Role of international collaboration towards improving crop productivity in the context of climate change and food security in Central Asia – an overview
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REGIONAL RESEARCH CONFERENCE
AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION AND FOOD SECURITY IN CENTRAL ASIA
Role of international collaboration towards improving crop productivity in the context of climate change and food security in Central Asia – an overview
Ram C. Sharma and Jozef TurokInternational Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry
Areas (ICARDA), Tashkent, Uzbekistan
9 April 2014, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Scope of presentation
• International collaboration • NARS, ICARDA and CIMMYT• International Winter Wheat Improvement Program (ICARDA,
CIMMYT, Turkey)• Successful outputs related to food security, also relevant to
climate change• Policy reforms needed for efficient development and delivery
of new varieties to the farmers
Different cereals produced in the CAC region
Crop Area (mil ha)Production (mil t) Yield (t/ha) Seed (mil t)
Barley 2.181 3.968 1.820 0.374Buckwheat 0.067 0.038 0.562 0.003Cereal, nes 0.143 0.170 1.186 0.000Maize 0.390 1.798 4.616 0.036Millet 0.042 0.051 1.227 0.002Mixed grain Oats 0.151 0.271 1.794 0.022Rice 0.198 0.711 3.589 0.030Rye 0.025 0.041 1.672 0.020Sorghum 0.004 0.015 4.175 0.000Triticale Wheat 17.361 35.969 2.072 3.220Total 20.561 43.033 2.093 3.707
Wheat vs. other cereals in CAC, 2011
Wheat Others Total Wheat (%)0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
17.4
3.2
20.6
84%
36.0
7.1
43.0
84%
Area (mil ha) Production (mil t)
Are
a (m
il h
a),
Pro
du
ctio
n (
mil
t)
Area, production and yield (all cereals ), 2011
CAC West Asia Eastern Europe
0
50
100
150
200
250
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
20.6 20.1
78.5
43.0 51.2
237.7
2.09
2.55
3.03
Area (mil. ha) Production (mil. t)Yield (t/ha)
Are
a (m
il.
ha)
, P
rod
uct
ion
(m
il.
t)
Yie
ld (
t/h
a)
Climate Change and Major Crop Production Constraints in Central Asia
• Winter• Autumn • Spring
• Drought
• Wet
• Heat
• Dry
• Wet
• Dry
• Mild
• Wet
• Yellow
rust
• Leaf
rust
• Dry
• Yellow rust
Salinity
What is being done to address constraints?
• Climate resilient crop germplasm
• Climate resilient crop management practices
• Partnership for efficient delivery
• Climate resilient policy (needed)
Climate resilient crop germplasm from CG Centers• >1000 new, improved germplasm introduced each year of
• Wheat • Dryland cereals (barley, millets and others)• Food legumes (chickpea, lentil, faba bean, grasspea)• Rice• Maize• Potato
• Specific climate resilient traits in new germplasm• High yield and improved quality• Tolerance to abiotic stress – drought, heat, salinity• Tolerance to biotic stresses – diseases and pests
Climate resilient resource management practices – introduction and promotion• Conservation agriculture• Other resource conservation practices• Efficient water and nutrient management practices• Sustainable land management practices• Knowledge management
Capacity development
• English language training• Short term training• Long-term training (> 3 months)• Involve students (undergraduate and graduate)• Farmers’ training• Seed producers training• Observations tours (all actors)• Participation in regional and international conferences• Gender considerations• Focus on youth (young researchers )
• Limited infrastructure development
International collaboration with CGIAR on germplasm exchange and improvement
• Germplasm introduction• Germplasm evaluation and release of new varieties• Capacity development
Germplasm introduction though international collaboration (1995-2011)
Armen
ia
Azerb
aija
n
Georg
ia
Kazak
hstan
Kyrgyz
stan
Tajik
ista
n
Turkm
enis
tan
Uzbek
ista
n0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
Total Bread wheatDurum wheatBarleyChickpeaLentilFababeanGrasspeaN
um
be
r o
f a
cc
es
sio
n
Crop varieties released through international collaboration• Winter Wheat - 23• Spring wheat - 11• Barley - 11• Chickpea - 14• Lentil - 5• Grasspea - 1• Trriticale 2
• Total 67
Wheat yellow rust problem in Central Asia
Nota2010, Tajikistan
Kroshka2009, Uzbekistan
Krasnodar-992013, Tajikistan
Six yellow rust epidemics since 1999 1999, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2013
Yellow Rust Epidemics – 2013, TajikistanSeed Multiplication Field
Natural epidemics of yellow rust in winter wheat nurseries in Tajikistan, 2013
Natural and artificial epidemics of yellow rust in winter wheat nurseries in Uzbekistan, 2013
New, improved wheat varieties, resistant to yellow rust – ready for deployment
Chumon
Wheat varieties that survived three yellow rust epidemics (2009, 2010, 2013)
Hazrati BashirGozgon
Wheat variety that escapes terminal heat stress, also resistant to yellow rust
Hazrati Bashir (Uzbekistan)
Suitable for autumn and spring planting
Lower grain reductions than other varieties when plantedLate in autumn and in spring
Climate resilient wheat varieties
Source: Yuldashev et al. 2013 (ongoing experiment)
3-24% reductions in grain yield due to late planting
Wheat variety more efficient to water use, also tolerant to yellow rust
Variety
Irrigation
100% 75% 50%
Commercialpopular
100%yield
57%yield
32% yield
Elomon 100%yield
82%yield
56%yield
ElomonUzbekistan
Chumon (Tajikistan) Resistant to yellow rust during 2010, 2013 epidemicsResistant to leaf rustResistant to tan spot
Seed multiplication of stripe rust resistant varieties: 2013-2014
Variety Uzbekistan (ha)
Tajikistan (ha)
Hazrati Bashir 100Elomon 150Gozgon 100Bunyodkor 200Yaksart (a cross with IWWIP line in Uzbekistan) 500Chumon 7Alex 558Ormon 435
Total 1050 1000
CRP WHEAT – Partnership grant
Farmers’ Field Day – 4 June 2013Wheat Seed Multiplication, Tajikistan
Salinity and frost tolerant wheat
Khorezm, Uzbekistan
17 of 150 germplasm: salinity and frost tolerant
CRP Dryland Systems: Khorezm site (salinity, frost, and heat) - Uzbekistan
Salinity, frost, heat and drought tolerant wheat
2013Seed multiplication
2014
2011: 120 Varieties evaluated
2012
Dashoguz Turkmenistan
International Winter Wheat Traveling Seminar 20-15 May 2013, Uzbekistan
Beat the heat by planting chickpea prior to winter
Planted on 19 Dec, crop maturity in May
Autumn vs. spring planting
Winter-kill of susceptible lines
Out-scaling cold tolerant chickpea in Tajikistan (2010-2012)
Varieties: Sino, Hisor-32
Improved barley varieties for food security – (drought and heat tolerant)
New Initiatives on crop improvement
• CGIAR Research Programs (CRPs)• Dryland Systems• WHEAT• Dryland Cereals• Grain Legumes
•
CRP WHEAT – outputs relevant to the Central Asia region• More productive wheat varieties with package of traits:
• High yield• Improved quality (end-use, market)• Improved input-use efficiency • Stress tolerance
• Abiotic – drought, heat, salinity, frost, cold• Biotic – yellow rust, leaf rust, Septoria, tan spot, Fusarium, Sunn Pest,
Russian Wheat Aphid, Hessian fly
• Seed sector improvement • Conservation agriculture and other resource conserving
technologies• Capacity development
Policy reforms needed
• Free movement of crop germplasm in the region
• Reduce the number of years from introduction to release of variety to the farmers : (reduce from 9 to 5 years)
• Farmers’ participation in selection of new varieties
• Harmonize varietal release and seed policy for the region
• Promote replacement of low yielding, disease susceptible varieties with high yielding, disease resistant varieties
• Diversify and intensification of cropping system
• Technologically, each country in Central Asia could produce enough wheat for home consumption, but with right policy
Priorities identified by partners in Central Asia for WHEAT CRP
TraitsPriority ranks
NARS IAR
Better Varieties 1 1
Disease and pests resistance 2 2
Dought and heat tolerance 2 2
More and better Seed 2 3
Capacity development 2 2
Central Asia highlighted in WHEAT CRP Report 2013: outcome and impact
• Zero-till scale-out and -up in Kazakhstan
• WHEAT competitive partner grant for Uzbekistan and Tajikistan (where wheat crops have suffered three major yellow rust outbreaks in the last five years), multiplied seed of resistant varieties on state farms and farmers’ fields, and in 2014/15 more than 20,000 ha of winter wheat will be planted to prevent future damage from yellow rust
Summary
• International collaboration in Central Asia • Climate resilient, stress tolerant crop varieties ready for
deployment• Opportunities in CRP WHEAT for Central Asia• Policy reforms need
Acknowledgement• National partners in Central Asia• ICARDA• CIMMYT• IWWIP• IFPRI – invitation and support for participation
Acknowledgement to partnership
Thank you!
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