Review Prologue The Parthenon Two Categories of Government Democracy – Government by the people / Decisions made by the people Autocracy - Government.

Review Prologue

The ParthenonThe Parthenon

Two Categories of Government• Democracy – Government by the

people / Decisions made by the people

• Autocracy - Government by one person (King / Queen / Emperor / Pharaoh)

Golden “Age of Pericles”:

460 BCE – 429 BCE

Golden “Age of Pericles”:

460 BCE – 429 BCE

Pericles• Led Athens in Golden Age

461-429 B.C– Established Direct

Democracy– Increased number of

public officials– Poorer citizens were able

to participate

Great Athenian Philosophers

Great Athenian Philosophers

Socrates

Know thyself!

question everything

only the pursuit of goodnessbrings happiness.

$ Plato

$ The Academy

The world of the FORMS

The Republic philosopher-king

Republic

• Rule by People’s Representative

• Created in Ancient Rome

–Senator = Representative

Roman Law

Twelve Tables step toward fair government

Complied into “Justinian Code”

“government of laws not men”

The Twelve Tables, 450 The Twelve Tables, 450 BCEBCE

The Twelve Tables, 450 The Twelve Tables, 450 BCEBCE

Providing political and socialrights for the plebeians.

Rome’s Early Road Rome’s Early Road SystemSystem

Rome’s Early Road Rome’s Early Road SystemSystem

Constantinople: “The 2Constantinople: “The 2ndnd Rome” (Founded in 330)Rome” (Founded in 330)

Constantinople: “The 2Constantinople: “The 2ndnd Rome” (Founded in 330)Rome” (Founded in 330)

The Byzantine Emperor The Byzantine Emperor Justinian-Written Justinian-Written

legal codelegal code

The Byzantine Emperor The Byzantine Emperor Justinian-Written Justinian-Written

legal codelegal code

The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome

The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome Republic GovernmentRepublic Government

Roman Law-based on principles Roman Law-based on principles of reason and justiceof reason and justice

Latin LanguageLatin Language Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church City PlanningCity Planning Romanesque Architectural StyleRomanesque Architectural Style Roman EngineeringRoman Engineering

• AqueductsAqueducts• Sewage systemsSewage systems• DamsDams• CementCement• ArchArch

Influences of Western World

• = treatment under law

• Innocent until proven guilty

• Burden of proof with the accuser

Legacy of Monotheism

• Duty to to combat oppression

• Worth of individual

• = of people before God

Renaissance

• Renewed interest in Classical Culture

• Humanism

• Italian vs. Northern Renaissance

• Spread of Ideas through Printing Press

Reformation

• Martin Luther’s 95 Theses– indulgences– Individuality and freedom from

Church– Bible alone– Faith alone– Priesthood of all believers

• England’s Protestant Revolution• Calvinism• Catholic Reformation

Legacy of Ren and Ref

• Growth of democracy by challenging monarchs and popes.

• Ind important

England’s Medieval Democratic Developments

• Henry II– Jury System– Common law

• precedents

• King John-– Magna Carta (Great Charter)

• Contract between King and Nobles• Limited the power of the king• Governance according to law-not anyway they choose• Due Process of Law• Consent of Governed (Parliament)• Power of purse

England’s Civil War• King James I and Divine Right

– Star chamber-royal court

Civil War (1621-1649)

Royalists(Cavaliers)Royalists(Cavaliers)

Parliamentarians(Roundheads)

Parliamentarians(Roundheads)

a House of Lords

a Aristocracy

a Large landowners

a Church officials

a More rural, less prosperous

† House of Commons

† Puritans

† Merchants

† Townspeople

† More urban , more prosperous

The “Glorious” Revolution: 1688

a Whig & Tory leaders offered the throne jointly to James II’s daughter Mary [raised a Protestant] & her husband, William of Orange.

He was a vigorous enemy of Louis XIV.

He was seen as a champion of the Protestant cause.

English Bill of Rights [1689]

a It settled all of the major issues between King & Parliament.

a It served as a model for the U. S. Bill of Rights.

a It also formed a base for the steady expansion of civil liberties in the 18c and early 19c in England.

Legacy

• Rule of law

• Parliamentary rule

• Ind rights

• Constitutional monarchy

Enlightenment

• Bringing the light of knowledge to their ignorant fellow creatures.

• What is the meaning of life, God, human nature, good and evil, and cause and effect

Enlightenment• Scientific Revolution based on Reason and

Order• Scientific Revolution inspired philosophers

to rethink long held beliefs about–Human Condition–Rights and Liberties–Role and Purpose of Government

• This “Revolution” is known as The Enlightenment or Age of Reason

The “Great Debate”

Reason& LogicReason& Logic

Traditionsand

Superstitions

Traditionsand

Superstitions

rationalismrationalism empiricismempiricism tolerancetolerance skepticismskepticism DeismDeism

nostalgia nostalgia for the pastfor the past

organized organized religionsreligions

irrationalisirrationalismm

emotionalisemotionalismm

• Renaissance= Renewed Interest in Learning

• Reformation= New ways of thinking about god and salvation

• Scientific Revolution= New ways to view the natural world

• Enlightenment= Intellectual movement that stressed reason, thought and power of the individuals to solve problems

Beginnings of Enlightenment• Following English Civil War two English

thinkers come to different conclusions on individual rights and the role and purpose of government.

– Thomas Hobbes “Leviathan”

– John Locke “Treatise on Government”

Thought Question

The Scientific Revolution is considered a major cause of the new way of thinking about Human Rights and the role of government of the mid 1700’s known as the “Enlightenment” or “Age of Reason.”

• How do you think a revolution based on science could effect thoughts on government?