.48 A 7.82 B 6.58 B 8.63
L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=1.352 for biocides treatments=2.386 for interactions=3.567**Averaged data
Control 24.83 a 17.35 b 15.67 a 19.28 aParaffin oil 23.19 a 6.64 19.33 a 0.11 14.33 a 8.51 18.28 a 5.19
Agerin 15.83 b 36.24 14.00 c 7.79 11.50 b 26.60 14.44 b 25.10Biofly 9.54 cd 61.60 7.17 d 58.70 7.80 c 50.24 8.17 cd 57.65
Mixture No. 1 11.83 c 52.35 10.67 c 38.53 7.09 c 54.73 9.86 c 48.85Mixture No. 2 7.98 de 67.86 8.17 d 52.93 5.67 cd 63.83 7.27 d 62.29Mixture No. 3 6.80 e 72.63 3.41 f 80.36 3.50 de 77.66 4.57 e 76.31Mixture No. 4 4.00 f 83.89 3.50 f 79.83 2.17 e 86.17 3.22 e 83.29
Diazinon 3.66 f 85.25 3.00 f 82.71 4.17 de 73.40 3.61 e 81.28Means 11.96 A 9.62 B 7.99 C 9.86
L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=1.171 for biocides treatments=2.212 for interactions=2.577
*Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)** In spite of seasons factor the table reflect efficacy of different biocides. ***R%= (control -treatment-)/ control×100
141 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.30: Efficiency of biocides treatments against ECB infestation on three corn cultivars evaluated by larvae No./10 plants, during 2004 and 2005 seasons.
Season 2004
TreatmentsCultivars
S.C. 10 T.W.C. 310 T.W.C 351Means
Mean % R.*** Mean % R. Mean % R. Mean % R.Control 15.33 a* 10.33 a 13.67 a 13.11 a
Paraffin oil 15.19 a 0.97 10.00 ab 3.23 13.00 a 4.88 12.73 a 2.92Agerin 11.33 b 26.09 7.33 bc 29.03 9.33 b 31.71 9.33 b 28.81Biofly 7.85 c 48.79 5.67 cd 45.16 5.00 cd 63.41 6.17 c 52.92
Mixture No. 1 5.00 cd 67.39 7.00 c 32.26 5.85 c 57.18 5.95 c 54.61Mixture No. 2 4.07 de 73.43 5.67 cd 45.16 5.33 cd 60.98 5.02 cd 61.68Mixture No. 3 2.85 de 81.40 3.11 de 69.89 4.00 cde 70.73 3.32 de 74.67Mixture No. 4 2.00 e 86.96 2.67 e 74.19 1.67 e 87.80 2.11 e 83.90
Diazinon 2.61 de 82.97 3.67 de 64.52 2.67 de 80.49 2.98 e 77.26Means 7.36 A 6.16 A 6.72 A 6.75
L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=1.330 for biocides treatments=1.843 for interactions=2.881Season 2005
Control 11.00 a 7.26 a 8.67 a 8.98 aParaffin oil 9.67 ab 12.12 6.33 a 12.76 8.33 a 3.85 8.00 ab 10.87
Agerin 8.67 ab 21.21 6.00 ab 17.35 4.67 bc 46.15 6.56 bc 26.96Biofly 4.00 de 63.64 3.00 cd 58.67 3.07 bcde 64.53 3.36 ef 62.59
Mixture No. 1 8.00 bc 27.27 5.67 ab 21.94 4.19 bcd 51.71 5.95 cd 33.70Mixture No. 2 5.67 cd 48.48 3.67 bc 49.49 5.00 b 42.31 4.78 de 46.77Mixture No. 3 4.00 de 63.64 1.33 cd 81.63 1.67 e 80.77 2.33 f 74.00Mixture No. 4 2.00 e 81.82 2.33 cd 67.86 2.00 de 76.92 2.11 f 76.48
Diazinon 2.67 e 75.76 1.00 d 86.22 2.33 cde 73.08 2.00 f 77.72Means 6.19 A 4.07 B 4.44 B 4.90
L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=1.287 for biocides treatments=1.482 for interactions=2.352**Averaged data
Control 13.17 a 8.80 a 11.17 a 11.04 aParaffin oil 12.43 a 5.63 8.15 ab 9.05 10.67 a 4.48 10.36 a 6.15
Agerin 10.00 b 24.05 6.67 b 22.32 7.00 b 37.31 7.94 b 28.06Biofly 5.93 c 54.99 4.33 de 50.74 4.04 cd 63.85 4.77 c 56.85
Mixture No. 1 6.50 c 50.63 6.33 bc 28.00 5.02 c 55.06 5.95 c 46.12Mixture No. 2 4.87 cd 63.01 4.67 d 46.95 5.17 bc 53.73 4.90 c 55.62Mixture No. 3 3.43 de 73.98 2.22 f 74.74 2.83 de 74.63 2.83 d 74.40Mixture No. 4 2.00 e 84.81 2.50 ef 71.58 1.83 e 83.58 2.11 d 80.88
Diazinon 2.64 e 79.96 2.33 f 73.47 2.50 de 77.61 2.49 d 77.45Means 6.77 A 5.11 B 5.58 B 5.82
L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=0.8611 for biocides treatments=1.341 for interactions=1.896
*Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)** In spite of seasons factor the table reflect efficacy of different biocides. ***R%= (control -treatment-)/ control×100
142 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.31: Effect of biocides treatments and corn cultivars on 100 grain weight(g.), during 2004 and 2005 seasons.
Season 2004
TreatmentsCultivars
S.C. 10 T.W.C. 310 T.W.C 351Mean Mean Mean
Means
Control 29.69 d* 28.56 a 28.30 a 28.85 cParaffin oil 30.38 cd 28.23 a 27.63 a 28.75 c
Agerin 30.36 cd 28.96 a 27.80 a 29.04 bcBiofly 31.71 bcd 28.92 a 27.70 a 29.44 bc
Mixture No. 1 31.81 bcd 29.61 a 27.45 a 29.62 bcMixture No. 2 31.52 bcd 29.09 a 27.60 a 29.41 bcMixture No. 3 32.12 bc 29.32 a 28.28 a 29.91 bcMixture No. 4 32.84 ab 30.07 a 28.11 a 30.34 ab
Diazinon 34.84 a 30.31 a 29.24 a 31.46 aMeans 31.70 a 29.23 b 28.01 b 29.65
L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=1.565 for biocides treatments=1.392 for interactions=2.390Season 2005
Control 29.52 c 28.27 ab 27.82 ab 28.54 cParaffin oil 30.67 bc 28.92 ab 26.86 b 28.82 c
Agerin 30.68 bc 28.43 ab 27.07 b 28.73 cBiofly 30.72 bc 28.89 ab 27.60 ab 29.07 bc
Mixture No. 1 31.25 abc 29.16 ab 27.79 ab 29.40 bcMixture No. 2 31.67 abc 29.30 ab 28.19 ab 29.72 abcMixture No. 3 32.05 ab 27.65 b 28.21 ab 29.30 bcMixture No. 4 32.66 ab 30.62 a 28.68 ab 30.66 ab
Diazinon 33.54 a 30.05 ab 29.70 a 31.10 aMeans 31.42 a 29.03 b 27.99 b 29.48
L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=1.873 for biocides treatments=1.591 for interactions=2.514Averaged data**
Control 29.60 d 28.41 c 28.06 ab 28.69 cParaffin oil 30.53 cd 28.57 bc 27.24 b 28.78 c
Agerin 30.52 cd 28.69 bc 27.44 b 28.88 cBiofly 31.21 bcd 28.90 abc 27.65 b 29.26 c
Mixture No. 1 31.53 bc 29.38 abc 27.62 b 29.51 bcMixture No. 2 31.59 bc 29.20 abc 27.89 ab 29.56 bcMixture No. 3 32.09 bc 28.48 c 28.25 ab 29.60 bcMixture No. 4 32.75 ab 30.34 a 28.40 ab 30.50 ab
Diazinon 34.19 a 30.18 ab 29.47 a 31.28 aMeans 31.56 a 29.13 b 28.00 b 29.56
L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=1.594 for biocides treatments=1.132 for interactions=1.648
*Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)** In spite of seasons factor the table reflect efficacy of different biocides.
143 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.32: Effect of biocides treatments and corn cultivars on grains yield/10plants (kg.), during 2004 and 2005 seasons .
Season 2004
TreatmentsCultivars
S.C. 10 T.W.C. 310 T.W.C 352Means
Mean Mean Mean MeanControl 1.29 c* 1.19 e 1.15 c 1.21 d
Paraffin oil 1.33 c 1.23 de 1.30 bc 1.29 cdAgerin 1.39 bc 1.39 c-e 1.24 c 1.34 cdBiofly 1.60 a-c 1.41 c-e 1.47 a-c 1.50 bc
Mixture No. 1 1.62 a-c 1.54 b-d 1.42 a-c 1.53 bcMixture No. 2 1.72 ab 1.53 b-e 1.33 bc 1.53 bcMixture No. 3 1.74 a 1.71 a-c 1.62 ab 1.69 abMixture No. 4 1.87 a 1.89 a 1.71 a 1.82 a
Diazinon 1.87 a 1.87 ab 1.70 a 1.81 aMeans 1.60 A 1.53 A 1.44 A 1.52
L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=260.7 for biocidestreatments=233.8 for interactions=340.4Season 2005
Control 1.31 d 1.27 b 1.21 bc 1.26 dParaffin oil 1.37 d 1.24 b 1.20 c 1.27 d
Agerin 1.45 cd 1.35 ab 1.26 a-c 1.35 cdBiofly 1.52 b-d 1.46 ab 1.34 a-c 1.44 b-d
Mixture No. 1 1.52 b-d 1.44 ab 1.48 a-c 1.48 b-dMixture No. 2 1.67 a-d 1.56 ab 1.48 a-c 1.57 a-cMixture No. 3 1.77 a-c 1.55 ab 1.57 a-c 1.63 a-cMixture No. 4 1.87 ab 1.71 a 1.59 ab 1.72 ab
Diazinon 1.96 a 1.71 a 1.63 a 1.77 aMeans 1.60 A 1.48 AB 1.42 B 1.50
L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=161.1 for biocidestreatments=286.7 for interactions=386.6Averaged data**
Control 1.30 d 1.23 e 1.18 d 1.24 eParaffin oil 1.35 cd 1.24 e 1.25 cd 1.28 e
Agerin 1.42 cd 1.37 de 1.25 cd 1.35 deBiofly 1.56 bc 1.44 c-e 1.41 b-d 1.47 cd
Mixture No. 1 1.57 bc 1.49 cd 1.45 a-c 1.50 b-dMixture No. 2 1.70 ab 1.54 b-d 1.40 b-d 1.55 bcMixture No. 3 1.75 ab 1.63 a-c 1.59 ab 1.66 abMixture No. 4 1.87 a 1.80 a 1.65 ab 1.77 a
Diazinon 1.91 a 1.79 ab 1.67 a 1.79 aMeans 1.60 A 1.50 AB 1.43 B 1.51
L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=146.9 for biocidestreatments=177.9 for interactions=249.3
*Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)** In spite of seasons factor the table reflect efficacy of different biocides.
144 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
IV.6 The side effect of biochemicals against the predator, Paederus alfierii (Kock).
Surface deposit technique was used to determine the toxicity of the
previous biochemical to the adults of predator, P. alfierii. LC50 values and there
confidence limits are recorded in Table (IV.33).
From the previous data it could be concluded that, Agerin ( Bacillus
thuringiensis formulation), mixture No.1(Agerin mixture with oil) and paraffin oil
exhibited no toxicity against adults of predator, P. alfierii. The toxicity of the rest
biochemicals could be arranged descendingly as follows: mixture No.4 > mixture
No.3 > diazinon (LC50`s: 33.4, 66.1, 78.34 ppm respectively). While mixture
No.2 > Biofly (LC50`s:9.3×104 conidia/ml and 1.48×105 conidia/ml respectively).
Based on the obtained data, Beauveria bassiana formulation Biofly had relative
toxicity to the predator and that toxicity had been enhanced by adding oil and
photostaplizer. Diazinon had more toxicity against adults predator, P. alfierii than
Biofly but this toxicity had been enhanced by mixing the diazinon with Biofly or
Agerin, oil and photostaplizer.
Many investigators had been reported that Bacillus thuringiensis had no to
low toxicity to many predators species (Bozsik, 2006; Sharma and Kashyap,
2002; Badawy and El-Arnaouty, 1999; Jayanthi and Padmavathamma, 1996;
Langenbruch, 1992; Salama and Zaki, 1984 and El-Husseini 1980). In
contrast, many researchers had been reported that Beauveria bassiana had some
toxicity aginest several predetors (Cagan and Uhlik, 1999; El-Hamady, 1998;
Haseeb and Murad, 1997 and Haseeb and Humayun, 1997).
Also, many investigators mentioned that, diazinon had a low relative
145 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
toxicity against some predators species compared with the other synthetic
pesticides (Omar et al., 2002; Salim and Heinrichs, 1985; Mishra and
Satpathy, 1984). The low toxicity of diazinon to predators may be due to that
diazinon had low inhibition capacity to predators AchEs (Bozsik, et al., 2002)
146 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table IV.33: Toxicity of biochemicals against adults of the predator, P. alfierii exposed to surface deposit technique.
Biochemicals
Conc. ppm
5 10 20 30 40 60 80 120 160 240 104 5×104 105 5×105 106
% Mortality Cal
cula
ted
LC50
ppm
Cal
cula
ted
LC99
ppm Confidence limits
Low
er
Upp
er
Slo
p va
lues
.s
Agerin* - - - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 0 >106
Biofly ** - - - - - - - - - - 6 27 42 75 86 1.48×105 9.01×106 9.6×104 2.3×105 1.32
Diazinon 0 0 0 5 - 18 - 71 - 93 - - - - - 78.34 454.3886 60.0 102.3 3.08
Paraffin oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - >10000
Mixture No. 1* - - - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 0 >106
Mixture No. 2 ** - - - - - - - - - - 9 36 54 81 93 9.3×104 4.7×106 5.1×104 1.6×105 1.38
MixtureNo. 3 0 0 0 12 - 45 - 84 - 96 - - - - - 66.1 337.2 51.6 84.61 3.31
Mixture No.4 3 5 33 - 57 - 78 100 - - - - - - - 33.4 397.54 24.6 45.4 2.19
• * Concentration (unit/ml.), **concentration (conidia/ml.).
V - V - SUMMARYSUMMARYBIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CONTROL FOR SOME
PESTS OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS AND ITS SIDE EFFECTS.
Series of field and laboratory experiments had been carried out for
determination the efficiency of some substitute implement as a part of
integrated pest management for one of the most destructive corn pests
European Corn Borer (ECB) Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.).
This study included the following :
1- Laboratory determination of LC50 of Beauveria bassiana
formulation (Biofly) against some aphid species and the spider mite T.
cinnabarinus (Boisduval).
2-Study the toxicity of mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation
(Biofly) with some botanical oils, paraffin and mineral oil. Also the
mixtures of Biofly with some photostablizers and pigments.
3- Study the Effect of U.V radiations on the most effective mixtures.
4-Determination of the ECB infestation percentage for ten corn
hybrids, different in tolerant potency at the field to declared the most
tolerant cultivars against ECB infestation and the least tolerant one.
5- Chemical control for ECB infestation by using some
recommended and common pesticides (chloropyrifos, fenpropathrin,
diazinon and methomyl).
6- Field evaluation of ECB infestation for the most tolerant hybrid
and also for two susceptible hybrid which treated with the most persistence
mixtures and the most persistence mixture + ½ the recommended
concentration of the most effective pesticides. Also bioinsecticides (Biofly
and Agrine) and paraffin oil, alone.
7- These mixtures and bioinsecticides had been tested on the adult
148 SUMMARY
of the predator Paederus alfierii to evaluate there side effects (toxicity) on
the predator.
The results obtained can be summarized as follows:
1-Toxicity of the Biofly to the aphid species and red spider mite using
slid dipping technique and leaf disk dipping technique respectively, could be
arranged descendingly as follows: Tetranychus cinnabarinus >
Rhopalosiphum maidis > Aphis craccivora > Aphis gossypii (LC50`s: 9.1×103,
5.65×104, 2.20×105,and 2.67×105 conidia/ml, respectively).
2-Toxicity of the different oils against spider mite Teteranychus
cinnabarinus (Boisduval) using leaf-disc dipping technique could be
arranged descendingly as follows: corn oil> cotton oil >caster oil > mineral
oil>canola oil> paraffin oil (LC50`s: 1.0×102, 4.72×102, 6.67×102, 1.09×103,
1.56×103, and 2.56×103 ppm respectively.
3-Most tested mixtures of corn and cotton oils with Beauveria
bassiana (Biofly) were less toxic than the Beauveria bassiana formulation
(Biofly). On the other hand, the mixtures which consists of three parts of
Biofly and one part caster oil or canola or mineral and paraffin oils more
toxic than Biofly formulation against T. cinnabarinus.
4-All tested photostablizers and pigment with Biofly had increased
the mixtures' toxicity to Teteranychus cinnabarinus mites. When increasing
the concentration ratio to 1% the toxicity decrease. Mixture of Biofly + 0.1%
Acetophenon or 4-nitro acetophenon or 7-nitophenol or benzophenon, Biofly
+ 0.1% or 0.2% or 0.5%congo Red and Biofly + 0.1% or 0.2% or 0.5% titan
yellow mixtures had increased the toxicity of Beauveria bassiana (Biofly
formulation) against adult Teteranychus cinnabarinus.
5- The most persistence mixtures were 3:1 Biofly:paraffin oil and 3:1
149 SUMMARY
Biofly: castor oil mixtures ( T50 : the time consumed to reduce the pesticides
concentration to half =1.47 and 1.74 hours respectively ) while, 3:1
Biofly:mineral oil mixture had the lowest value in this respect ( T50= 0.90
hour). While, in case of Biofly + photostablizers mixtures, the most
persistence mixtures were Biofly + 0.1 % benzophenon, Biofly +0.5% congo
red and Biofly+0.1% 7-nitrophenol mixtures ( T50 were 5.71, 4.981 and
3.14hours after 12 hours UV radiation exposure respectively) while Biofly
+0.1%acetophenon had the lowest values in this respect which had lost there
efficiency against the adult spider mites T. cinnabarinus after two hour
exposure to UV radiation.
6-Cultivars S.C.13 and T.W.C. 351 were the most tolerant cultivars
against ECB infestation while, T.W.C.323 and T.W.C.324 cultivars were the
most susceptible cultivers. There are a positive relationship between grain
protein percentage and the damaged grain percentage. There are no
relationship between phosphorous percentage and damaged grain percentage.
In case of yield and yield component:S.C.10 ( single cross hybrid 10) had the
highest values in 100 grain weight and grain yield/10 plants .
7- The most potent insecticides against ECB infestation were diazinon
followed by fenpropathrin but methomyl was the least toxic one (which
reduced the holes No./100 internodes, cavity No./10plants, holes No./10 ear
stalk and larvae No./10plants). In case of yield and yield component,
diazinon followed by chlorpyrifos insecticides had the highest values in
100grain weight and grain yield/10plants( total yield/fadden = 3.3tons) .
8-From the chemical and physical analysis of corn cultivars we can
conclude that: cultivars T.W.C. 352 and T.W.C. 324 had the highest value in
ash%, cultivars S.C.10, T.W.C. 352 and T.W.C. 351 had the highest values in
150 SUMMARY
%cellulose, cultivars T.W.C. 351 and S.C.13 had the lowest values in TSS
and cultivars S.C.10 and T.W.C. 323 had the highest values in stem rigidity.
The total soluble solids and %cellulose may be relation with plant resistance.
From the field experiments it could be concluded that: spraying with
diazinon, mixture No.4 [150ml Biofly + 50ml paraffin oil+ 0.1%
benzophenon (0.2gm)+ ½ the recommended field concentration (500ml
diazinon)] and mixture No.3 [(375gm Agrine + 125ml paraffin oil+ 0.1%
benzophenon(0.5gm) + ½ the recommended field concentration (500ml
diazinon)] had been reduced the ECB infestation parameters (holes
No./100internodes and cavities No./10plants ). Diazinon, mixture No.4 and
mixture No.3 had increase both 100 grain weight and grain yield/10plants
(total yield/feddan= 3.82 tons).
Agerin ( Bacillus thuringiensis formulation), Agerin mixtures with oil
or/with benzophenon and paraffin oil had no toxicity against adults of
predator, Paederus alfierii. The toxicity of the rest biochemicals could be
arranged descendingly as follows: mixture No.4[150ml Biofly + 50ml
paraffin oil+ 0.1% benzophenon (0.2gm)+ ½ the recommended field
concentration (500ml diazinon)] > mixture No.3 [(375gm Agrine + 125ml
paraffin oil+ 0.1% benzophenon (0.5gm)+ ½ the recommended field
concentration (500ml diazinon)] > diazinon. While mixture No.2 [150ml
Biofly + 50ml paraffin oil+ 0.1% benzophenon (0.2gm)] were more toxic
than Biofly.
VI - VI - REFERENCESREFERENCES
Abbott, W. S. (1925). Method for computing the effectiveness of insecticides.
J. Econ. Entomol. 18(2): 265-273.
Abd-AllAh, S. A. A.(1998). Toxicological studies of some pesticides in
relation to their side effects. M.Sc. thesis, Fac. of Agric., Tanta Univ.,
Egypt.
Abel, C. A.; R. L. Wilson and J. C. Robbins (1995). Evaluation of Peruvian
maize for resistance to European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
leaf feeding and ovipositional preference. Journal of Economic
Entomology. 88(4): 1044-1048.
Abo El-Ghar, M. R. and M. S. El-Rafie (1961). A comparative study of the
toxicity of certain systemic against spider mites on cotton. Bull. Ent.
Soc. Egypt. XIV: 199-210.
Agamy, E. A. (2002). Entomopathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.)
Vuillemin to early larval instars of the European corn borer, Ostrinia
nubilalis (Hbn.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Egyptian Journal of
Biological Pest Control. 12(1): 67-70.
Aguilar, L.; J. Felip; N. Combis and J. Serra (1987). Study to determine
damage caused by maize stem borers (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.)
(Sesamia nonagrioides Lef.). Fulls d' Informacio Tecnica. 137- 8.
Akbar, W.; J. C. Lord; J. R. Nechols and T. M. Loughin (2005). Efficacy
of Bauveria bassiana for red flour beetle when applied with plant
essential oils or in mineral oil and organosilicone carriers. J Econ
Entomol. 98(3): 683-688.
152 REFERENCES
Alves, R. T.; R. P. Bateman; C. Prior and S. R. Leather (1998). Effects of
simulated solar radiation on conidial germination of Metarhizium
anisopliae in different formulations. Crop Protection. 17: 675-679.
Amer, S. A. A.; S. A. Saber and F. M. Momen (2001). A comparative study
of the effect of some mineral and plant oils on the two spotted spider
mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Acta
Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica. 36(1/2): 165-171.
AOAC (1998). Official Methods of Analysis. 16th ed. Association of Official
Analytical Chemists.Arlington, VA.: 1141.
Ashutosh, I.; J. Anumeha and M. S. Paul (2005). Compatibility of
Beauveria bassiana with multineem and chemical pesticides. Annals
of Plant Protection Sciences. 13(1): 222-223.
Badawy, H. M. A. and S. A. El-Arnaouty (1999). Direct and indirect effects
of some insecticides on Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) s.l.
(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Journal of Neuropterology. 2: 67-74.
Barbulescu, A. (1971). Effectiveness of some granular insecticides in the
control of the maize borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hb.). Analele Institutului
de Cercetari pentru Cereale si Plante Tehnice. 39: 175-179.
Bateman, R. P.; M. Carey; D. Moore and P. C. (1993). The enhanced
infectivity of Metarhizium flavoviride in oil formulations to desert
locust at low humidities. Ann.Appl. Biol. 122: 145-152.
Batista-Filho, A.; A. E. F. Leitao; M. E. Sato and L. G. Leite (1994). Effect
of association of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. with mineral oil on
153 REFERENCES
the mortality of Cosmopolites sordidus Germar (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil. 23(3):
379-383.
Batista-Filho, A.; E. M. Almeida Jose and C. Lamas (2001). Effect of
thiamethoxam on entomopathogenic microorganisms. Neotropical
Entomology. 30(3): 437-447.
Batista-Filho, A.; L. G. Leite; A. Raga and M. E. Sato (1995a). Enhanced
activity of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. associated with mineral
oil against Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) adults. Anais da
Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil. 24(2): 405-408.
Batista-Filho, A.; L. G. Leite; A. Raga; M. E. Sato and M. N. Rossi
(1995b). Effect of mineral oil on the entomogenous fungus Beauveria
bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. Revista de Agricultura Piracicaba. 70(3):
315-324.
Batista-Filho, A.; L. G. Leite; E. B. Alves and J. C. Aguiar (1996). Control
of Cosmopolites sordidus by fipronil and its effect on Beauveria
bassiana. Arquivos do Instituto Biologico Sao Paulo. 63(2): 47-51.
Bergvinson, D. J.; J. T. Arnason; R. I. Hamilton; S. Tachibana and G. H.
N. Towers (1994). Putative role of photodimerized phenolic acids in
maize resistance to Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).
Environmental Entomology. 23(6): 1516-1523.
Berry, E. C.; J. E. Campbell; C. R. Edwards; J. A. Harding; W. G. Lovely
and G. M. McWhorter (1972). Further field tests of chemicals for
control of the European corn borer. Journal of Economic Entomology.
154 REFERENCES
65(4): 1113- 1116.
Binder, B. F.; J. C. Robbins; R. L. Wilson; C. A. Abel and P. N. Hinz
(1999). Effects of Peruvian maize extracts on growth, development,
and fecundity of the European corn borer. Journal of Chemical
Ecology. 25(6): 1281-1294.
Bing, L. A. and L. C. Lewis (1991). Suppression of Ostrinia nubilalis
(Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by endophytic Beauveria bassiana
(Balsamo) Vuillemin. Environmental Entomology. 20(4): 1207-1211.
Bing, L. A. and L. C. Lewis (1992). Endophytic Beauveria bassiana
(Balsamo) Vuillemin in corn: the influence of the plant growth stage
and Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). Biocontrol Science and Technology.
2(1): 39-47.
Bozsik, A. (2006). Susceptibility of adult Coccinella septempunctata
(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to insecticides with different modes of
action. Pest Management Science. 62(7): 651-654.
Bozsik, A.; F. Francis; C. Gaspar and E. Haubruge (2002). Effect of some
insecticides on acetylcholinesterase from beneficial insects:
Coccinella septempunctata, Chrysoperla carnea and Forficula
auricularia. Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste
Biologische Wetenschappen Universiteit Gent. 67(3): 671-677.
Braga, G. U. L.; D. E. N. Rangel; D. S. Flint; C. D. Miller; A. J. Anderson
and D. W. Roberts (2002). Damage and recovery from UV-B
exposure in conidia of the entomopathogens Verticillium lecanii and
Aphanocladium album. Mycologia. 94(6): 912-920.
155 REFERENCES
Braga, G. U. L.; D. S. Flint; C. D. Miler; A. J. Anderson and D. W.
Roberts (2001a). Variability in response to UV-B among species and
strains of Metarhizium isolated from sites at latitudes from 61 deg N to
54 deg S. Invertebrate Pathology. 78: 98-108.
Braga, G. U. L.; D. S. Flint; C. L. Messia; A. J. Anderson and D. W.
Roberts (2001b). Effects of UVB irradiance of conidia and
germinants of ihe entomopathogenic hyphomycete Metarhizium
anfsopliae: a study reciprocity and recovery. Photochemistry and
Photobiology. 73(2): 140-146.
Burges, H. D. (1998). Formulation of mycoinsecticides. Formulation of
Microbial Biopesticides: Beneficial Microorganisms, Nematodes and
Seed Treatments. H. D. Burges, Ed. Kluwer
Academic.Dordrecht:132-176.
Burgio, G.; S. Maini and A. Barreca (1994). Efficacy of Bacillus
thuringiensis Berliner subsp. kurstaki based preparations against
European corn borer infesting pepper. Informatore Fitopatologico.
44(9): 49-53.
Butler, G. D. J. and T. J. Henneberry (1990a). Pest control on vegetables
and cotton with household cooking oils and liquid detergents.
Southwestern Entomologist. 15(2): 123-131.
Butler, G. D. J. and T. J. Henneberry (1990b). Cottonseed oil and safer
insecticidal soap: effects on cotton and vegetable pests and
phytotoxicity. Southwestern Entomologist. 15(3): 257-264.
Cagan, L.; J. Tancik; P. Bokor and V. Uhlik (1995). Control of the
156 REFERENCES
European corn borer on maize. Acta Fytotechnica. 50: 53-55.
Cagan, L. and M. Svercel (2001). The influence of ultraviolet light on
pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana
(Balsamo) Vuillemin to the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis
Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Journal of Central European
Agriculture. 2(3/4): 227-233.
Cagan, L. and V. Uhlik (1999). Pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana strains
isolated from Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to
original host larvae and to ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Plant
Protection Science. 35(3): 108-112.
Carballo-V, M. (1998). Mortality of Cosmopolites sordidus with different
formulations of Beauveria bassiana. Manejo Integrado de Plagas. 48:
45-48.
Carballo-V, M.; L. Rodriguez and J. Duran (2001). Evaluation of
Beauveria bassiana for the control of pepper weevil under laboratory
conditions. Manejo Integrado de Plagas. 62: 54-59.
Carruthers, R. I.; Z. Feng; D. S. Robson and D. W. Roberts (1985). In
vivo temperature-dependent development of Beauveria bassiana
(Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) mycosis of the European corn
borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of
Invertebrate Pathology. 46(3): 305- 311.
Chapman, H. D. and P. F. Pratt (1961). Methods of analysis for soils. Plant
and waters. California univ. Devision of Agric. Sciences: 2454.
157 REFERENCES
Chiuo, W. C. and R. F. Hou (1993). Infection of the Asian corn borer,
Ostrinia furnacalis Guenee (Lep., Pyralidae), with entomopathogens
under screen house conditions. Journal of Applied Entomology.
115(3): 246-253.
Consolo, V. F.; G. L. Salerno and C. M. Beron (2003). Pathogenicity,
formulation and storage of insect pathogenic hyphomycetous fungi
tested against Diabrotica speciosa. BioControl. 48(6): 705-712.
Coppolino, F.; G. Buri and G. Fontana (1984). An experiment on the
biological control of Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. by Bacillus thuringiensis
Berliner. Redia. 47: 235-246.
David-Henriet, A. I.; B. J. Pye and T. M. Butt. (1998). Formulation and
application of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae
for the control of crucifer pests in Europe. Insect pathogens and insect
parasitic nematodes. IOBC Bull. 21: 89-90.
Edgington, S.; H. Segura; W. de la Rosa and T. Williams (2000).
Photoprotection of Beauveria bassiana: Testing simple formulations
for control of the coffee berry borer. International Journal of Pest
Management. 46(3): 169-176.
El-Duweini, F. K. and R. A. Sedrak (1997). Evaluation of jojoba oil for
control of spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Egypt. 2: 1060-1063.
El-Hamady, S. E. E. (1998). Aphicidal efficiency of certain biorationals with
respect to their toxicity to some beneficial insects and mammals.
Annals of Agricultural Science (Cairo).(Special Issue, Volume 3):
1013-1027.
158 REFERENCES
El-Husseini, M. M. (1980). New approach to control the cotton leaf-worm,
Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) by Bacillus thuringiensis Berl. in clover
fields. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt. 12: 1-4.
El-Sayed, A. M. K.; A. G. A. Solman and A. M. Ali (1978). Ecological and
toxicity studies on Aphis attacking cotton seedlings. 4th Conf. Pest
Control, NRC, Cairo.:18-23
Fargues, J.; M. S. Goettel; N. Smits; A. Ouedraogo; C. Vidal; L. A.
Lacey; C. J. Lomer and M. Rougier (1996). Variability in
susceptibility to simulated sunlight of conidia among isolates of
entomopathogenic Hyphomycetes. Mycopathologia. 135(3): 171-181.
Fargues, J.; M. Rougier; R. Goujet; M. Smits; C. Coustere and B. Itier
(1997). Inactivation of conidia of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus by near
Ultraviolet (UVB and UVA) and visible Radiation. J. Invertebr. Pathol.
69: 70-78.
Felip, J.; L. Aguilar; J. Serra and A. Muntaner (1987). Trial of insecticides
against corn borers (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn) (Sesamia nonagrioides
Lef.). Fulls d' Informacio Tecnica. 135: 8.
Feng, M. G.; J. B. Johnson and L. P. Kish (1990). Virulence of Verticillium
lecanii and an aphid-derived isolate of Beauveria bassiana (Fungi:
Hyphomycetes) for six species of cereal-infesting aphids (Homoptera:
Aphididae). Environmental Entomology. 19(3): 815-820.
Foschi, S. and S. Grassi (1985). Results of treatment with Beauveria
bassiana (Balsam) Vuill. and with Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.)
Sorok. on Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. Difesa delle Piante. 8(2): 301-308.
159 REFERENCES
Gerginov, L. (1973). Investigations of the effectiveness of some chemical
preparations for the control of the maize stem borer. Rasteniev"dni
Nauki. 10(8): 159-167.
Goettel, M. S. and G. D. Inglis (1997). Fungi: Hyphomycetes. Manual of
techniques in insect pathology. L. A. Lacey. Academic Presses.
USA:213-250.
Goettel, M. S.; G. D. Inglis and S. P. Wraigh (2000). Fungi. Field manual
technique in invertebrate pathology. L. A. Lacey and H. K. Kaya.
Kluwer Academic Publisher.Netherlands.
Gomez, K. A. and A. Gomez (1984). Statistical procedures of Agricultural
Research. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons.New York. 680.
Gonzalez, R. H. and R. Aravena-C (1990). Degradation of insecticide and
acaricide residues on apples for export. Revista Fruticola. 11(1): 3-19.
Grimm, C. (2001). Economic feasibility for a small-scale production plant
for entomopathogenic fungi in Nicaragua. Crop Prot. 20: 623-630.
Guerin, A. (1986). A study of the efficacy of a preparation of Beauveria
against the maize pyralid in the Vienne Department. Colloques de
l'INRA.(34): 141-147.
Gupta, R. B. L.; S. Shashi and C. P. S. Yadava (2002). Compatibility of two
entomofungi, Metarrhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana with
certain fungicides, insecticides and organic manures. Indian Journal of
Entomology. 64(1): 48-52.
Gurvinder, K.; V. Padmaja and V. Sasikala (1999). Control of insect pests
160 REFERENCES
on cotton through mycopesticide formulations. Indian Journal of
Microbiology. 39(3): 169-173.
Hafez, M.; H. S. Salama; A. El-Moursy and A. A. Rahman (1998). A
biochemical approach to potentiate the activity of Bacillus
thuringiensis against corn borers. Anzeiger fuer Schaedlingskunde
Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz. 71(5): 100-103.
Harrison, F. P. (1974). Chemical control of ear-infesting insects of sweet
corn. Journal of Economic Entomology. 67(4): 548-550.
Haseeb, M. and H. Murad (1997). Pathogenicity of the entomogenous
fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. to insect predators.
International Pest Control. 40(2): 50-51.
Haseeb, M. and M. Humayun (1997). Susceptibility of the predator,
Coccinella septempunctata to the entomogenous fungus, Beauveria
bassiana. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences. 5(2): 188- 219.
Hazzard, R. V.; B. B. Schultz; E. Groden; E. D. Ngollo and E. Seidlecki
(2003). Evaluation of oils and microbial pathogens for control of
lepidopteran pests of sweet corn in New England. Journal of
Economic Entomology. 96(6): 1653-1661.
He, K.; D. Zhou; Z. Wang; L. Wen and S. Bai (2002). On the damage and
control tactics of Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) in
sweet corn field. Acta Phytophylacica Sinica. 29(3): 199-204.
Hegedus, D. D. and G. G. Khachatourians (1988). Production of an
extracellular lipase by Beauveria bassiana. Biotechnology Letters.
161 REFERENCES
10(9): 637-642.
Hidalgo, E.; D. Moore and G. L. Patourel (1998). The effect of different
formulations of Beauveria bassiana on Sitophilus zeamais in stored
maize. Journal of Stored Products Research. 34(2/3): 171-179.
Hills, T. M.; D. C. Peters and E. C. Berry (1972). Timing of insecticidal
applications to control the western corn root worm and the European
corn borer. Journal of Economic Entomology. 65(6): 1697- 1700.
Hu, W.; R. F. N. Hou and N. S. Talekar (1996). Pathogenicity of Beauveria
bassiana to Riptortus linearis (Hemiptera: Coreidae), a pest of
soybean. Applied Entomology and Zoology. 31(2): 187-194.
Huang, J. (1995). Study on the occurrence and integrated management of
Euzophera batangensis. Scientia Silvae Sinicae. 31(5): 421-427.
Hudon, M. and M. Castagner (1976). Test of insecticides on sweet corn
against the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner).
Phytoprotection. 57(2): 103-104.
Ibrahim, L.; T. M. Butt; A. Beckett and S. J. Clark (1999). The
germination of oil-formulated conidia of the insect pathogen,
Metarhizium anisopliae. Mycol. Res. 103: 901-907.
Ignoffo, C. M. (1992). Environmental factors affecting persistence of
entomopathogens. Florida Entomol. 75(4): 516-524.
Ignoffo, C. M. and C. Garcia (1978). UV-photoinactivation of cells and
spores of Bacillus thuringiensis and effects of peroxidase on
inactivation. Environ. Entomol. 7(2): 270-272.
162 REFERENCES
Ignoffo, C. M. and C. Garcia (1994). Antioxidant and oxidative enzyme
effects on the inactivation of inclusion bodies of the Heliothis
baculovirus by simulated sunlight-UV. Environ. Entomol. 23(4):
1025-1029.
Inglis, G. D.; M. S. Goettel and D. L. Johnson (1995). Influence of
ultraviolet light protectants on persistence of the entomopathogenic
fungus, Beauveria bassiana. Biological Control. 5(4): 581-590.
Inglis, G. D.; S. T. Jaronski and S. P. Wraight (2002). Use of spray oils
with entomopathogens. Spray Oils Beyond 2000- Sustainable Pest and
Disease Management. G. A. C. Beattie, D. M. Watson, M. L.
Stevens, D. J. Rae and R. N. SpoonerHart. University of Western
Sydney.Sydney:302–312.
Ivezic, M.; E. Raspudic; M. Mlinarevic and D. Samota (1998). Biological
control of the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner) on
maize with the biological preparation Biobit XL. Poljoprivreda. 4(1):
45-49.
Jayanthi, P. D. K. and K. Padmavathamma (1996). Cross infectivity and
safety of nuclear polyhedrosis virus, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.
kurstaki Berliner and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuille to pests of
groundnut (Arachis hypogaea Linn.) and their natural enemies. Journal
of Entomological Research. 20(3): 211-215.
Kaaya, G. P. (2000). Laboratory and field evaluation of entomogenous fungi
for tick control. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 916:
559-564.
163 REFERENCES
Kazymova, E. M. and L. G. Khrolinskii (1973). An investigation of the
resistance of maize varieties to European corn borer. Trudy
Vsesoyuznogo Nauchno-issledovatel'skogo Instituta Zashchity
Rastenii. 36: 21-25.
Khasan, T. and V. F. D'Yachenko (1984). Protection of maize crops against
the European corn borer. Zashchita Rastenii.(7): 24.
Khrolinskii, L. G. and E. M. Kazymova (1976). A rapid method of
determining resistance of maize to the stalk borer. Zashchita Rastenii.
(10): 36.
Klute, A. (1986). Methods of soil analysis. Part 1: Physical and mineralogical
methods. 2nd ed. American Society of Agron Madison.Wisconsin,
USA.
Labatte, J. M.; S. Meusnier; A. Migeon; J. Chaufaux; Y. Couteaudier; G.
Riba and B. Got (1996). Field evaluation of and modeling the impact
of three control methods on the larval dynamics of Ostrinia nubilalis
(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 89(4):
852-862.
Lancaster, A. L.; D. E. Deyton; C. E. Sams; J. C. Cummins; C. D. Pless
and D. C. Fare (2002). Soybean oil controls two-spotted spider mites
on burning bush. Journal of Environmental Horticulture. 20(2): 86-92.
Langenbruch, G. A. (1992). Experiences with Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.
tenebrionis in controlling the colorado potato beetle. Mitteilungen der
Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie.
8(1-3): 193-195.
164 REFERENCES
Lee, K.; S. Chung and G. Chung (2005). Effectiveness of Bionatrol on
control of two spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae), aphids
(Aphis gossypii), and whiteflies (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) on
greenhouse grown English cucumber (Cucumis ssp. kasa). Journal of
the Korean Society for Horticultural Science. 46(4): 241-245.
Lewis, L. C. and L. A. Bing (1991). Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and
Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillimen for European corn borer
control: program for immediate and season-long suppression.
Canadian Entomologist. 123(2): 387-393.
Lewis Leslie, C.; J. Bruck Denny and D. Gunnarson Robert (2002). On-
farm evaluation of Beauveria bassiana for control of Ostrinia
nubilalis in Iowa, USA. BioControl Dordrecht. 47(2): 167-176.
Litchfield, J. T. R. and F. Wilcoxon (1949). A simplified of evaluting dose-
effect experimental . J. Pharmacol. and Exp. Thresop. 96: 99-113.
Lokaj, Z. and J. Marek (1986). Field experiments on the protection of grain
maize against the European corn borer in 1985. Agrochemia. 26(7):
199-204.
Lutfallah, A. F.; A. M. Tantawi and M. R. Sherif (1991). Evaluation of
additional cultivars of maize for resitance to the stem borers, Sesamia
cretica Les. and the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hubn.
Fourth Arab Congress of plant protection, Cairo.123-128
Lutfallah, A. F. and M. R. Sherif (1992). Evaluation of losses in corn
yield due to infestation with the European corn borer, Ostrinia
nubilalis (Hubner), in Egypt (Lepidoptera : Pyraustidae). S. Agric.
165 REFERENCES
Res. 70(4): 1087-1094.
Luz, C. and I. Batagin (2005). Potential of oil-based formulations of
Beauveria bassiana to control Triatoma infestans. Mycopathologia.
160(1): 51-62.
Ma, J.; D. Holdom and J. Duff (1999). Susceptibility of Plutella xylostella
larvae to 12 Australian isolates of the hyphomycete fungus Beauveria
bassiana. Journal of Hunan Agricultural University. 25(5): 387-391.
Manjula, C.; D. K. Nagaraju and V. Muniyappa (2003). Evaluation of
different oil formulations of bio-agent, Beauveria bassiana against
different life stages of Bemisia tabaci, the vector of tomato leaf curl
virus. Plant Disease Research Ludhiana. 18(1): 25-28.
Maranga, R. O.; G. P. Kaaya; J. M. Mueke and A. Hassanali (2005).
Effects of combining the fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium
anisopliae on the mortality of the tick Amblyomma variegatum
(Ixodidae) in relation to seasonal changes. Mycopathologia. 159(4):
527-532.
Marin-M, P.; A. E. Bustillo-P and A. Rivera-M (2000). Compatibility in
vitro and effect of mixtures of three insecticides in the viability of
Beauveria bassiana. Revista Colombiana de Entomologia. 26(3/4):
125-130.
Martel, P. and M. Hudon (1978). Laboratory and greenhouse studies on the
control of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), in
Quebec. Phytoprotection. 59(1): 12-18.
166 REFERENCES
Martin, S. A.; L. L. Darrah and B. E. Hibbard (2004). Divergent selection
for rind penetrometer resistance and its effects on European corn borer
damage and stalk traits in corn. Crop Science. 44(3): 711-717.
Masarrat, H. and M. Humayun (1997). Susceptibility of the predator,
Coccinella septempunctata to the entomogenous fungus, Beauveria
bassiana. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences. 5(2): 188-219.
Mazurek, J. and M. Hurej (1999). Preliminary trials on chemical control of
European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) on sweet corn. Progress
in Plant Protection. 39(2): 432-435.
McClanahan, R. J. and J. Founk (1972). Control of the European corn
borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on sweet corn and peppers in
southwestern Ontario. Canadian Entomologist. 104(10): 1573-1579.
McGuire, M. R.; B. S. Shasha; L. C. Lewis; R. J. Bartelt and K. Kinney
(1990). Field evaluation of granular starch formulations of Bacillus
thuringiensis against Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).
Journal of Economic Entomology. 83(6): 2207-2210.
McGuire, M. R.; B. S. Shasha; L. C. Lewis and T. C. Nelsen (1994a).
Residual activity of granular starch-encapsulated Bacillus
thuringiensis. Journal of Economic Entomology. 87(3): 631-637.
McGuire, M. R.; R. L. Gillespie and B. S. Shasha (1994b). Survival of
Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) after exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis
Berliner encapsulated in flour matrices. Journal of Entomological
Science. 29(4): 496-508.
167 REFERENCES
McWhorter, G. M.; E. C. Berry and J. F. Robinson (1976). Field
persistence of six insecticides for European corn borer control. Journal
of Economic Entomology. 69(3): 419-420.
Melia Masia, A. and A. Almajano Contreras (1973). Control test against the
maize borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hubn.) in Huesca. Year 1972. Boletin
Informativo de Plagas.(103): 53-60.
Mesquita-Paiva, L.; I. Pereira-Padovan and E. A. d. Luna-Alves-Lima
(1996). Scanning electron microscopy of vegetative and reproductive
structures from Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. strains stored in
mineral oil. Boletin Micologico. 11(1/2): 81-86.
Mestres, R. and J. P. Cabanettes (1985). Intentional and unintentional
effects of chemical treatments for the control of the pyralid. Phytoma.
(369): 19-21.
Metwally, A. S. and A. A. Barakat (2003). Distribution of European corn
borer larvae within - maize plants of some single cross hybrids. J.
Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ. 28(6): 5053-5060.
Metwally, A. S. and A. M. Shehata (1999). Efficacy of timing and frequency
of spraying application with Nuvacron 40 % for European corn borer
control in maize. J . Agric . Sci . Mansoura Univ . 24(12): 7701 -
7705.
Mile, L. (1993). Integrated pest management of European corn borer
(Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn) in maize. Integrovane systemy hospodarenia
na pode Zbornik z Medzinarodnej konferencie konanej. 220-223.
168 REFERENCES
Mishra, N. C. and J. M. Satpathy (1984). Selective toxicity of some
insecticides against cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. and its
coccinellid predator, Coccinella repanda Th. Indian Journal of Plant
Protection. 12(1): 13-17.
Molinari, F. and E. Mazzoni (1986). Studies for the evaluation of damage
caused by Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. (Lepidoptera Pyraustidae) to maize
hybrids. Redia. 69: 65-82.
Moore, D.; P. D. Bridge; P. M. Higgins; R. P. Bateman and C. Prior
(1993). Ultra-violet radiation damage to Metarhizium flavoviride
conidiaand protection given by vegetable and mineral oils and
chemical sunscreens. Annual Applied Biology. 122: 605-616.
Morley-Davies, J.; D. Moore and C. Prior (1996). Screening of
Metarhizium and Beauveria spp. conidia with exposure to simulated
sunlight and a range of temperatures. Mycological Research. 100(1):
31-38.
Moustafa Fatahia, I.; A. H. El-Sebae; S. El-Hawashi Nadia and M. I. Zeid
(1980). Toxicity of seven organophosphorus insecticides to the
confused flour beetle Tribolium confusum (Duv.) Applied by two
different methods. Alex. J. Agric. Res. 28(3): 273-277.
Moye, H. A.; J. Y. Malagodi; G. L. Leibee; C. C. Ku and P. G. Wislocki
(1987). Residues of avermectin B1 a rotational crops and soils
following soil treatment with (14C) avermectin B1 a. J. Agric. Food
Chem. 35: 859-864.
Musser, F. R. and A. M. Shelton (2005). The influence of post-exposure
169 REFERENCES
temperature on the toxicity of insecticides to Ostrinia nubilalis
(Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Pest Management Science. 61(5): 508-510.
Mustea, D. (1977). Effectiveness of several insecticidal products in the
control of the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.). Probleme
de Protectia Plantelor. 5(2): 163-172.
Nirmala, R.; B. Ramanujam; R. J. Rabindra and N. S. Rao (2006). Effect
of entomofungal pathogens on mortality of three aphid species.
Journal of Biological Control. 20(1): 89-94.
Nong, X.; Z. Zhang and J. Kim (2005). Screening and evaluation of
ultraviolet protectants for entomopathogenic fungi in laboratory. Acta
Phytophylacica Sinica. 32(4): 402-406.
Omar, B. A.; M. I. El-Khouly and T. H. Tohamy (2002). Field evaluation of
certain insecticides on Pegomya mixta Vill. and related predators
inhabiting sugar beet fields. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural
Research. 80(3): 1055-1063.
Page, A. L. (1982). Methods of soil analysis: Part 2. 2nd Ed. Soil Sci. Soc. of
American Ine. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Pierce, C. M.; L. F. Solter and R. A. Weinzierl (2001). Interactions between
Nosema pyrausta (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) and Bacillus
thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in the European corn borer (Lepidoptera:
Pyralidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 94(6): 1361-8.
Pirie, N. W. (1955). Protein in Modern Methods of Plant Analysis. Berlin.
Springierverlag.23-68.
170 REFERENCES
Prior, C.; P. Jollands and G. Le Patourel (1988). Infectivity of oil and water
formulations of Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycotina:
Hyphomycetes) to the cocoa weevil pest Pantorhytes plutus
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 52: 66-72.
Puzari, K. C. and L. K. Hazarika (1991). Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana
combined with various stickers or spreaders against rice hispa (RH).
International Rice Research Newsletter. 16(6): 21.
Raemisch, D. R. and D. D. Walgenbach (1983). Evaluation of insecticides
for control of first-brood European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
and effect on silage yield in South Dakota. Journal of Economic
Entomology. 76(3): 654-656.
Ramle, M.; W. Mohd Basri; A. A. Siti-Ramlah and K. Norman (2004).
The effects of oils on germination of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo)
Vuillemin and its infection against the oil palm bagworm, Metisa
plana (Walker). Journal of Oil Palm Research. 16(2): 78-87.
Raspudic, E.; M. Ivezic; D. Samota; M. Brmez and K. Vrandecic (1999).
Biological control of European Corn Borer (Ostrina nubilalis Hubner)
on silage corn with biological preparation Biobit XL. Poljoprivreda.
5(1): 23-25.
Raspudic, E.; M. Ivezic and M. Brmez (2003). Larval tunneling of
European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner) on OS corn hybrids.
Zbornik predavanj in referatov. 526-530.
Riba, G. and S. Marcandier (1984). The effect of relative humidity on the
virulence and viability of conidia of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.)
171 REFERENCES
Vuillemin and of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin,
hyphomycetes pathogenic to the European corn borer, Ostrinia
nubilalis Hubn. Agronomie. 4(2): 189-194.
Riba, G.; S. Marcandier; G. Richard and I. Larget (1983). Susceptibility
of the maize pyralid (Ostrinia nubilalis) (Lep.: Pyralidae) to
entomopathogenic Hyphomycetes. Entomophaga. 28(1): 55-64.
Ridgway R. L. and R. Farrar Robert (1999). Mortality of two lepidopterans
in response to selected commercial formulations of Bacillus
thuringiensis Berliner. Journal of Entomological Science. July. 34(3):
273-285.
Ridgway, R. L.; V. L. Illum; R. R. J. Farrar; D. D. Calvin; S. J. Fleischer
and M. N. Inscoe (1996). Granular matrix formulation of Bacillus
thuringiensis for control of the European corn borer (Lepidoptera:
Pyralidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 89(5): 1088-1094.
Rinkleff, J. H.; W. D. Hutchison; C. D. Campbell; P. C. Bolin and D. W.
Bartels (1995). Insecticide toxicity in European corn borer
(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): ovicidal activity and residual mortality to
neonates. Journal of Economic Entomology. 88(2): 246-253.
Rock, G. C. and K. W. Crabtree (1987). Biological activity of petroleum
and cottonseed oils against two tetranychid mite species and two
tortricid insect species found on apple. Journal of Agricultural
Entomology. 4(3): 247-253.
Rojanaridpiched, C. (1983). European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis
(Hubner)) resistance in maize. Dissertation Abstracts International, B.
172 REFERENCES
44(6): 1679B-1680B.
Rojanaridpiched, C.; V. E. Gracen; H. L. Everett; J. G. Coors; B. F. Pugh
and P. Bouthyette (1984). Multiple factor resistance in maize to
European corn borer. Maydica. 29(3): 305-315.
Rosca, I. and A. Barbulescu (1983). Biological factors limiting the
abundance of the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hb.) in
Romania. Studii si Cercetari de Biologie. 35(1): 32-35.
Sabbour, M. M. (2002). Evaluation studies of some bio-control agents
against corn borers in Egypt. Annals of Agricultural Science Cairo.
47(3): 1033-1043.
Sadek, S. E. O.; A. M. El-Kafrawy and A. S. Metwaly (1997). Yield losses
of commercial maize hybrids as a result of infestation with European
Corn Borer and Fusarium stalk-rot. Al-AzharJ. Agric. Res. 26:
265-276.
Saenz de Cabezon Irigaray Francisco J.; V. Marco Mancebon and I.
Perez Moreno (2003). The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria
bassiana and its compatibility with triflumuron: Effects on the
twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Biological Control. 26(2):
168-173.
Salama, H. S. and F. N. Zaki (1984). Impact of Bacillus thuringiensis Berl.
on the predator complex of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) in cotton
fields. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie. 97(5): 485-490.
Salim, M. and E. A. Heinrichs (1985). Relative toxicity of insecticides to the
173 REFERENCES
whitebacked planthopper Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) (Homoptera:
Delphacidae) and its predators. Journal of Plant Protection in the
Tropics. 2(1): 45-47.
Sattar, M. A. (1991). Degradation of diazinon in soils. Pakistan Journal of
Scientific and Industrial Research. 34(7/8): 274-276.
Sawires, Z. R. (1992). Susceptibility of maize varieties to mite infestation
and toxicity of natural oils to mites. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural
Research. 70(1): 141-149.
Scherer, R.; R. P. Bateman; D. Moore and G. V. McClatchie (1992).
Control of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria in Madagascar:
The potential use of myco-pesticides. Brighton Crop Protection
Conference, Farnham, United Kingdom, Pest and Diseases. British
Crop Protection Council.357-362
Sharma, D. C. and N. P. Kashyap (2002). Impact of pesticidal spray on
seasonal availability of natural predators and parasitoids in the tea
ecosystem. Journal of Biological Control. 16(1): 31-35.
Shimizu, S. and T. Mitani (2000). Effects of temperature on viability of
conidia from Beauveria bassiana in oil formulations. Japanese Journal
of Applied Entomology and Zoology. Feb. 44(1): 51-53.
Simova, S. and S. Draganova (2003). Virulence of isolates of
entomopathogenic fungi to Tetranychus urticae Koch (Tetranychidae,
Acarina). Rasteniev' dni Nauki. 40(1): 87-90.
Smart, J. R. and J. E. Wright (1992). Phytotoxicity of Beauveria bassiana
174 REFERENCES
oil carriers to selected crops. Subtrop. Plant Sci. 45(27-31).
Smith, J. T.; R. B. Chapman and C. M. Frampton (1998). Soil degradation
of diazinon and its effect on the emergence of apple leaf curling
midge. Proceedings of the Fifty First New Zealand Plant Protection
Conference, Quality Hotel, Hamilton, New Zealand. 148-151.
Solorzano, L. (1969). Determination of ammonia in natural waters by the
phenolhypochlorite method. Limnol. Oceanogr. 14: 799-801.
Straub, R. W. (1977). European corn borer control in early sweet corn: role
of pre- silk applications and leaf feeding resistance. Journal of
Economic Entomology. 70(4): 524-526.
Straub, R. W. (1983). Minimization of insecticide treatment for first-
generation European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) control in
sweet corn. Journal of Economic Entomology. 76(2): 345-348.
Tamez-Guerra, P.; M. R. McGuire; R. W. Behle; B. S. Shasha and L. J.
Wong (2000). Assessment of microencapsulated formulations for
improved residual activity of Bacillus thuringiensis. J Econ Entomol.
93(2): 219-225.
Tang, J.; C. Wang and C. Huang (1999). Stress resistance of conidia of
different moisture contents in Beauveria bassiana. Forest Research.
12(2): 218-221.
Thompson, L. S. and R. P. White (1977). Effect of insecticides on European
corn borer and yield of silage corn in Prince Edward Island. Journal of
Economic Entomology. 70(6): 706-708.
175 REFERENCES
Updegroff, D. M. (1969). Semi-micro determination of cellulose in biological
material. Anal Biochem. 32(3): 420-424.
Vainio, A. and H. Hokkanen (1990). Side-effects of pesticides on the
entomophagous nematode Steinernema feltiae, and the
entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria
bassiana in the laboratory. Proceedings and abstracts, Vth International
Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control,
Adelaide, Australia. 334.
Vanninen, I. and H. Hokkanen (1988). Effects of pesticides on four species
of entomopathogenic fungi in vitro. Annales Agriculturae Fenniae.
27(4): 345-353.
Varela, A. and E. Morales (1996). Characterization of some Beauveria
bassiana isolates and their virulence toward the coffee berry borer
Hypothenemus hampei. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 67(2):
147-152.
Velez-A, P. E. and E. C. Montoya-R (1995). Effect of solar radiation on the
survival of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. in the
laboratory and in the field. Revista Colombiana de Entomologia.
21(2): 91-98.
Voinescu, I. and A. Barbulescu (1986). Effectiveness of some granular
insecticides in the control of the European corn borer (Ostrinia
nubilalis Hb.). Analele Institutului de Cercetari pentru Cereale si
Plante Tehnice, Fundulea. 53: 383-386.
Waller, R. A. and D. B. Duncan (1969). A bays rule for the symmetric
176 REFERENCES
multiple comparison problem. Am. Stat. Assoc. J.: 1485-1504.
Warnock, D. F.; W. D. Hutchison; T. J. Kurtti and D. W. Davis (1997).
Laboratory bioassays for evaluating sweet corn antibiosis on European
corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larval development. Journal of
Entomological Science. 32(3): 342-357.
Wekesa, V. W.; N. K. Maniania; M. Knapp and H. I. Boga (2005).
Pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae to
the tobacco spider mite Tetranychus evansi. Experimental and Applied
Acarology. 36(1/2): 41-50.
Wilwam, S. and R. Sundararajan (1986). Persistent toxicity of certain
insecticides to Spodoptera litura (Fab.) in relation to residues. Pest
Management. 1: 41-46.
Worthing, C. (1995). The Pesticide Manual. 10th ed. The British Crop
Protection Council (BCPC) and The Royal Society of chemistry
(RSC).London. 1341.
Xu, S.; S. Ying and M. Feng (2002). Biological compatibility of ten
commercial pesticides with Beauveria bassiana conidia. Acta
Phytophylacica Sinica. 29(2): 158-162.
Yashugina, L. M. (1970). Boverin for the control of the maize stem borer.
Zashchita Rastenii. 15(12): 27.
Yasuda, K.; T. Toyosato and K. Takaesu (2000). Enhanced infectivity of oil
formulations of Beauveria bassiana to Cylas formicarius (Fabricius)
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology
177 REFERENCES
and Zoology. 44(4): 241-243.
Zein, A. A.; A. H. Masoud; R. Salam and A. H. Hosny (1982). Studies on
some factors affecting susceptibility of Aphis gossypii (Glov.) to some
insecticides. J. Agric. Res. Tanta Univ, 8 (2) : 308-318.
Zein, A. A.; W. M. Watson; F. Hosam-El-Din and M.A. Abbassy (1987).
Laboratory and field studies on the efficiency of certain pesticides
against Aphis gossypii (Glov) and Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.).
J. Agric. Res. Tanta Univ, 13 (1) :210 -218.
top related