Rheumatology: Back to Basics: 2010 James Gillray “The Gout” “The Gout” 1799 1799.
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Rheumatology: Rheumatology: Back to Basics: 2010Back to Basics: 2010
James James GillrayGillray
“ “The Gout”The Gout”
17991799
Immune Mechanisms of Immune Mechanisms of DiseaseDisease
Type I:Type I: Anaphylactic IgE eg. asthmaAnaphylactic IgE eg. asthma
Type II: Cytotoxic eg. AIHA Type II: Cytotoxic eg. AIHA
Type III: Immune Complex eg. SLEType III: Immune Complex eg. SLE
Type IV: Cell-mediated/Delayed Type IV: Cell-mediated/Delayed Hypersensitivity: T-cells Hypersensitivity: T-cells eg. Contact dermatitiseg. Contact dermatitis
GENETICSGENETICS ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
AUTOIMMUNITAUTOIMMUNITYY
Infections.Infections.....
HLA: Disease AssociationsHLA: Disease Associations
HLA B27 (MHC Class I)HLA B27 (MHC Class I)
- Ankylosing Spondylitis- Ankylosing Spondylitis- Reiter’s/reactive arthritis- Reiter’s/reactive arthritis
- Psoriatic arthritis- Psoriatic arthritis- IBD arthropathy- IBD arthropathy
HLA DR4, DR1 (MHC Class II) HLA DR4, DR1 (MHC Class II) - RA- RA
HLA DR3 (MHC Class II)HLA DR3 (MHC Class II)
- SLE, Sjogren’s, Type I DM…- SLE, Sjogren’s, Type I DM…
We love our antibodies...We love our antibodies...
Rheumatoid FactorRheumatoid Factor
Anti-antibodiesAnti-antibodies (Fc domain of IgG) (Fc domain of IgG) Rheumatoid Arthritis:Rheumatoid Arthritis:
- sensitivity = 70% - sensitivity = 70% - poor prognosis- poor prognosis- extra-articular features- extra-articular features
Non-specific:Non-specific:- other rheumatic diseases eg. - other rheumatic diseases eg.
Sjogren’sSjogren’s- chronic inflammatory diseases- chronic inflammatory diseases- chronic infections – SBE, Hep C- chronic infections – SBE, Hep C- 10-20% over age 65- 10-20% over age 65
Antinuclear AntibodiesAntinuclear Antibodies
Sensitivity for SLE 90%+Sensitivity for SLE 90%+
Specificity lowSpecificity low
- other autoimmune diseases- other autoimmune diseases
- family members- family members
- drugs- drugs
- ...- ...
Shmerling R. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1499-1500
Anti-centromere Antibodies:Anti-centromere Antibodies:Limited Systemic Sclerosis Limited Systemic Sclerosis
(CREST)(CREST)
Other AutoantibodiesOther Autoantibodies
Anti-DNAAnti-DNA (native, double-stranded)(native, double-stranded)
- SLE- sensitivity 60-70%- SLE- sensitivity 60-70%
- specificity ~ 100%- specificity ~ 100%
- correlate with disease activity- correlate with disease activity
Anti-SSA, SSB (Ro, La)Anti-SSA, SSB (Ro, La)
- Sjogren’s, SLE- Sjogren’s, SLE
- congenital complete heart block- congenital complete heart block
Anti-DNA (double stranded)Anti-DNA (double stranded)
Sensitivity for SLE: Sensitivity for SLE: ~60%~60%
Specificity: Specificity: ~ 100%~ 100%
Levels: Levels: may correlate with;may correlate with;- disease activity- disease activity- hypocomplementemia- hypocomplementemia- renal disease- renal disease
Antibodies to Ro/SSAAntibodies to Ro/SSA
30-35% of patients with Lupus30-35% of patients with Lupus Associated with:Associated with:
- Sjogren’s syndrome- Sjogren’s syndrome
- photosensitive rashes “subacute - photosensitive rashes “subacute cutaneous lupus”cutaneous lupus”
- Neonatal lupus- Neonatal lupus
- transient rashes- transient rashes
- congenital complete heart - congenital complete heart blockblock
Antibodies to Ro/SSAAntibodies to Ro/SSA
Adult: Subacute Newborn:Cutaneous Lupus Neonatal Lupus
Antiphospholipid Antiphospholipid AntibodiesAntibodies
Anticardiolipin antibodiesAnticardiolipin antibodies Lupus anticoagulant Lupus anticoagulant
Associations:Associations:
- - thrombosisthrombosis
- recurrent pregnancy losses- recurrent pregnancy losses
SLE, other CTD’s, primarySLE, other CTD’s, primary
Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA)Antibodies (ANCA)
Patients with Patients with suspected suspected vasculitis:vasculitis:
- Wegener’s - Wegener’s
- pulmonary/renal- pulmonary/renal
- RPGN- RPGNCytoplasmic
Perinuclear
Anti-Neutrophil Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies Cytoplasmic Antibodies
(ANCA)(ANCA) Patients with suspected Patients with suspected vasculitis vasculitis
- pulmonary/renal syndromes- pulmonary/renal syndromes
cANCA: Wegener’s cANCA: Wegener’s Granulomatosus:Granulomatosus:
- 80% sensitive and specific - 80% sensitive and specific - specificity is for - specificity is for PR-3PR-3
pANCA: less specificpANCA: less specific
Wegener’s: cANCA (PR-3)
Medium + small Medium + small vesselsvessels
GranulomatousGranulomatous
Upper +/- lower Upper +/- lower respiratoryrespiratory
RenalRenal
Specific Diseases…Specific Diseases…
Osteoarthritis (OA)Osteoarthritis (OA)
The most common type of arthritisThe most common type of arthritis Disease of cartilage (cf. RA)Disease of cartilage (cf. RA) Characterized by:Characterized by:
- Cartilage degradation, loss- Cartilage degradation, loss
- hypertrophic bone formation- hypertrophic bone formation
(osteophytes...(osteophytes...
Primary (idiopathic) OAPrimary (idiopathic) OA
Peripheral Joints:Peripheral Joints:- hands- hands - DIP, PIP (cf. RA)- DIP, PIP (cf. RA)
- 1st C-MC- 1st C-MC- feet - 1st MTP- feet - 1st MTP- large weight-bearing joints - - large weight-bearing joints -
hips, kneeships, knees
SpineSpine - apophyseal joints- apophyseal joints- intervertebral discs- intervertebral discs
OA:OA: Heberden’s (DIP) Heberden’s (DIP) Bouchard’s (PIP) NodesBouchard’s (PIP) Nodes
Osteoarthritis: X-ray Osteoarthritis: X-ray 1st C-MC Joint1st C-MC Joint
Joint space Joint space narrowingnarrowing
Subchondral Subchondral sclerosissclerosis
OsteophytesOsteophytes
Rheumatoid ArthritisRheumatoid Arthritis
Prevalence 1:100Prevalence 1:100 small joint, symmetric polyarthritis small joint, symmetric polyarthritis
+ AM stiffness+ AM stiffness chronic (>6weeks)chronic (>6weeks) Path = synovial inflammation Path = synovial inflammation Extra-articular featuresExtra-articular features
DIPs DIPs
(spared)(spared)
PIPsPIPs
MCPsMCPs
Rheumatoid Rheumatoid ArthritisArthritis
DeformitiesDeformities NodulesNodules
Periarticular Periarticular osteopeniaosteopenia
Marginal Marginal erosionserosions
RA: Extra-articular RA: Extra-articular FeaturesFeatures
SkinSkin - sc nodules, vasculitis... - sc nodules, vasculitis... Eyes Eyes - sicca, scleritis, episcleritis- sicca, scleritis, episcleritis LungsLungs - pleurisy/effusion- pleurisy/effusion
- interstitial fibrosis- interstitial fibrosis
- nodules- nodules CardiacCardiac - pericarditis, nodules - pericarditis, nodules HematologicHematologic - anemia, - anemia,
- Felty’s (neutropenia…)- Felty’s (neutropenia…) NeurologicNeurologic - peripheral neuropathy... - peripheral neuropathy...
ScleritiScleritiss
RA: NodulesRA: Nodules
RA: Factors Associated with RA: Factors Associated with Poor PrognosisPoor Prognosis
Rheumatoid factor positivityRheumatoid factor positivity HLA-DR4 haplotypeHLA-DR4 haplotype Degree of disease activity at onsetDegree of disease activity at onset … …
Early aggressive therapyEarly aggressive therapy
RA: TreatmentRA: Treatment
SymptomaticSymptomatic
- rest, education- rest, education
- splints, orthotics- splints, orthotics
- ASA, NSAID’s, Coxibs- ASA, NSAID’s, Coxibs
Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs)Drugs (DMARDs)
RA: Common DMARD’sRA: Common DMARD’s
MethotrexateMethotrexate HydroxychloroquineHydroxychloroquine SulfasalazineSulfasalazine New Biologics...New Biologics...
RA: New Therapies - RA: New Therapies - BiologicsBiologics
anti-TNF anti-TNF soluble TNF receptorsoluble TNF receptor Concerns:Concerns: - cost- cost
- parenteral- parenteral
- risk of infections, TB- risk of infections, TB
Systemic Lupus Systemic Lupus ErythematosusErythematosus
Affects 1:1-2000 individuals Affects 1:1-2000 individuals
African American blacks > Asian > African American blacks > Asian > CaucasianCaucasian
Females : Males = 9:1Females : Males = 9:1
Any age - usually young females in their Any age - usually young females in their reproductive yearsreproductive years
Lupus: CriteriaLupus: Criteria
1.1. Malar rashMalar rash
2.2. PhotosensitivityPhotosensitivity
3.3. Discoid rashDiscoid rash
4.4. Mucosal ulcersMucosal ulcers
5.5. ArthritisArthritis
6.6. Serositis Serositis “Pleurisy”“Pleurisy”
7.7. RenalRenal
8.8. CNSCNS
9.9. Hematology:Hematology:
anti-WBCanti-WBC
anti-plateletanti-platelet
anti-rbcanti-rbc
10.10. Immunologic:Immunologic:
anti-DNAanti-DNA
anti-phospholipidanti-phospholipid
anti-Smanti-Sm
11.11.Antinuclear antibodiesAntinuclear antibodies
SLE: Organs SLE: Organs AffectedAffected
Joints:Joints: 80-90% 80-90%
Skin:Skin: 70%, often 70%, often
photosensitivephotosensitive
Serositis:Serositis: 50% 50% Kidneys:Kidneys: 25-50% 25-50% CNS:CNS: 15% 15%
Discoid Lupus
PlaquesPlaques PhotosensitivePhotosensitive Often head & neckOften head & neck ScarringScarring 10% develop SLE10% develop SLE
Lupus: TreatmentLupus: Treatment
Sunscreens, sunprotectionSunscreens, sunprotection Anti-inflammatory drugsAnti-inflammatory drugs Anti-malarial drugsAnti-malarial drugs SteroidsSteroids ImmunosuppressantsImmunosuppressants Mycophenolate mofetilMycophenolate mofetil
Systemic Sclerosis Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma):(Scleroderma):
Skin thickening, tighteningSkin thickening, tightening
SclerodermaScleroderma
Disorder of:Disorder of:
- small blood vessels = SPASM, - small blood vessels = SPASM, ischemiaischemia
++
- overproduction of connective - overproduction of connective tissuetissue
(collagen) = FIBROSIS(collagen) = FIBROSIS
Scleroderma: TypesScleroderma: Types
SystemicSystemic - Diffuse- Diffuse- Limited (CREST)- Limited (CREST)
- anti-centromere- anti-centromere
LocalizedLocalized - morphea- morphea- linear - linear
sclerodermascleroderma
Raynaud’s phenomenonRaynaud’s phenomenon
Cold, stress 3 phases:Cold, stress 3 phases: white white blue blue red red
8-10% of normals8-10% of normals
90% - scleroderma90% - scleroderma
Consider ANA whenConsider ANA when screeningscreening (SLE, CREST)(SLE, CREST)
SclerodermaScleroderma
Lungs - fibrosis- Pulmonary hypertension
GI - GERD...
Renal - malignant hypertension- microangiopathic anemia
- renal failure
- ACEI !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Limited Scleroderma Limited Scleroderma (CREST)(CREST)
Calcinosis Telangiectasi
as
Acute Monoarthritis Acute Monoarthritis (in absence of trauma)(in absence of trauma)
InfectionInfection
Crystal (gout, Crystal (gout, pseudogout)pseudogout)
SpondyloarthropatSpondyloarthropathyhy
Synovial Fluid TestingSynovial Fluid Testing
Cell count, differentialCell count, differential
WBC: 200-2000 = non-inflammatoryWBC: 200-2000 = non-inflammatory
2000-100,000 = inflammatory2000-100,000 = inflammatory
>75,000 = septic>75,000 = septic
Gram stain, C&SGram stain, C&S
CrystalsCrystals
Question 1: What did Ramses II Question 1: What did Ramses II have, besides riches and fame?have, besides riches and fame?
Answer: Ankylosing Answer: Ankylosing SpondylitisSpondylitis
SpondyloarthropathiesSpondyloarthropathies
1.1. Ankylosing Ankylosing SpondylitisSpondylitis
2.2. Reiter’s/reactive Reiter’s/reactive arthritisarthritis
3.3. Psoriatic arthritisPsoriatic arthritis
4.4. Inflammatory Inflammatory Bowel DiseaseBowel Disease
Axial and/or Axial and/or peripheral jointsperipheral joints
HLA-B27HLA-B27 Path = enthesopathyPath = enthesopathy Inflammatory back Inflammatory back
painpain Extra-articular:Extra-articular:
- uveitis etc.- uveitis etc. RF negativeRF negative
Calcaneal Spur
Erosion
EnthesitisEnthesitis
Inflammatory low back Inflammatory low back pain?pain?
Insidious onsetInsidious onset Worse with restWorse with rest Better with Better with
activityactivity Morning Morning
stiffnessstiffness Family historyFamily history
Bilateral Sacroiliitis
HLA-B27: Disease HLA-B27: Disease AssociationsAssociations
Ankylosing SpondylitisAnkylosing Spondylitis >90%>90% Reiter’s syndrome/ reactiveReiter’s syndrome/ reactive 80%80% Inflammatory bowel disease Inflammatory bowel disease 50%50% Psoriatic Arthritis Psoriatic Arthritis
- with spondylitis - with spondylitis 50%50%
- with peripheral arthritis - with peripheral arthritis 15%15%
Caucasians Caucasians 8%8% InuitInuit 25%25%
Reactive Arthritis: Reactive Arthritis: ConceptConcept
A sterile inflammatory arthritis A sterile inflammatory arthritis - triggered by an infection- triggered by an infection - at a distant site (GI or GU) - at a distant site (GI or GU) - in a - in a genetically susceptible genetically susceptible
hosthost
An inflammatory reaction to a An inflammatory reaction to a persistent persistent organism or antigen(s)organism or antigen(s)
Bacteria that Trigger Bacteria that Trigger Reactive ArthritisReactive Arthritis
Post-venereal: Chlamydia Post-venereal: Chlamydia trachomatistrachomatis
Post-dysenteric:Post-dysenteric:
Salmonella Salmonella
Shigella flexneri Shigella flexneri
Yersinia enterocoliticaYersinia enterocolitica
CampylobacterCampylobacter
Clostridium difficileClostridium difficile
HLA-B27: Reactive ArthritisHLA-B27: Reactive Arthritis
CampylobacteCampylobacterr
Spondyloarthropathies: Spondyloarthropathies: Extra-articular featuresExtra-articular features
Skin: Psoriasis, E. nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum...
Eyes: iritis, conjunctivitis Lungs: apical pulmonary fibrosis Cardiac: aortic insufficiency,
conduction abnormalities Neurologic: cauda equina...
Reiter’s SyndromeReiter’s Syndrome
GoutGout
Acute monoarthritisAcute monoarthritis
- lasts days- lasts days
- recurrent attacks- recurrent attacks
Uncontrolled Uncontrolled hyperuricemiahyperuricemia
tophitophi
polyarthritispolyarthritis
Gout: uric acid crystalsGout: uric acid crystals
Needle-shapedNeedle-shaped
Strong negative Strong negative bireringencebireringence
Phagocytosed by Phagocytosed by PMN’sPMN’s
Gout: TreatmentGout: Treatment
Asymptomatic hyperuricemia Asymptomatic hyperuricemia none none Acute attackAcute attack - NSAID’s- NSAID’s
- colchicine- colchicine
- steroid’s- steroid’s Indications to lower uric acid - allopurinolIndications to lower uric acid - allopurinol
- renal stones- renal stones
- frequent attacks- frequent attacks
- tophi - tophi
Pseudogout - CPPDPseudogout - CPPD
Acute monoarthritisAcute monoarthritis Knees, wristsKnees, wrists ChondrocalcinosisChondrocalcinosis
Pyrophosphate crystals:Pyrophosphate crystals:
- rhomboid- rhomboid
- weak positive - weak positive birefringencebirefringence
Vasculitis: ClassificationVasculitis: Classification
Small Vessel HypersensitivitySmall Vessel Hypersensitivity
Medium Vessel:Medium Vessel:- necrotizing = Polyarteritis nodosa- necrotizing = Polyarteritis nodosa- Kawasaki’s- Kawasaki’s
Large Vessel: Large Vessel: - Giant Cell (Temporal) arteritis- Giant Cell (Temporal) arteritis- Takayasu’s (Aortic Arch Syndrome)- Takayasu’s (Aortic Arch Syndrome)
Vasculitis: ClassificationVasculitis: ClassificationNB! can have overlap...NB! can have overlap...
1. Large Vessel Vasculitis1. Large Vessel Vasculitis
2. Medium Vessel Vasculitis2. Medium Vessel Vasculitis
3. Small Vessel Vasculitis3. Small Vessel Vasculitis
Large Vessel VasculitisLarge Vessel Vasculitis
- Giant Cell Arteritis- Giant Cell Arteritis
- Takayasu’s (Aortic Arch - Takayasu’s (Aortic Arch Syndrome)Syndrome)
Medium Vessel VasculitisMedium Vessel Vasculitis
- Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)- Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)
- Kawasaki Disease- Kawasaki Disease
- Primary CNS Vasculitis- Primary CNS Vasculitis
Small Vessel VasculitisSmall Vessel Vasculitis
- - ANCA Associated:ANCA Associated: - - Wegener GranulomatosisWegener Granulomatosis- Churg-Strauss Syndrome- Churg-Strauss Syndrome- Microscopic Polyangiitis - Microscopic Polyangiitis
(MPA)(MPA)
- Henoch-Schönlein Purpura - Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP)(HSP)- Vasculitis with connective tissue diseases- Vasculitis with connective tissue diseases- Vasculitis/essential mixed cryoglobulinemia - Vasculitis/essential mixed cryoglobulinemia (Hep (Hep
C)C) - - Hypersensitivity vasculitis (leukocytoclastic)Hypersensitivity vasculitis (leukocytoclastic)- Vasculitis with viral infections (Hep B, C, HIV, CMV, - Vasculitis with viral infections (Hep B, C, HIV, CMV,
parvo-B19) parvo-B19)
Palpable purpuraPalpable purpura Most common vasculitisMost common vasculitis Leukocytoclastic Leukocytoclastic
vasculitisvasculitis Ag (eg. Infection, drug)Ag (eg. Infection, drug)
+ Ab + Ab immune complex immune complex Rule out other organ Rule out other organ
involvement (kidney, involvement (kidney, lung…)lung…)
Small Vessel Small Vessel VasculitisVasculitis
Wegener’s GranulomatosisWegener’s Granulomatosis
Small + medium Small + medium vesselsvessels
GranulomatousGranulomatous
Upper +/- lower Upper +/- lower respiratory respiratory (ulcers, (ulcers, sinuses...)sinuses...)
RenalRenal
Anti-Neutrophil Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies Cytoplasmic Antibodies
(ANCA)(ANCA)
Patients with Patients with suspected suspected vasculitis:vasculitis:
Pulmonary - Pulmonary - renal: renal:
- Wegener - Wegener
- ...- ...
Cytoplasmic
Perinuclear
ANCAANCA
ImmunofluorescenceImmunofluorescence• cytoplasmic - cANCAcytoplasmic - cANCA• perinuclear – pANCAperinuclear – pANCA
Solid Phase Assays (ELISA…) :Solid Phase Assays (ELISA…) :• pANCA = anti-MPO (myeloperoxidase)pANCA = anti-MPO (myeloperoxidase)• cANCA = anti-PR3cANCA = anti-PR3 (proteinase 3) (proteinase 3)
cANCA (anti-PR3)cANCA (anti-PR3)
Highly sensitive, specific for Highly sensitive, specific for Wegener’s granulomatosis Wegener’s granulomatosis
Specificity: 95%Specificity: 95%
Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA)Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA)
Age >50 years - mean = 70 Age >50 years - mean = 70 yearsyears
Symptoms related to arteries:Symptoms related to arteries:
- headache, scalp tenderness- headache, scalp tenderness
- visual loss- visual loss
- jaw claudication- jaw claudication
Giant Cell (Temporal) Giant Cell (Temporal) ArteritisArteritis
Giant Cell (Temporal) Giant Cell (Temporal) ArteritisArteritis
Diagnosis:Diagnosis:
- CBC - anemia of chronic disease- CBC - anemia of chronic disease
- ESR - markedly elevated, often >100- ESR - markedly elevated, often >100
- Biopsy temporal artery- Biopsy temporal artery
Treatment: Treatment: URGENT! (prevent visual URGENT! (prevent visual loss)loss)
- steroids - prednisone 60mg daily...- steroids - prednisone 60mg daily...
Fibromyalgia Tender Points (18)
FibromyalgiaFibromyalgia
Prevalence 3%Prevalence 3% widespread pain, tender pointswidespread pain, tender points sleep disturbancesleep disturbance Absence Absence of inflammatory markers…of inflammatory markers… Exclusion Exclusion of other systemic disordersof other systemic disorders Treatment:Treatment: - education- education
- exercise- exercise- low dose tricyclic- low dose tricyclic- New = pregabalin, - New = pregabalin,
duloxetineduloxetine
NSAIDs, CoxibsNSAIDs, Coxibs
Toxicity: ASA and NSAIDsToxicity: ASA and NSAIDs
GI: ulcers, bleedingGI: ulcers, bleeding CVS: hypertension, increased risk MI, CVS: hypertension, increased risk MI,
strokestroke Renal: Na retention, edema, renal failureRenal: Na retention, edema, renal failure CNSCNS platelet effectsplatelet effects contraindicated ASA hypersensitivitycontraindicated ASA hypersensitivity avoid if possible - pregnancy and avoid if possible - pregnancy and
lactation lactation
Cox-2 “specific” Inhibitors Cox-2 “specific” Inhibitors (coxibs)(coxibs)
improved GI safetyimproved GI safety no effect on plateletsno effect on platelets efficacious in RA, OA, painefficacious in RA, OA, pain
X ?? Increased risk MI, stroke?? Increased risk MI, strokeX renal effects like other NSAID’srenal effects like other NSAID’s
caution!caution! - elderly - elderly - hypertension- hypertension- cardiac disease- cardiac disease- renal disease- renal disease
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