Transcript
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Using Information Technology
Pertemuan 7
Chapter 6
Hardware: Input
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6.1 Input & Output
Input hardware - devices that translate data
into a form the computer can process Keyboard - a device that converts letters,
numbers, and other characters into electricalsignals that can be read by the computersprocessor
Pointing devices - control the position of thecursor or pointer on the screen
- Mouse- Trackball
- Pointing stick
- Touchpad
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Input & Output
Pen input :- Pen-based computer system - allows users
to enter handwriting and marks onto acomputer screen by means of a penlikestylus rather than by typing on a keyboard
- Light pen - a light-sensitive penlike devicethat uses a wired connection to acomputer terminal
Digitizer - converts drawings and photos todigital data using a mouselike device called apuck
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Scanning and Reading Devices
Source data-entry devices create machine-readable data
- Scanners - use light-sensing equipment totranslate images of text, drawings,
photos, and the like into digital form
Bar-code readers:
- Bar codes - photoelectric scanners thattranslate the symbols in the bar code intodigital code
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Scanning and Reading Devices
Mark-recognition and character-recognitiondevices sense marks or characters
- MICR- character recognition system thatuses magnetic ink and special characters- OMR - uses a device that reads bubble
marks and converts them into computer-usable form
- OCR - converts scanned text from images toan editable text format that can be importedinto a word processing application andmanipulated
Fax machine scans an image and sends it aselectronic signals over telephone lines to areceiving fax machine
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Audio-Input Devices
Audio-input device - records analog sound andtranslates it for digital storage and processing
* Digitizing an audio signal:
- sound board
- MIDI board
Webcams & Video-Input Cards
Webcam a video camera attached to a computer to
record moving images that can be posted on a websitein real time
Video cards:
- Frame-grabber video card
- Full-motion video card
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Digital Cameras
Digital camera - uses a light-
sensitive processor chip tocapture photographic imagesin digital form and storethem on a small diskette
Digital camera
attached to a computer
Speech-Recognition Systems
Speech-recognition system
- converts a persons
speech into digital signals
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Sensors
Sensor an input device that collects specificdata directly from the environment and transmitsit to a computer
Human-Biology-Input devices
Biometrics - the science of measuring individualbody characteristics
Screen of face recognition systemPalm print recognition reader
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Pertemuan 8
Chapter 6
Hardware: Output
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6.4 Input & Output
Output hardware - devices that translateinformation processed by the computer into aform that humans can understand
- Softcopy - data that is shown on a displayscreen or is in audio or voice form
- Hardcopy - printed output
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Traditional Softcopy Output:Display Screens
Display screens - output devices that showprogramming instructions and data as they arebeing input and information after it isprocessed
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Traditional Softcopy Output:Display Screens
Pixel (picture element) -the smallest unit on thescreen that can be
turned on and off ormade different shades
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Traditional Softcopy Output:Display Screens
Factors affecting screenclarity:
Dot pitch (dp) - the amount of
space between the centers ofadjacent pixels; the closer thedots, the crisper the image
Resolution
Color depth
Refresh rate
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Traditional Softcopy Output:Display Screens
Factors affecting screen clarity:
Dot pitch
Resolution - the image sharpness of a displayscreen; the more pixels there are per squareinch, the finer the level of detail
Color depth Refresh rate
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Traditional Softcopy Output:Display Screens
Factors affecting screen clarity:
Dot pitch
Resolution
Color depth - the amount of information,expressed in bits, that is stored in a dot
Refresh rate
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Traditional Softcopy Output:Display Screens
Factors affecting screen clarity:
Dot pitch
ResolutionColor depth
Refresh rate - the number of times persecond that the pixels are recharged so that
their glow remains bright
T d l f O
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Traditional Softcopy Output:Display Screens
Two types ofmonitors:
CRT - a vacuum
tube used as adisplay screen in acomputer or videodisplay terminal
Flat-panel display
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Traditional Hardcopy Output:Printers
Printer - an output device that printscharacters, symbols, and perhaps graphics onpaper or another hardcopy medium
Dpi - a measure of the number of rows andcolumns of dots that are printed in a square
inch
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Traditional Hardcopy Output:Printers
Impact printer - forms characters orimages by striking a mechanism such as aprint hammer or wheel against an inked
ribbon, leaving an image on paper
Non-impact printer - forms characters andimages without direct physical contactbetween the printing mechanism and paper
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Traditional Hardcopy Output: Printers
Nonimpact printers:
Laser printer - creates images on a drum whichare treated with a magnetically charged toner,and then transferred from drum to paper
Replacing a laser toner cartridge
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Traditional Hardcopy Output: Printers
Plotter - a specialized
output device designedto produce high-qualitygraphics in a variety ofcolors
Multifunction printer -output device that
combines severalcapabilities, such asprinting, scanning,copying, and faxing
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6.6 Mixed Output: Sound, Voice, and Video
Sound output devices - produce digitizedsounds, ranging from beeps and chirps to music
Voice output devices - convert digital data intospeech-like sounds
Video output - photographic images which are
played at 15-29 frames per second to give theappearance of full motion
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Using Information Technology
Pertemuan 9Chapter 7
Networks & Communications
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7.1 From the Analog to the Digital Age
Analog - continuously varying in strengthand/or quality
Digital - communications signals or informationrepresented in a two-state (binary) way usingelectronic or electromagnetic signals
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Purpose of the Modem - Converting DigitalSignals to Analog Signals & Back
Modem - short for modulate/demodulate Sending modem - modulates digital signals
into analog signals for transmission overphone lines
Receiving modem - demodulates the analogsignals back into digital signals
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Telecommuting
Telecommuting -working at homewhile intelecommunication
with the office
Virtual Offices
Virtual office - an often nonpermanent and mobile officerun with computer and communications technology
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Smart Television
Digital television (DTV) - uses a digital signal,or series of 0s and 1s
High-definition television (HDTV) workswith digital broadcasting signals and has higher-resolution than standard television
Standard-definition television (SDTV) -allows broadcasters to transmit moreinformation within the HDTV bandwidth
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7.3 Communications Media and TransferRates
Communications media carries signalsover a communications path, the routebetween two or more communications mediaservices
Wired Communications Media - Wiresand Cables
Twisted-pair wire - two strands ofinsulated copper wire, twisted aroundeach other
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Wired Communications Channels
Coaxial cable - insulatedcopper wire wrapped in asolid or braided metalshield, then in an externalcover
Fiber-optic cable -dozens or hundreds ofthin strands of glass orplastic that transmitpulsating beams of lightrather than electricity
Fiber-optic cable Fiber-optic strand
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Wireless Communications Channels
Infrared transmission - the transmission
of data signals using infrared-light waves
Broadcast radio - awireless transmissionmedium that sends dataover long distances--between regions, states, orcountries
Microwave radio -transmits voice & datathrough the atmosphereas super-high-frequency
radio waves calledmicrowaves
Communicationssatellites - microwaverelay stations in orbitaround the earth
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Long-Distance Wireless Communications
Global PositioningSystem (GPS) - 27 earth-orbiting satellitescontinuously transmittingtimed radio signals that can
be used to identify earthlocationsCar with GPS unit to
guide users
Pagers - simple radioreceivers that receive data(but not voice messages)sent from a special radio
transmitter
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Short-Range Wireless Communications
Bluetooth - a short-range
wireless digital standard aimedat linking cellphones, PDAs,computers, & peripherals up todistances of 30 feet
WiFi (wireless fidelity) - ashort-range wireless digitalstandard aimed at helpingportable computers andhandheld wireless devices tocommunicate at high speedsand share internet connectionsat distances up to 300 feet
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7.4 Transmitting Data - Behind-the-Scenes Details
Line configurations :
Point-to-point line - directly connectsthe sending & receiving devices
Multipoint line - a single line thatinterconnects several communicationsdevices to one computer
Serial vs. parallel transmission Serial data transmission - bits are
transmitted sequentially, one after theother
Factors Affecting Data Transmission
Serial Data Transmission
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Factors Affecting How Data Is Transmitted
Serial vs. parallel
transmission
Parallel data transmission
- bits are transmittedthrough separate linessimultaneously
Direction of transmission - simplex, half-duplex, andfull-duplexSimplex transmission - data can travel in only onedirection
F ff H D d
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Factors Affecting How Data Is Transmitted
Direction of transmission - simplex, half-duplex,and full-duplex
Half-duplex transmission - data travels in bothdirections but only in one direction at a time
Full-duplex transmission - data is transmitted backand forth at the same time
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Factors Affecting How Data Is Transmitted
Transmission mode - asynchronous vs. synchronous
Asynchronous transmission - data is sent one byte ata time, with each string of bits making up the byteand bracketed with special control bits
Synchronous transmission - data is sent in blocks,with start and stop bit patterns (synch bytes) at the
beginning and end of the blocks
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Factors Affecting How Data Is Transmitted
Protocol - a set ofconventions governingthe exchange of databetween hardware
and/or softwarecomponents in acommunicationsnetwork
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7.5 Networks
Benefits of networks -
Sharing of peripheral devices
Sharing of programs and data
Better communications
Security of information
Access to databases
T f N t k
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Types of Networks
Wide area network (WAN) - a communications
network that covers a wide geographical area, such asa country or the world
Metropolitan area network
(MAN) - a communicationsnetwork covering a city or asuburb
Local area network (LAN) -
connects computers anddevices in a limitedgeographical area
Intranets Extranets & Firewalls
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Intranets, Extranets, & Firewalls
Intranet - an organizations internal private networkthat uses the infrastructure and standards of the
internet and the web
Extranets - private intranets that connect not onlyinternal personnel but also selected suppliers and
other strategic parties
Firewalls - a system of hardware and software thatblocks unauthorized users inside and outside theorganization from entering the intranet
Virtual private network are private networks thatuse a public network (usually the internet) to connectremote sites.
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Pertemuan 10
Chapter 8
Files, Databases, & E-Commerce
8 1 Managing Files: Basic Concepts
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8.1 Managing Files: Basic Concepts
Data storage hierarchy - levelsof data stored in a computer:
Bits
Character (bytes)
Fields (unit data yang berisi 1atau lebih karakter)
Records (kumpulan field2 yangberhubungan)
Files (kumpulan record)
Key Field
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Key Field
A key field uniquely identifies a recordfor processing and retrieval
The primary characteristic of the keyfield is that it is unique
Types of FilesProgram files - contain computer instructions
- Source program files
- Executable filesData files - files that contain data (words,numbers, pictures, sounds, etc.)
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Offline versus Online Storage
Offline storage -
data is not directlyaccessible for
processing until thetape or disk its onhas been loaded ontoan input device
Online storage -
stored data israndomly (directly)
accessible forprocessing
8 2 Database Management Systems
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8.2 Database Management Systems
Database management system (DBMS) -programs that control the structure of adatabase and access to the dataTypes of database access:
- Individual databases
- Multiuser databases
Advantages of DBMS
- Reduced data redundancy
- Improved data integrity
- Increased security
- Ease of data maintenance
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8.3 Database Models
Hierarchical database - fields or records are
arranged in related groups, resembling a familytree, with child (lower-level) records subordinateto parent (higher-level) records
Example of cruise ship reservation system
Database Models
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Database Models
Network database - similar to a hierarchical
database, but each child record can have morethan one parent record
Example of college class-scheduling system
D b M d l
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Database Models
Relational database - relates (connects)data in different files through the use of akey field, or common data element
Example of state department of motor vehicles database
8.4 Features of a Database Management
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f gSystem
A database management system includes the
following components:
lData Dictionary - procedures document ordisk file that stores the data definitions and
descriptions of the structure of data used inthe database
lDBMS Utilities are programs that allow you
to maintain the database
lReport Generator is a program for producingan on-screen or printed document from all or
part of a database.
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Database Management System Components
A database management system includes the
following components (continued):
lAccess Security - a feature allowingdatabase administrators to specifydifferent access privileges for differentusers of a DBMS
lSystem Recovery - enable the databaseadministrator to recover contents of thedatabase in the event of a hardware orsoftware failure
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The Ethics of Using Databases
Privacy - the right of people not to reveal
information about themselves
The Ethics of Using Databases
- Accuracy and completeness can be
issue when searching for historical data- Monopolizing information by an
individual or organization could leadto access related issues
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Pertemuan 11
Chapter 9
The Challenges of the Digital Age
Errors & Accidents
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Errors & Accidents
Human errors
Procedural errors computer failures occuras a result of non-compliance of procedures
Software errors software bugsElectromechanical problems failure ofmechanical systems due to faultyconstruction,overheating, wearing out, or
damageDirty data problems - incomplete, outdated,or otherwise inaccurate data
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Crimes Against Computers & Communications
- Theft of hardware - shoplifting anaccessory
- Theft of software and data - illegal copyingof programs
- Theft of time and services usingemployers computer time to play games
- Theft of information stealing confidential
personal records- Crimes of malice and destruction abusing
or vandalizing computers
Worms & Viruses
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Worms & Viruses
Worm - a program that copies itself
repeatedly into a computers memory or onto adisk drive
Virus- a deviant program, stored on a
computer drive, that can cause unexpected andoften undesirable effects, such as destroyingor corrupting data
Anti-virus software - scans a computers harddisk, floppy disks, and main memory to detectviruses and destroy them
Computer Criminals
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Computer Criminals
Hackers - gain unauthorized access tocomputer or telecommunications systems
Crackers - illegally break into computers for
malicious purposes
Employees - more than 80% of all IT crimeperpetrators
Outside users - suppliers and clients
Professional criminals - organized crime rings
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Identification & Access
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Identification & Access
What you have -
What you know Who you are
Cards
Keys Signatures
Badges
What you have
What you know
Who you are
PIN (personalidentification number) -the security numberknown only to you that isrequired to access thesystemPassword - a specialword, code, or symbolrequired to access a
computer system
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Identification & Access
What you have
What you know
Who you are
Iris scan
Biometrics -
science ofmeasuringindividual bodycharacteristics
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Encryption
Encryption - the process of altering readabledata into unreadable form to preventauthorized access
Private key - same secret key used byboth sender and receiver
Public key - two keys are used
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Protection of Software & Data
Control of access - restricts access to data
files to those with a need to knowAudit controls track which programs andservers were used, which files have beenopened, etc.People controls - check resum facts,separate employee functions, shred papers,etc.
9.3 Quality-of-Life Issues: The Environment,
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Q yMental Health, & the Workplace
Environmental problems:Manufacturing by-products - exposingsemiconductor industry workers to a variety ofhazardous toxins
Disposal by-products Disposal by-products - e-waste - obsolete or
broken PCs, monitors, printers, cellphones, TVsand other electronics
Environmental blight Environmental blight - visual pollutionrepresented by wireless towers, roof antennas,satellite dishes, and all the utility poles topped
with transformers and strung with electric,
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Environmental problems:
Manufacturing by-products
Disposal by-products
Environmental blight
Possible risks of nanotechnology - manipulatingmaterials such as carbon, zinc, and gold atmolecular level
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Mental-Health Problems
Isolation - going for days without actuallyspeaking with or touching another person
Gambling - information technology makes italmost unavoidable
Stress - 83% of corporate network
administrators reported abusive and violentbehavior by employees toward computers
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Pertemuan 12
Chapter 11Information Systems
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Departments
Research and development (R&D)
Production (operations)
Marketing and sales
Accounting and finance Human resources (personnel)
Information systems (IS)
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Management LevelsTop (or senior) managers - concerned with long-
range, or strategic, planning and decisions
Middle-level managers - make tactical decisions
to implement the strategic goals of the
organization
Lower (supervisory) managers - make operational
decisions - predictable decisions that can be made
by following well-defined sets of routine
rocedures
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Types of Information
Structured information - detailed, current, notsubjective, concerned with past events, recordsa narrow range of facts, and covers an
organizations internal activities
Unstructured information - summarized, less
current, highly subjective, concerned withfuture events, records a broad range of facts,and covers activities outside as well as inside anorganization
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11.2 Computer-Based Information Systems
For lower managers- TPSs
For middle
managers - MISsand DSSs For top managers -
ESSs
For all levels,includingnonmanagement OASs, ESs, and
Cooperative work
An organization chart andmanagement levels and
responsibilities
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Transaction Processing System (TPS)
TPS - a computer-based information system that keeps
track of the transactions needed to conduct business
Features include -
For lower managers Produces detail reports
One TPS for each department
Forms the basis for MIS and DSS
Management Information System (MIS)
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g m f m y m ( )
MIS - a computer-based information systemthat uses data recorded by TPS as input intoprograms that produce routine reports asoutput
Features include - For middle managers
Draws from all departments
Produces several kinds of reports
Decision Support System (DSS)
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D n upp y m (D )
DSS - a computer-
based informationsystem that provides aflexible tool for analysisand helps managers focus
on the future Features include -
For middle managers
Produces analyticmodels
Geographic DSS forearthquake insurance
Executive Support System (ESS)
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Executive Support System (ESS)
ESS - an easy-to-use DSS made especially for
top managers; it specifically supportsstrategic decision making
Components of an ESS
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Office Automation System (OAS)
OAS - combine various technologies to reducethe manual labor required in operating anefficient office and to increase productivity
Office automation systems
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Expert System (ES) and Cooperative systems
ES is a set of interactive computer programsthat help users solve problems that wouldotherwise require the assistance of a human
expert
Cooperative systems organizations that havenetworks that use groupware to enable
cooperative work by groups of people
11 3 Systems Development - The Six
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11.3 Systems Development - The SixPhases of System Analysis and Design
System - a collection of related components
that interact to perform a task in order to
accomplish a goal
Participants in a project involving a new
system or changes to an existing one -
Users
Management Technical staff
The Six Phases of Systems Analysis &
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The Six Phases of Systems Analysis &Design
SDLC
The First Phase - Conduct a Preliminary
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The First Phase Conduct a PreliminaryInvestigation
Objectives -
1. Conduct the preliminary
analysis2. Propose alternative
solutions
3. Describe the cost &benefits
4. Submit a preliminary plan
The Second Phase - Do an Analysis
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The Second Phase Do an Analysisof the System
Objectives -
1. Gather data
2. Analyze the data3. Write a report
Data flowdiagram
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The Third Phase - Design the System
Objectives -
1. Do a preliminary
design2. Do a detail design
3. Write a report
Th F h Ph D l h
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The Fourth Phase - Develop the system
Objectives -
1. Develop or acquire the
software2. Acquire hardware3. Test the system
The Fifth Phase - Implement the
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The Fifth Phase Implement theSystem
Objectives -
1. Convert to the new
system2. Train the users
Systems Development (contd)
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Implementation
The process of converting from the old systemto the new system
Four major conversion strategies Parallel conversion: the old and new systems
operate simultaneously for a period of time Direct conversion: the old system is cut off
and the new systems is turned on at a certainpoint in time
Pilot conversion: introduces the new systemin one part of the organization Phased conversion: introduces components of
the new system in stages
Systems Development (cont d)
Systems Development (contd)
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NEW
NEW
NEW
NEW
OLD
OLD
OLD
OLD
Parallel Conversion
Direct Conversion
Pilot Conversion
Phase Conversion
The Sixth Phase - Maintain the System
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The Sixth Phase Maintain the System
Objective -
To adjust and improve
the system by havingsystem audits andperiodic evaluations andby making changes
based on new conditions
The Traditional SDLC
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(1) Systems Investigation
(2) Systems Analysis
(3) Systems Design
(4) Programming
(5) Testing
(6) Implementation
(7) Operation
(8) Maintenance
Go Back to a previous Stage or Stop
An eight-stage systemsdevelopment life cycle(SDLC)
Maintenance
System
Develop
ment
System
top related