Remote Controlled Fan Regulator is One of The
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Remote controlled Fan Regulator is one of the applications of electronics to increase
the facilities of life Fan is one of the unavoidable Electronic equipment in our day
today life It has become essential element without which people canrsquot lead a smooth
life The presence of a fan in a house or office is not now considered as a luxury on
the other hand it is included in the basic requirement The uses of new electronic
theories have been put down by expertise to increase the facilities given by the
existing appliance Here the facility of ordinary fan is increased by the making it
controlled by a remote
In remote controlled fan regulator we can regulate the speed of the fan by using a
remote Here the variation in the firing angle of triac is used for regulating the speed
Any button on the remote can be used for controlling speed of the fan Using this
circuit we can change the speed of the fan from our couch or bed This circuit is
used for controlling the speed of the fan in 5 levels This innovation can be a success
only if people are made aware about its advantages and how user-friendly it is The
circuit can be used to regulate the intensity of light This innovation finds its use
mainly to help old age people who donrsquot want to walk in order to control the speed of
fan It also finds its use of somebody wants to change the speed while sleeping
INTRODUCTION
A circuit that allows total control over your equipments without having to move
around is a revolutionary concept Total control over the speed of the fan is a boon to
many This product brings to you this very concept
Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the home or office
from a distance It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to
operate a system that would be cheap and affordable a reliable and easy to
maintain system of remote control and durable system irrespective of usage It adds
more comfort to everyday living by removing the inconvenience of having to move
around to operate a fan regulator The system seeks to develop a system that is cost
effective while not undermining the need for efficient working
The first remote control called ldquolazy bonesrdquo was developed in 1950 by Zenith
Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation) The device was
developed quickly and it was called ldquoZenith space commandrdquo the remote went into
production in the fall of 1956 becoming the first practical wireless remote control
device Today remote control is a standard on electronic products including VCRs
cable and satellite boxes digital video disc players and home audio players In the
year 2000 more than 99 percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD
players sold are equipped with remote controls The average individual these days
probably picks up a remote control at least once or twice a day
Basically a remote control works in the following manner A button is pressed This
completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to
that button The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which
translates the signal into infrared light The sensor on the appliancedetects the
infrared light and reacts appropriately
The remote controlrsquos function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate
that into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance The carrier
frequency of such infrared signals is typically around 36kHz
The aim of this work is to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator
The remote control device sends an infra-red beam which is received by the infra-
red sensor on the regulator and the speed of the fan is increased
One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best
product or the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system
was found to meet the expected results
BLOCK DIAGRAM
(please download the attached file for geting this)
BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
Infrared Receiver Module ________________________________________
Infrared receiver module is used for receiving the signals transmitted by the remote
control
Here TSOP 1738 is used as infrared receiver Module It is capable of receiving
signals up to 38 KHz
Monostable Multivibrator ________________________________________
A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a variety of simple two-state
systems such as oscillators timers and flip-flops A monostable multivibrator as its
name indicates has a stable state and a quasi-stable state An external trigger must
be applied to change from the stable state to the quasi-stable state
Here two NE 555 ICs are wired as monostable multivibrators The trigger to the first
multivibrator is the signals from the infrared receiver module This multivibrator is
used to delay the clock pulse of the decade counter The second multivibrator is
triggered by the opto coupler
Decade Counter ________________________________________
In digital logic and computing a counter is a device which stores (and sometimes
displays) the number of times a particular event or process has occurred often in
relationship to a clock signal Decade counter is a counter that counts through 10
states It is also known as a mod-10 counter
Here CD 4017 is used as decade counter Here actually ten outputs are there from
which five are used (Q0 to Q4) Q5 is not used and Q6 is used to reset The output of
monostable multivibrator(IC1) is used to delay the clock pulse of the decade counter
Transformer________________________________________
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductors mdash the transformers coils or windings
Transformer is used here to step down the supply voltage to a level suitable for the
low voltage components
The transformer used here is a 230(12V-0-12V) step down transformer
Regulator Section ________________________________________
A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a
constant voltage level
IC 7809 is used here It is a 9V regulator It regulates the rectified 12V to 9V This 9V
is supplied to the whole circuit
Opto Coupler________________________________________
An Opto coupler is used to transmit either analog or digital information from one
voltage potential to another while maintaining isolation of potentials It is used for low
voltages
MCT2E is the opto coupler used here MCT2E is NPN silicon planar phototransistor
optically coupled to a gallium arsenide infrared emitting diode It is used to trigger the
monostable multivibrator(IC3)
Opto Isolator________________________________________
An Opto isolator is used to transmit either analog or digital information from one
voltage potential to another while maintaining isolation of the potentials Its operating
voltage is higher than that of an Opto coupler
Here MOC3021 is used as opto isolator It is used to drive the Triac BT136
Triac BT 136________________________________________
A TRIAC or TRIode for Alternating Current is an electronic component
approximately equivalent to two silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRsthyristors) joined in
inverse parallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates
connected together The formal name for a TRIAC is bidirectional triode thyristor
This results in a bidirectional electronic switch which can conduct current in either
direction when it is triggered (turned on) and thus doesnt have any polarity It can be
triggered by either a positive or a negative voltage being applied to its gate electrode
(with respect to A1 otherwise known as MT1) Once triggered the device continues
to conduct until the current through it drops below a certain threshold value the
holding current such as at the end of a half-cycle of alternating current (AC) mains
power In addition applying a trigger pulse at a controllable point in an AC cycle
allows one to control the percentage of current that flows through the TRIAC to the
load (phase control)
The triac used here is BT136 It is thyristor with a firing angle nearly 45o A snubber
circuit consisting of a resistor and capacitor is used to control the firing angle of Triac
This firing angle determines the speed of the fan
CIRCUIT DIADGRAM
(download attached file)
WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT
The 230 V from AC mains is stepped down to 12V and Regulated by IC7809
capacitor and Diodes to 9V This filtered 9V is used for providing supply to the entire
circuit Any button of remote control can be used to control the speed of the fan The
remote control produces infrared rays which is received by the TSOP infrared
receives module The TSOP used here is TSOP 1738 It is capable for receiving
signals up to 38 KHZ The infrared rays are received by the TSOP sensor and its
output is given as a trigger to the first monostable multivibrator NE 555 through a
LED and Resistor R4
This NE555 which is wired as Monostable multivibrator is used to delay the clock to
decade counter CD 4017 We can directly give the output of TSOP to decade
counter but while doing so all the small pulse or noises may also act as clock to
counter and counter starts counting The decade counter has ten outputs from Q0 to
Q9 But here we are using only Q0 to Q4 Q5 is not used and Q6 is used to reset the
counter The output of decade counter is taken through Resistors R5 to R9 The
resistor R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 controls the pulse width which is actually
determining the speed of the fan If the Q0 output is high the capacitor C5 is charged
through R5 if Q1 is high capacitor C5 is charged through R6 and so on thereby
controlling the speed of the fan accordingly Here we are controlling the speed of the
fan in five levels that is why we are taking five outputs (A0 to Q4)
Another NE 555 is used here which is also wired as monostable multivibrator This
monostable multivibrator is triggered by pulses from opto coupler MCT2E It is wired
as Zero crossing detector The output from decade counter is given to NE555 and
this is given to the transistor BC548 It is given to the Opto isolator MOC 3021 It is
used for driving the Triac BT136 Triac is a type of thyristor Here the resistor R13
(470hm) and capacitor C7 (001microF) combination is used as snubber network for the
Triac
The Resistors R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 are used to control the pulse width When
Q0 output is high the pulse width is maximum when Q1 output is high pulse width is
decreased slightly As the pulse width decreases firing angle of the triac increases
and speed of the fan also increases By using remote control we are actually
controlling pulse width which in turn varies the firing angle of triac and there by
varying the speed of the fan
COMPONENTS LIST
1 IR Receiver Module - TSOP 1738
2 IC NE555
3 Opto Coupler - IC MCT2E
4 Opto Isolator - IC MOC 3021
5 Voltage Regulator - IC 7809
6 Decade Counter - IC CD4017
7 Transformer ndash 230(12V -0-12V)
8 Light Emitting Diode
9 Diodes - IN4148 IN 4007
10 Transistor - BC548
11 Triac - BT136
12 Resistors - 1K 100K 330Ω 47K Ω 33K 27K 20K
12K 33K 470 Ω 56 K 10 K 47 Ω
13 Capacitors - 001 microF 400V 47 microF 16V 10 microF 16V
1 microF 16V 022microF 470 micro 50V
14 Zener Diode - 51V
PCB FABRICATION________________________________________
Printed Circuit Boards play a vital role here in determining the overall performance of
the electronic equipment A good PCB design ensures that the noise introduced as a
result of component placement and track layout is held within limits while still
providing components years of assembly maintenance and performance reliability
WHERE AND WHY ARE PCBrsquoS USED
Printed circuits boards are used to route electric signals through copper track which
are firmly bonded to an insulating base
Advantages of PCB over common wiring are
1 PCBrsquos are necessary for connecting a large number of electronic components in a
very small area with minimum parasitic effects
2 PCBrsquos are simulated with mass production with less chance of writing error
3 Small components are easily mounted
4 Servicing in simplified
The base materials used for PCBrsquos are glass epoxy epoxy paper polyester etc
Copper foil used for copper clad is manufactured by the process of electronic
deposition
emsp
The properties of copper foil are
bull Thicknesshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip35μ meter
bull Thickness tolerancehelliphellip+5 μ meter
bull Purity of Copperhelliphelliphellip998
bull Resistivity at 20oChelliphellip01594
PREPARATION OF SINGLE SIDED PCB
In a single sided PCB the conductor tracks run only on one side of copper clad
board Thus crossing of conductors is not allowed Base materials are selected
according to application It is mechanically and chemically cleansed The photo resist
is an organic solution which when exposed to light of proper wavelength changes
their solubility in developer but after exposure to light is not soluble Laminate coating
of photo resist is done by
(i) Spray coating
(ii) Dip coating
(iii) Roller coating
The coated copper clad and laminated film negative is kept in intimate contact with
each other
The assembly is exposed to UV light and is rinsed in the developer tank Proper
developer has to be used for a particular photo resist and then the PCB is dyed in a
tray The dye reveals the flux to be used for a particular photo resist Then the PCB
is dyed in a tray
emsp
LAYOUT
The layout can be done either by hand or by using PCB designing software like
ORCAD or PROTEL
FABRICATION
The required circuit is designed and the layout of the circuit is done on the
component side as well as the copper clad side Spaces are provided for holes to
insert the respective components Etch resistant ink coatings are given on the
interconnecting marks
ETCHING
The copper clad PCB is etched with ferrous chloride solution containing a small
amount of Hydro Chloric Acid for increasing activeness of Ferric Chloride in etching
Wherever the varnish coating is there the copper remains Then it is washed with
water and Oxalic Acid
DRILLING
The required holes of suitable size are drilled using twist drill Now the Printed Circuit
Board(PCB) is complete and ready for soldering
emsp
SOLDERING________________________________________
Soldering is the process of joining of two metals using an alloy solder consisting of
Tin and Lead (Sn-Pb) Tin determines the melting whereas the Lead is used to
reduce the cost After the PCB fabrication is done the various components are
arranged at proper locations on the PCB and then the soldering is done All liquids
consist of particles which attract each other The surface is always trying to shrink
and this is because of surface tension The principle behind soldering is that when
liquid particles are brought in contact with the walls of the solid surface it may
happen that the solid attracts the liquid surface This property is called adhesive
property Care must be taken that the melting point of solder is below that of the
metal so that its surface is melted without melting without the metal
NEED FOR FLUX
During the soldering process the flux acts as a medium for improving the degree of
melting The basic functions of flux are mentioned below
1 Removes oxide from the surface
2 Assists the transfer of heat from the source to the joining and provides a liquid
cover including air gap
3 Removal of residue after the completion of the soldering operation
APPLICATION________________________________________
Remote controlled Fan Regulator is used to control the speed of fan from our bed
or couch
The same circuit finds its use to control the Intensity of light at various levels
This circuit also finds it use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuit
ADVANTAGES________________________________________
This circuit is simple to use and efficient
It can be assembled with ease
It is cheap and hence very economic
It is small in size
CONCLUSION________________________________________
With the knowledge of new techniques in lsquoElectronicsrsquo we are able to make our life
more comfortable One such application of electronics is used in ldquoREMOTE
CONTROLLED FAN REGULATORrdquo
The same circuit finds its use in many more applications By this the intensity of light
can be controlled using a remote The intensity of light can be controlled in five levels
from off position to maximum intensity possible So it finds use as a night lamp by
keeping the intensity of lamp in low level
The circuit also finds its use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuitry Our
normal TV remote can be used for all these purposes So it is very useful or a real
help to old age and sick people since they can control the speed from the place
where they are sitting
We feel that our product serves something good to this world and we like to present it
before this prosperous world
Reference httpwwwseminarprojectscomThread-remote-controlled-fan-regulator-
full-project-reportix Abstract
The paper presents a simple design and implementation of a remote controlled fan
regulator It enables the user to operate a fan regulator from approximately 10
meters away The remote transmits a tone using an infrared light-emitting diode
This tone is decoded by a receiver since the receiver only switches when the tone
is received The system was broken down into simpler functional blocks namely
infra-red transmitter infra-red sensor signal amplifier control logic sampler
control stepper output control logic load and display unit Details of each subunit
are described in the paper
Keywords
Infra-red Control Receiver Transmitter Display
Introduction
Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the home or office from
a distance It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to operate a system that
would be cheap and affordable a reliable and easy to maintain system of remote control and
durable system irrespective of usage It adds more comfort to everyday living by removing the
inconvenience of having to move around to operate a fan regulator The system seeks to develop
a system that is cost effective while not under mining the need for efficiency
The first remote control called ldquolazy bonesrdquo was developed in 1950 by Zenith
Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation) The device was developed
quickly and it was called ldquoZenith space commandrdquo the remote went into production in the fall
of 1956 becoming the first practical wireless remote control device [1]
Today remote control is a standard on other consumer electronic products including
VCRs cable and satellite boxes digital video disc players and home audio players And the most
sophisticated TV sets have remote with as many as 50 buttons In year 2000 more than 99
percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD players sold are equipped with
remote controls The average individual these days probably picks up a remote control at least
once or twice a day
Basically a remote control works in the following manner A button is pressed This
completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to that button
The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which translates the signal into
infrared light The sensor on the appliance detects the infrared light and reacts appropriately
The remote controlrsquos function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate that
into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance The carrier frequency of
such infrared signals is typically around 36 kHz [3] Usually the transmitter part is constructed
so that the transmitter oscillator which drives the infrared transmitter LED can be turned onoff
by applying a TTL (transistor-transistor logic) voltage on the modulation controlled input On the
receiver side a photo transistor or photodiode takes up the signals
The approach used in this work is the modular approach where the overall design was
broken into functional block diagrams where each block in the diagram represents a section of
the circuit that carries out a specific function The system was designed using 9 functional
blocks as shown in the block diagram Figure1
Figure 1 System block diagram
System design and analysis
Transmitter
The remote control device has the task of sending the infra-red signal which is received
by the infra-red sensor Itrsquos mode of operation can be better understood through the circuit
diagram shown in Figure 2
Figure 2 Circuit of remote device
At the application of voltage from the 9v battery or when the single switch is closed the
4060B oscillator IC [2] produce high and low signals on pin 6 which is feed across the base of
the 2sc945 NPN transistor [6] When the output from the oscillator is high there is a high
voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which turns it on This permits the infra-red
emitting diode to be grounded resulting in the emission of an infra-red ray When the output
from the oscillator is low there is a low voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which
turns off the switching transistor Resulting in no emission of any infra-red ray from the infra-red
emitting diode
The 4060B oscillator IC produces a stream of pulses at a frequency determined by the RC
configuration on pins 11 12 13 The frequency of oscillation is given by [4 5]
f 1 = 1(23RC) where R = 3310 3 Ω and C = 000110 -6 F
f 1 = 1(233310 3 000110 -6 ) = 1318 KHz
The pulse is connected to the base of the switching transistor (NPN 2SC945) through a
1kΩ resistor The pulse determines frequency on the infra-red beam such that itrsquos detection by
the sampler would be possible
Detection
Infra-red sensor and signal amplifier The signal from the infra-red transmitter is divided
to an infra-red sensor The sensor converts the infra-red energy into corresponding electric
current The current from the sensor diode is weak and needs extra amplification The four stage
NPN transistor amplifiers boost the intensity of the signal to a reasonable level
Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector
The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is
simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking
relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the
sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the
transmitted signal
Sampler
The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The
incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low
logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This
is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected
to clock input of the control stepper
Control Stepper and Display Unit
The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control
stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment
decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)
The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The
link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors
Control Unit
The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the
control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The
effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan
So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest
speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there
is a high value inductor in series with the load
The Power Section
It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The
relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the
7805 is used for the main circuit
4017B
The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout
[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is
advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical
ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting
sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective
time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes
a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any
succeeding stages
It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an
independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for
shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by
grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation
This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent
display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual
information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode
(LED) that make up the display
The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are
always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally
grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d
e f and g of the 7-segment display
Construction and testing
To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks
The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction
located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of
the component connection were carried out
The following steps were followed
middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not
powered
middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared
with design values
middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds
only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and
automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is
approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted
that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range
Conclusions
One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or
the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was
found to meet the expected results
The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and
the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam
which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a
change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed
Recommendation
The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its
difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding
bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out
bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply
could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the
project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the
equipment
zz1XCRQVrUg
Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation) The device was
developed quickly and it was called ldquoZenith space commandrdquo the remote went into
production in the fall of 1956 becoming the first practical wireless remote control
device Today remote control is a standard on electronic products including VCRs
cable and satellite boxes digital video disc players and home audio players In the
year 2000 more than 99 percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD
players sold are equipped with remote controls The average individual these days
probably picks up a remote control at least once or twice a day
Basically a remote control works in the following manner A button is pressed This
completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to
that button The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which
translates the signal into infrared light The sensor on the appliancedetects the
infrared light and reacts appropriately
The remote controlrsquos function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate
that into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance The carrier
frequency of such infrared signals is typically around 36kHz
The aim of this work is to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator
The remote control device sends an infra-red beam which is received by the infra-
red sensor on the regulator and the speed of the fan is increased
One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best
product or the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system
was found to meet the expected results
BLOCK DIAGRAM
(please download the attached file for geting this)
BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
Infrared Receiver Module ________________________________________
Infrared receiver module is used for receiving the signals transmitted by the remote
control
Here TSOP 1738 is used as infrared receiver Module It is capable of receiving
signals up to 38 KHz
Monostable Multivibrator ________________________________________
A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a variety of simple two-state
systems such as oscillators timers and flip-flops A monostable multivibrator as its
name indicates has a stable state and a quasi-stable state An external trigger must
be applied to change from the stable state to the quasi-stable state
Here two NE 555 ICs are wired as monostable multivibrators The trigger to the first
multivibrator is the signals from the infrared receiver module This multivibrator is
used to delay the clock pulse of the decade counter The second multivibrator is
triggered by the opto coupler
Decade Counter ________________________________________
In digital logic and computing a counter is a device which stores (and sometimes
displays) the number of times a particular event or process has occurred often in
relationship to a clock signal Decade counter is a counter that counts through 10
states It is also known as a mod-10 counter
Here CD 4017 is used as decade counter Here actually ten outputs are there from
which five are used (Q0 to Q4) Q5 is not used and Q6 is used to reset The output of
monostable multivibrator(IC1) is used to delay the clock pulse of the decade counter
Transformer________________________________________
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductors mdash the transformers coils or windings
Transformer is used here to step down the supply voltage to a level suitable for the
low voltage components
The transformer used here is a 230(12V-0-12V) step down transformer
Regulator Section ________________________________________
A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a
constant voltage level
IC 7809 is used here It is a 9V regulator It regulates the rectified 12V to 9V This 9V
is supplied to the whole circuit
Opto Coupler________________________________________
An Opto coupler is used to transmit either analog or digital information from one
voltage potential to another while maintaining isolation of potentials It is used for low
voltages
MCT2E is the opto coupler used here MCT2E is NPN silicon planar phototransistor
optically coupled to a gallium arsenide infrared emitting diode It is used to trigger the
monostable multivibrator(IC3)
Opto Isolator________________________________________
An Opto isolator is used to transmit either analog or digital information from one
voltage potential to another while maintaining isolation of the potentials Its operating
voltage is higher than that of an Opto coupler
Here MOC3021 is used as opto isolator It is used to drive the Triac BT136
Triac BT 136________________________________________
A TRIAC or TRIode for Alternating Current is an electronic component
approximately equivalent to two silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRsthyristors) joined in
inverse parallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates
connected together The formal name for a TRIAC is bidirectional triode thyristor
This results in a bidirectional electronic switch which can conduct current in either
direction when it is triggered (turned on) and thus doesnt have any polarity It can be
triggered by either a positive or a negative voltage being applied to its gate electrode
(with respect to A1 otherwise known as MT1) Once triggered the device continues
to conduct until the current through it drops below a certain threshold value the
holding current such as at the end of a half-cycle of alternating current (AC) mains
power In addition applying a trigger pulse at a controllable point in an AC cycle
allows one to control the percentage of current that flows through the TRIAC to the
load (phase control)
The triac used here is BT136 It is thyristor with a firing angle nearly 45o A snubber
circuit consisting of a resistor and capacitor is used to control the firing angle of Triac
This firing angle determines the speed of the fan
CIRCUIT DIADGRAM
(download attached file)
WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT
The 230 V from AC mains is stepped down to 12V and Regulated by IC7809
capacitor and Diodes to 9V This filtered 9V is used for providing supply to the entire
circuit Any button of remote control can be used to control the speed of the fan The
remote control produces infrared rays which is received by the TSOP infrared
receives module The TSOP used here is TSOP 1738 It is capable for receiving
signals up to 38 KHZ The infrared rays are received by the TSOP sensor and its
output is given as a trigger to the first monostable multivibrator NE 555 through a
LED and Resistor R4
This NE555 which is wired as Monostable multivibrator is used to delay the clock to
decade counter CD 4017 We can directly give the output of TSOP to decade
counter but while doing so all the small pulse or noises may also act as clock to
counter and counter starts counting The decade counter has ten outputs from Q0 to
Q9 But here we are using only Q0 to Q4 Q5 is not used and Q6 is used to reset the
counter The output of decade counter is taken through Resistors R5 to R9 The
resistor R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 controls the pulse width which is actually
determining the speed of the fan If the Q0 output is high the capacitor C5 is charged
through R5 if Q1 is high capacitor C5 is charged through R6 and so on thereby
controlling the speed of the fan accordingly Here we are controlling the speed of the
fan in five levels that is why we are taking five outputs (A0 to Q4)
Another NE 555 is used here which is also wired as monostable multivibrator This
monostable multivibrator is triggered by pulses from opto coupler MCT2E It is wired
as Zero crossing detector The output from decade counter is given to NE555 and
this is given to the transistor BC548 It is given to the Opto isolator MOC 3021 It is
used for driving the Triac BT136 Triac is a type of thyristor Here the resistor R13
(470hm) and capacitor C7 (001microF) combination is used as snubber network for the
Triac
The Resistors R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 are used to control the pulse width When
Q0 output is high the pulse width is maximum when Q1 output is high pulse width is
decreased slightly As the pulse width decreases firing angle of the triac increases
and speed of the fan also increases By using remote control we are actually
controlling pulse width which in turn varies the firing angle of triac and there by
varying the speed of the fan
COMPONENTS LIST
1 IR Receiver Module - TSOP 1738
2 IC NE555
3 Opto Coupler - IC MCT2E
4 Opto Isolator - IC MOC 3021
5 Voltage Regulator - IC 7809
6 Decade Counter - IC CD4017
7 Transformer ndash 230(12V -0-12V)
8 Light Emitting Diode
9 Diodes - IN4148 IN 4007
10 Transistor - BC548
11 Triac - BT136
12 Resistors - 1K 100K 330Ω 47K Ω 33K 27K 20K
12K 33K 470 Ω 56 K 10 K 47 Ω
13 Capacitors - 001 microF 400V 47 microF 16V 10 microF 16V
1 microF 16V 022microF 470 micro 50V
14 Zener Diode - 51V
PCB FABRICATION________________________________________
Printed Circuit Boards play a vital role here in determining the overall performance of
the electronic equipment A good PCB design ensures that the noise introduced as a
result of component placement and track layout is held within limits while still
providing components years of assembly maintenance and performance reliability
WHERE AND WHY ARE PCBrsquoS USED
Printed circuits boards are used to route electric signals through copper track which
are firmly bonded to an insulating base
Advantages of PCB over common wiring are
1 PCBrsquos are necessary for connecting a large number of electronic components in a
very small area with minimum parasitic effects
2 PCBrsquos are simulated with mass production with less chance of writing error
3 Small components are easily mounted
4 Servicing in simplified
The base materials used for PCBrsquos are glass epoxy epoxy paper polyester etc
Copper foil used for copper clad is manufactured by the process of electronic
deposition
emsp
The properties of copper foil are
bull Thicknesshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip35μ meter
bull Thickness tolerancehelliphellip+5 μ meter
bull Purity of Copperhelliphelliphellip998
bull Resistivity at 20oChelliphellip01594
PREPARATION OF SINGLE SIDED PCB
In a single sided PCB the conductor tracks run only on one side of copper clad
board Thus crossing of conductors is not allowed Base materials are selected
according to application It is mechanically and chemically cleansed The photo resist
is an organic solution which when exposed to light of proper wavelength changes
their solubility in developer but after exposure to light is not soluble Laminate coating
of photo resist is done by
(i) Spray coating
(ii) Dip coating
(iii) Roller coating
The coated copper clad and laminated film negative is kept in intimate contact with
each other
The assembly is exposed to UV light and is rinsed in the developer tank Proper
developer has to be used for a particular photo resist and then the PCB is dyed in a
tray The dye reveals the flux to be used for a particular photo resist Then the PCB
is dyed in a tray
emsp
LAYOUT
The layout can be done either by hand or by using PCB designing software like
ORCAD or PROTEL
FABRICATION
The required circuit is designed and the layout of the circuit is done on the
component side as well as the copper clad side Spaces are provided for holes to
insert the respective components Etch resistant ink coatings are given on the
interconnecting marks
ETCHING
The copper clad PCB is etched with ferrous chloride solution containing a small
amount of Hydro Chloric Acid for increasing activeness of Ferric Chloride in etching
Wherever the varnish coating is there the copper remains Then it is washed with
water and Oxalic Acid
DRILLING
The required holes of suitable size are drilled using twist drill Now the Printed Circuit
Board(PCB) is complete and ready for soldering
emsp
SOLDERING________________________________________
Soldering is the process of joining of two metals using an alloy solder consisting of
Tin and Lead (Sn-Pb) Tin determines the melting whereas the Lead is used to
reduce the cost After the PCB fabrication is done the various components are
arranged at proper locations on the PCB and then the soldering is done All liquids
consist of particles which attract each other The surface is always trying to shrink
and this is because of surface tension The principle behind soldering is that when
liquid particles are brought in contact with the walls of the solid surface it may
happen that the solid attracts the liquid surface This property is called adhesive
property Care must be taken that the melting point of solder is below that of the
metal so that its surface is melted without melting without the metal
NEED FOR FLUX
During the soldering process the flux acts as a medium for improving the degree of
melting The basic functions of flux are mentioned below
1 Removes oxide from the surface
2 Assists the transfer of heat from the source to the joining and provides a liquid
cover including air gap
3 Removal of residue after the completion of the soldering operation
APPLICATION________________________________________
Remote controlled Fan Regulator is used to control the speed of fan from our bed
or couch
The same circuit finds its use to control the Intensity of light at various levels
This circuit also finds it use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuit
ADVANTAGES________________________________________
This circuit is simple to use and efficient
It can be assembled with ease
It is cheap and hence very economic
It is small in size
CONCLUSION________________________________________
With the knowledge of new techniques in lsquoElectronicsrsquo we are able to make our life
more comfortable One such application of electronics is used in ldquoREMOTE
CONTROLLED FAN REGULATORrdquo
The same circuit finds its use in many more applications By this the intensity of light
can be controlled using a remote The intensity of light can be controlled in five levels
from off position to maximum intensity possible So it finds use as a night lamp by
keeping the intensity of lamp in low level
The circuit also finds its use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuitry Our
normal TV remote can be used for all these purposes So it is very useful or a real
help to old age and sick people since they can control the speed from the place
where they are sitting
We feel that our product serves something good to this world and we like to present it
before this prosperous world
Reference httpwwwseminarprojectscomThread-remote-controlled-fan-regulator-
full-project-reportix Abstract
The paper presents a simple design and implementation of a remote controlled fan
regulator It enables the user to operate a fan regulator from approximately 10
meters away The remote transmits a tone using an infrared light-emitting diode
This tone is decoded by a receiver since the receiver only switches when the tone
is received The system was broken down into simpler functional blocks namely
infra-red transmitter infra-red sensor signal amplifier control logic sampler
control stepper output control logic load and display unit Details of each subunit
are described in the paper
Keywords
Infra-red Control Receiver Transmitter Display
Introduction
Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the home or office from
a distance It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to operate a system that
would be cheap and affordable a reliable and easy to maintain system of remote control and
durable system irrespective of usage It adds more comfort to everyday living by removing the
inconvenience of having to move around to operate a fan regulator The system seeks to develop
a system that is cost effective while not under mining the need for efficiency
The first remote control called ldquolazy bonesrdquo was developed in 1950 by Zenith
Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation) The device was developed
quickly and it was called ldquoZenith space commandrdquo the remote went into production in the fall
of 1956 becoming the first practical wireless remote control device [1]
Today remote control is a standard on other consumer electronic products including
VCRs cable and satellite boxes digital video disc players and home audio players And the most
sophisticated TV sets have remote with as many as 50 buttons In year 2000 more than 99
percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD players sold are equipped with
remote controls The average individual these days probably picks up a remote control at least
once or twice a day
Basically a remote control works in the following manner A button is pressed This
completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to that button
The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which translates the signal into
infrared light The sensor on the appliance detects the infrared light and reacts appropriately
The remote controlrsquos function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate that
into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance The carrier frequency of
such infrared signals is typically around 36 kHz [3] Usually the transmitter part is constructed
so that the transmitter oscillator which drives the infrared transmitter LED can be turned onoff
by applying a TTL (transistor-transistor logic) voltage on the modulation controlled input On the
receiver side a photo transistor or photodiode takes up the signals
The approach used in this work is the modular approach where the overall design was
broken into functional block diagrams where each block in the diagram represents a section of
the circuit that carries out a specific function The system was designed using 9 functional
blocks as shown in the block diagram Figure1
Figure 1 System block diagram
System design and analysis
Transmitter
The remote control device has the task of sending the infra-red signal which is received
by the infra-red sensor Itrsquos mode of operation can be better understood through the circuit
diagram shown in Figure 2
Figure 2 Circuit of remote device
At the application of voltage from the 9v battery or when the single switch is closed the
4060B oscillator IC [2] produce high and low signals on pin 6 which is feed across the base of
the 2sc945 NPN transistor [6] When the output from the oscillator is high there is a high
voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which turns it on This permits the infra-red
emitting diode to be grounded resulting in the emission of an infra-red ray When the output
from the oscillator is low there is a low voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which
turns off the switching transistor Resulting in no emission of any infra-red ray from the infra-red
emitting diode
The 4060B oscillator IC produces a stream of pulses at a frequency determined by the RC
configuration on pins 11 12 13 The frequency of oscillation is given by [4 5]
f 1 = 1(23RC) where R = 3310 3 Ω and C = 000110 -6 F
f 1 = 1(233310 3 000110 -6 ) = 1318 KHz
The pulse is connected to the base of the switching transistor (NPN 2SC945) through a
1kΩ resistor The pulse determines frequency on the infra-red beam such that itrsquos detection by
the sampler would be possible
Detection
Infra-red sensor and signal amplifier The signal from the infra-red transmitter is divided
to an infra-red sensor The sensor converts the infra-red energy into corresponding electric
current The current from the sensor diode is weak and needs extra amplification The four stage
NPN transistor amplifiers boost the intensity of the signal to a reasonable level
Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector
The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is
simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking
relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the
sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the
transmitted signal
Sampler
The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The
incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low
logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This
is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected
to clock input of the control stepper
Control Stepper and Display Unit
The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control
stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment
decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)
The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The
link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors
Control Unit
The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the
control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The
effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan
So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest
speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there
is a high value inductor in series with the load
The Power Section
It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The
relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the
7805 is used for the main circuit
4017B
The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout
[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is
advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical
ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting
sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective
time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes
a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any
succeeding stages
It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an
independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for
shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by
grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation
This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent
display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual
information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode
(LED) that make up the display
The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are
always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally
grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d
e f and g of the 7-segment display
Construction and testing
To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks
The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction
located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of
the component connection were carried out
The following steps were followed
middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not
powered
middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared
with design values
middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds
only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and
automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is
approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted
that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range
Conclusions
One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or
the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was
found to meet the expected results
The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and
the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam
which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a
change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed
Recommendation
The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its
difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding
bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out
bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply
could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the
project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the
equipment
zz1XCRQVrUg
Infrared receiver module is used for receiving the signals transmitted by the remote
control
Here TSOP 1738 is used as infrared receiver Module It is capable of receiving
signals up to 38 KHz
Monostable Multivibrator ________________________________________
A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a variety of simple two-state
systems such as oscillators timers and flip-flops A monostable multivibrator as its
name indicates has a stable state and a quasi-stable state An external trigger must
be applied to change from the stable state to the quasi-stable state
Here two NE 555 ICs are wired as monostable multivibrators The trigger to the first
multivibrator is the signals from the infrared receiver module This multivibrator is
used to delay the clock pulse of the decade counter The second multivibrator is
triggered by the opto coupler
Decade Counter ________________________________________
In digital logic and computing a counter is a device which stores (and sometimes
displays) the number of times a particular event or process has occurred often in
relationship to a clock signal Decade counter is a counter that counts through 10
states It is also known as a mod-10 counter
Here CD 4017 is used as decade counter Here actually ten outputs are there from
which five are used (Q0 to Q4) Q5 is not used and Q6 is used to reset The output of
monostable multivibrator(IC1) is used to delay the clock pulse of the decade counter
Transformer________________________________________
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductors mdash the transformers coils or windings
Transformer is used here to step down the supply voltage to a level suitable for the
low voltage components
The transformer used here is a 230(12V-0-12V) step down transformer
Regulator Section ________________________________________
A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a
constant voltage level
IC 7809 is used here It is a 9V regulator It regulates the rectified 12V to 9V This 9V
is supplied to the whole circuit
Opto Coupler________________________________________
An Opto coupler is used to transmit either analog or digital information from one
voltage potential to another while maintaining isolation of potentials It is used for low
voltages
MCT2E is the opto coupler used here MCT2E is NPN silicon planar phototransistor
optically coupled to a gallium arsenide infrared emitting diode It is used to trigger the
monostable multivibrator(IC3)
Opto Isolator________________________________________
An Opto isolator is used to transmit either analog or digital information from one
voltage potential to another while maintaining isolation of the potentials Its operating
voltage is higher than that of an Opto coupler
Here MOC3021 is used as opto isolator It is used to drive the Triac BT136
Triac BT 136________________________________________
A TRIAC or TRIode for Alternating Current is an electronic component
approximately equivalent to two silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRsthyristors) joined in
inverse parallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates
connected together The formal name for a TRIAC is bidirectional triode thyristor
This results in a bidirectional electronic switch which can conduct current in either
direction when it is triggered (turned on) and thus doesnt have any polarity It can be
triggered by either a positive or a negative voltage being applied to its gate electrode
(with respect to A1 otherwise known as MT1) Once triggered the device continues
to conduct until the current through it drops below a certain threshold value the
holding current such as at the end of a half-cycle of alternating current (AC) mains
power In addition applying a trigger pulse at a controllable point in an AC cycle
allows one to control the percentage of current that flows through the TRIAC to the
load (phase control)
The triac used here is BT136 It is thyristor with a firing angle nearly 45o A snubber
circuit consisting of a resistor and capacitor is used to control the firing angle of Triac
This firing angle determines the speed of the fan
CIRCUIT DIADGRAM
(download attached file)
WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT
The 230 V from AC mains is stepped down to 12V and Regulated by IC7809
capacitor and Diodes to 9V This filtered 9V is used for providing supply to the entire
circuit Any button of remote control can be used to control the speed of the fan The
remote control produces infrared rays which is received by the TSOP infrared
receives module The TSOP used here is TSOP 1738 It is capable for receiving
signals up to 38 KHZ The infrared rays are received by the TSOP sensor and its
output is given as a trigger to the first monostable multivibrator NE 555 through a
LED and Resistor R4
This NE555 which is wired as Monostable multivibrator is used to delay the clock to
decade counter CD 4017 We can directly give the output of TSOP to decade
counter but while doing so all the small pulse or noises may also act as clock to
counter and counter starts counting The decade counter has ten outputs from Q0 to
Q9 But here we are using only Q0 to Q4 Q5 is not used and Q6 is used to reset the
counter The output of decade counter is taken through Resistors R5 to R9 The
resistor R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 controls the pulse width which is actually
determining the speed of the fan If the Q0 output is high the capacitor C5 is charged
through R5 if Q1 is high capacitor C5 is charged through R6 and so on thereby
controlling the speed of the fan accordingly Here we are controlling the speed of the
fan in five levels that is why we are taking five outputs (A0 to Q4)
Another NE 555 is used here which is also wired as monostable multivibrator This
monostable multivibrator is triggered by pulses from opto coupler MCT2E It is wired
as Zero crossing detector The output from decade counter is given to NE555 and
this is given to the transistor BC548 It is given to the Opto isolator MOC 3021 It is
used for driving the Triac BT136 Triac is a type of thyristor Here the resistor R13
(470hm) and capacitor C7 (001microF) combination is used as snubber network for the
Triac
The Resistors R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 are used to control the pulse width When
Q0 output is high the pulse width is maximum when Q1 output is high pulse width is
decreased slightly As the pulse width decreases firing angle of the triac increases
and speed of the fan also increases By using remote control we are actually
controlling pulse width which in turn varies the firing angle of triac and there by
varying the speed of the fan
COMPONENTS LIST
1 IR Receiver Module - TSOP 1738
2 IC NE555
3 Opto Coupler - IC MCT2E
4 Opto Isolator - IC MOC 3021
5 Voltage Regulator - IC 7809
6 Decade Counter - IC CD4017
7 Transformer ndash 230(12V -0-12V)
8 Light Emitting Diode
9 Diodes - IN4148 IN 4007
10 Transistor - BC548
11 Triac - BT136
12 Resistors - 1K 100K 330Ω 47K Ω 33K 27K 20K
12K 33K 470 Ω 56 K 10 K 47 Ω
13 Capacitors - 001 microF 400V 47 microF 16V 10 microF 16V
1 microF 16V 022microF 470 micro 50V
14 Zener Diode - 51V
PCB FABRICATION________________________________________
Printed Circuit Boards play a vital role here in determining the overall performance of
the electronic equipment A good PCB design ensures that the noise introduced as a
result of component placement and track layout is held within limits while still
providing components years of assembly maintenance and performance reliability
WHERE AND WHY ARE PCBrsquoS USED
Printed circuits boards are used to route electric signals through copper track which
are firmly bonded to an insulating base
Advantages of PCB over common wiring are
1 PCBrsquos are necessary for connecting a large number of electronic components in a
very small area with minimum parasitic effects
2 PCBrsquos are simulated with mass production with less chance of writing error
3 Small components are easily mounted
4 Servicing in simplified
The base materials used for PCBrsquos are glass epoxy epoxy paper polyester etc
Copper foil used for copper clad is manufactured by the process of electronic
deposition
emsp
The properties of copper foil are
bull Thicknesshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip35μ meter
bull Thickness tolerancehelliphellip+5 μ meter
bull Purity of Copperhelliphelliphellip998
bull Resistivity at 20oChelliphellip01594
PREPARATION OF SINGLE SIDED PCB
In a single sided PCB the conductor tracks run only on one side of copper clad
board Thus crossing of conductors is not allowed Base materials are selected
according to application It is mechanically and chemically cleansed The photo resist
is an organic solution which when exposed to light of proper wavelength changes
their solubility in developer but after exposure to light is not soluble Laminate coating
of photo resist is done by
(i) Spray coating
(ii) Dip coating
(iii) Roller coating
The coated copper clad and laminated film negative is kept in intimate contact with
each other
The assembly is exposed to UV light and is rinsed in the developer tank Proper
developer has to be used for a particular photo resist and then the PCB is dyed in a
tray The dye reveals the flux to be used for a particular photo resist Then the PCB
is dyed in a tray
emsp
LAYOUT
The layout can be done either by hand or by using PCB designing software like
ORCAD or PROTEL
FABRICATION
The required circuit is designed and the layout of the circuit is done on the
component side as well as the copper clad side Spaces are provided for holes to
insert the respective components Etch resistant ink coatings are given on the
interconnecting marks
ETCHING
The copper clad PCB is etched with ferrous chloride solution containing a small
amount of Hydro Chloric Acid for increasing activeness of Ferric Chloride in etching
Wherever the varnish coating is there the copper remains Then it is washed with
water and Oxalic Acid
DRILLING
The required holes of suitable size are drilled using twist drill Now the Printed Circuit
Board(PCB) is complete and ready for soldering
emsp
SOLDERING________________________________________
Soldering is the process of joining of two metals using an alloy solder consisting of
Tin and Lead (Sn-Pb) Tin determines the melting whereas the Lead is used to
reduce the cost After the PCB fabrication is done the various components are
arranged at proper locations on the PCB and then the soldering is done All liquids
consist of particles which attract each other The surface is always trying to shrink
and this is because of surface tension The principle behind soldering is that when
liquid particles are brought in contact with the walls of the solid surface it may
happen that the solid attracts the liquid surface This property is called adhesive
property Care must be taken that the melting point of solder is below that of the
metal so that its surface is melted without melting without the metal
NEED FOR FLUX
During the soldering process the flux acts as a medium for improving the degree of
melting The basic functions of flux are mentioned below
1 Removes oxide from the surface
2 Assists the transfer of heat from the source to the joining and provides a liquid
cover including air gap
3 Removal of residue after the completion of the soldering operation
APPLICATION________________________________________
Remote controlled Fan Regulator is used to control the speed of fan from our bed
or couch
The same circuit finds its use to control the Intensity of light at various levels
This circuit also finds it use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuit
ADVANTAGES________________________________________
This circuit is simple to use and efficient
It can be assembled with ease
It is cheap and hence very economic
It is small in size
CONCLUSION________________________________________
With the knowledge of new techniques in lsquoElectronicsrsquo we are able to make our life
more comfortable One such application of electronics is used in ldquoREMOTE
CONTROLLED FAN REGULATORrdquo
The same circuit finds its use in many more applications By this the intensity of light
can be controlled using a remote The intensity of light can be controlled in five levels
from off position to maximum intensity possible So it finds use as a night lamp by
keeping the intensity of lamp in low level
The circuit also finds its use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuitry Our
normal TV remote can be used for all these purposes So it is very useful or a real
help to old age and sick people since they can control the speed from the place
where they are sitting
We feel that our product serves something good to this world and we like to present it
before this prosperous world
Reference httpwwwseminarprojectscomThread-remote-controlled-fan-regulator-
full-project-reportix Abstract
The paper presents a simple design and implementation of a remote controlled fan
regulator It enables the user to operate a fan regulator from approximately 10
meters away The remote transmits a tone using an infrared light-emitting diode
This tone is decoded by a receiver since the receiver only switches when the tone
is received The system was broken down into simpler functional blocks namely
infra-red transmitter infra-red sensor signal amplifier control logic sampler
control stepper output control logic load and display unit Details of each subunit
are described in the paper
Keywords
Infra-red Control Receiver Transmitter Display
Introduction
Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the home or office from
a distance It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to operate a system that
would be cheap and affordable a reliable and easy to maintain system of remote control and
durable system irrespective of usage It adds more comfort to everyday living by removing the
inconvenience of having to move around to operate a fan regulator The system seeks to develop
a system that is cost effective while not under mining the need for efficiency
The first remote control called ldquolazy bonesrdquo was developed in 1950 by Zenith
Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation) The device was developed
quickly and it was called ldquoZenith space commandrdquo the remote went into production in the fall
of 1956 becoming the first practical wireless remote control device [1]
Today remote control is a standard on other consumer electronic products including
VCRs cable and satellite boxes digital video disc players and home audio players And the most
sophisticated TV sets have remote with as many as 50 buttons In year 2000 more than 99
percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD players sold are equipped with
remote controls The average individual these days probably picks up a remote control at least
once or twice a day
Basically a remote control works in the following manner A button is pressed This
completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to that button
The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which translates the signal into
infrared light The sensor on the appliance detects the infrared light and reacts appropriately
The remote controlrsquos function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate that
into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance The carrier frequency of
such infrared signals is typically around 36 kHz [3] Usually the transmitter part is constructed
so that the transmitter oscillator which drives the infrared transmitter LED can be turned onoff
by applying a TTL (transistor-transistor logic) voltage on the modulation controlled input On the
receiver side a photo transistor or photodiode takes up the signals
The approach used in this work is the modular approach where the overall design was
broken into functional block diagrams where each block in the diagram represents a section of
the circuit that carries out a specific function The system was designed using 9 functional
blocks as shown in the block diagram Figure1
Figure 1 System block diagram
System design and analysis
Transmitter
The remote control device has the task of sending the infra-red signal which is received
by the infra-red sensor Itrsquos mode of operation can be better understood through the circuit
diagram shown in Figure 2
Figure 2 Circuit of remote device
At the application of voltage from the 9v battery or when the single switch is closed the
4060B oscillator IC [2] produce high and low signals on pin 6 which is feed across the base of
the 2sc945 NPN transistor [6] When the output from the oscillator is high there is a high
voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which turns it on This permits the infra-red
emitting diode to be grounded resulting in the emission of an infra-red ray When the output
from the oscillator is low there is a low voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which
turns off the switching transistor Resulting in no emission of any infra-red ray from the infra-red
emitting diode
The 4060B oscillator IC produces a stream of pulses at a frequency determined by the RC
configuration on pins 11 12 13 The frequency of oscillation is given by [4 5]
f 1 = 1(23RC) where R = 3310 3 Ω and C = 000110 -6 F
f 1 = 1(233310 3 000110 -6 ) = 1318 KHz
The pulse is connected to the base of the switching transistor (NPN 2SC945) through a
1kΩ resistor The pulse determines frequency on the infra-red beam such that itrsquos detection by
the sampler would be possible
Detection
Infra-red sensor and signal amplifier The signal from the infra-red transmitter is divided
to an infra-red sensor The sensor converts the infra-red energy into corresponding electric
current The current from the sensor diode is weak and needs extra amplification The four stage
NPN transistor amplifiers boost the intensity of the signal to a reasonable level
Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector
The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is
simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking
relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the
sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the
transmitted signal
Sampler
The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The
incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low
logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This
is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected
to clock input of the control stepper
Control Stepper and Display Unit
The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control
stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment
decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)
The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The
link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors
Control Unit
The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the
control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The
effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan
So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest
speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there
is a high value inductor in series with the load
The Power Section
It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The
relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the
7805 is used for the main circuit
4017B
The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout
[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is
advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical
ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting
sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective
time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes
a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any
succeeding stages
It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an
independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for
shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by
grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation
This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent
display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual
information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode
(LED) that make up the display
The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are
always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally
grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d
e f and g of the 7-segment display
Construction and testing
To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks
The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction
located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of
the component connection were carried out
The following steps were followed
middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not
powered
middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared
with design values
middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds
only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and
automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is
approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted
that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range
Conclusions
One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or
the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was
found to meet the expected results
The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and
the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam
which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a
change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed
Recommendation
The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its
difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding
bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out
bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply
could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the
project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the
equipment
zz1XCRQVrUg
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductors mdash the transformers coils or windings
Transformer is used here to step down the supply voltage to a level suitable for the
low voltage components
The transformer used here is a 230(12V-0-12V) step down transformer
Regulator Section ________________________________________
A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a
constant voltage level
IC 7809 is used here It is a 9V regulator It regulates the rectified 12V to 9V This 9V
is supplied to the whole circuit
Opto Coupler________________________________________
An Opto coupler is used to transmit either analog or digital information from one
voltage potential to another while maintaining isolation of potentials It is used for low
voltages
MCT2E is the opto coupler used here MCT2E is NPN silicon planar phototransistor
optically coupled to a gallium arsenide infrared emitting diode It is used to trigger the
monostable multivibrator(IC3)
Opto Isolator________________________________________
An Opto isolator is used to transmit either analog or digital information from one
voltage potential to another while maintaining isolation of the potentials Its operating
voltage is higher than that of an Opto coupler
Here MOC3021 is used as opto isolator It is used to drive the Triac BT136
Triac BT 136________________________________________
A TRIAC or TRIode for Alternating Current is an electronic component
approximately equivalent to two silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRsthyristors) joined in
inverse parallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates
connected together The formal name for a TRIAC is bidirectional triode thyristor
This results in a bidirectional electronic switch which can conduct current in either
direction when it is triggered (turned on) and thus doesnt have any polarity It can be
triggered by either a positive or a negative voltage being applied to its gate electrode
(with respect to A1 otherwise known as MT1) Once triggered the device continues
to conduct until the current through it drops below a certain threshold value the
holding current such as at the end of a half-cycle of alternating current (AC) mains
power In addition applying a trigger pulse at a controllable point in an AC cycle
allows one to control the percentage of current that flows through the TRIAC to the
load (phase control)
The triac used here is BT136 It is thyristor with a firing angle nearly 45o A snubber
circuit consisting of a resistor and capacitor is used to control the firing angle of Triac
This firing angle determines the speed of the fan
CIRCUIT DIADGRAM
(download attached file)
WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT
The 230 V from AC mains is stepped down to 12V and Regulated by IC7809
capacitor and Diodes to 9V This filtered 9V is used for providing supply to the entire
circuit Any button of remote control can be used to control the speed of the fan The
remote control produces infrared rays which is received by the TSOP infrared
receives module The TSOP used here is TSOP 1738 It is capable for receiving
signals up to 38 KHZ The infrared rays are received by the TSOP sensor and its
output is given as a trigger to the first monostable multivibrator NE 555 through a
LED and Resistor R4
This NE555 which is wired as Monostable multivibrator is used to delay the clock to
decade counter CD 4017 We can directly give the output of TSOP to decade
counter but while doing so all the small pulse or noises may also act as clock to
counter and counter starts counting The decade counter has ten outputs from Q0 to
Q9 But here we are using only Q0 to Q4 Q5 is not used and Q6 is used to reset the
counter The output of decade counter is taken through Resistors R5 to R9 The
resistor R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 controls the pulse width which is actually
determining the speed of the fan If the Q0 output is high the capacitor C5 is charged
through R5 if Q1 is high capacitor C5 is charged through R6 and so on thereby
controlling the speed of the fan accordingly Here we are controlling the speed of the
fan in five levels that is why we are taking five outputs (A0 to Q4)
Another NE 555 is used here which is also wired as monostable multivibrator This
monostable multivibrator is triggered by pulses from opto coupler MCT2E It is wired
as Zero crossing detector The output from decade counter is given to NE555 and
this is given to the transistor BC548 It is given to the Opto isolator MOC 3021 It is
used for driving the Triac BT136 Triac is a type of thyristor Here the resistor R13
(470hm) and capacitor C7 (001microF) combination is used as snubber network for the
Triac
The Resistors R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 are used to control the pulse width When
Q0 output is high the pulse width is maximum when Q1 output is high pulse width is
decreased slightly As the pulse width decreases firing angle of the triac increases
and speed of the fan also increases By using remote control we are actually
controlling pulse width which in turn varies the firing angle of triac and there by
varying the speed of the fan
COMPONENTS LIST
1 IR Receiver Module - TSOP 1738
2 IC NE555
3 Opto Coupler - IC MCT2E
4 Opto Isolator - IC MOC 3021
5 Voltage Regulator - IC 7809
6 Decade Counter - IC CD4017
7 Transformer ndash 230(12V -0-12V)
8 Light Emitting Diode
9 Diodes - IN4148 IN 4007
10 Transistor - BC548
11 Triac - BT136
12 Resistors - 1K 100K 330Ω 47K Ω 33K 27K 20K
12K 33K 470 Ω 56 K 10 K 47 Ω
13 Capacitors - 001 microF 400V 47 microF 16V 10 microF 16V
1 microF 16V 022microF 470 micro 50V
14 Zener Diode - 51V
PCB FABRICATION________________________________________
Printed Circuit Boards play a vital role here in determining the overall performance of
the electronic equipment A good PCB design ensures that the noise introduced as a
result of component placement and track layout is held within limits while still
providing components years of assembly maintenance and performance reliability
WHERE AND WHY ARE PCBrsquoS USED
Printed circuits boards are used to route electric signals through copper track which
are firmly bonded to an insulating base
Advantages of PCB over common wiring are
1 PCBrsquos are necessary for connecting a large number of electronic components in a
very small area with minimum parasitic effects
2 PCBrsquos are simulated with mass production with less chance of writing error
3 Small components are easily mounted
4 Servicing in simplified
The base materials used for PCBrsquos are glass epoxy epoxy paper polyester etc
Copper foil used for copper clad is manufactured by the process of electronic
deposition
emsp
The properties of copper foil are
bull Thicknesshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip35μ meter
bull Thickness tolerancehelliphellip+5 μ meter
bull Purity of Copperhelliphelliphellip998
bull Resistivity at 20oChelliphellip01594
PREPARATION OF SINGLE SIDED PCB
In a single sided PCB the conductor tracks run only on one side of copper clad
board Thus crossing of conductors is not allowed Base materials are selected
according to application It is mechanically and chemically cleansed The photo resist
is an organic solution which when exposed to light of proper wavelength changes
their solubility in developer but after exposure to light is not soluble Laminate coating
of photo resist is done by
(i) Spray coating
(ii) Dip coating
(iii) Roller coating
The coated copper clad and laminated film negative is kept in intimate contact with
each other
The assembly is exposed to UV light and is rinsed in the developer tank Proper
developer has to be used for a particular photo resist and then the PCB is dyed in a
tray The dye reveals the flux to be used for a particular photo resist Then the PCB
is dyed in a tray
emsp
LAYOUT
The layout can be done either by hand or by using PCB designing software like
ORCAD or PROTEL
FABRICATION
The required circuit is designed and the layout of the circuit is done on the
component side as well as the copper clad side Spaces are provided for holes to
insert the respective components Etch resistant ink coatings are given on the
interconnecting marks
ETCHING
The copper clad PCB is etched with ferrous chloride solution containing a small
amount of Hydro Chloric Acid for increasing activeness of Ferric Chloride in etching
Wherever the varnish coating is there the copper remains Then it is washed with
water and Oxalic Acid
DRILLING
The required holes of suitable size are drilled using twist drill Now the Printed Circuit
Board(PCB) is complete and ready for soldering
emsp
SOLDERING________________________________________
Soldering is the process of joining of two metals using an alloy solder consisting of
Tin and Lead (Sn-Pb) Tin determines the melting whereas the Lead is used to
reduce the cost After the PCB fabrication is done the various components are
arranged at proper locations on the PCB and then the soldering is done All liquids
consist of particles which attract each other The surface is always trying to shrink
and this is because of surface tension The principle behind soldering is that when
liquid particles are brought in contact with the walls of the solid surface it may
happen that the solid attracts the liquid surface This property is called adhesive
property Care must be taken that the melting point of solder is below that of the
metal so that its surface is melted without melting without the metal
NEED FOR FLUX
During the soldering process the flux acts as a medium for improving the degree of
melting The basic functions of flux are mentioned below
1 Removes oxide from the surface
2 Assists the transfer of heat from the source to the joining and provides a liquid
cover including air gap
3 Removal of residue after the completion of the soldering operation
APPLICATION________________________________________
Remote controlled Fan Regulator is used to control the speed of fan from our bed
or couch
The same circuit finds its use to control the Intensity of light at various levels
This circuit also finds it use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuit
ADVANTAGES________________________________________
This circuit is simple to use and efficient
It can be assembled with ease
It is cheap and hence very economic
It is small in size
CONCLUSION________________________________________
With the knowledge of new techniques in lsquoElectronicsrsquo we are able to make our life
more comfortable One such application of electronics is used in ldquoREMOTE
CONTROLLED FAN REGULATORrdquo
The same circuit finds its use in many more applications By this the intensity of light
can be controlled using a remote The intensity of light can be controlled in five levels
from off position to maximum intensity possible So it finds use as a night lamp by
keeping the intensity of lamp in low level
The circuit also finds its use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuitry Our
normal TV remote can be used for all these purposes So it is very useful or a real
help to old age and sick people since they can control the speed from the place
where they are sitting
We feel that our product serves something good to this world and we like to present it
before this prosperous world
Reference httpwwwseminarprojectscomThread-remote-controlled-fan-regulator-
full-project-reportix Abstract
The paper presents a simple design and implementation of a remote controlled fan
regulator It enables the user to operate a fan regulator from approximately 10
meters away The remote transmits a tone using an infrared light-emitting diode
This tone is decoded by a receiver since the receiver only switches when the tone
is received The system was broken down into simpler functional blocks namely
infra-red transmitter infra-red sensor signal amplifier control logic sampler
control stepper output control logic load and display unit Details of each subunit
are described in the paper
Keywords
Infra-red Control Receiver Transmitter Display
Introduction
Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the home or office from
a distance It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to operate a system that
would be cheap and affordable a reliable and easy to maintain system of remote control and
durable system irrespective of usage It adds more comfort to everyday living by removing the
inconvenience of having to move around to operate a fan regulator The system seeks to develop
a system that is cost effective while not under mining the need for efficiency
The first remote control called ldquolazy bonesrdquo was developed in 1950 by Zenith
Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation) The device was developed
quickly and it was called ldquoZenith space commandrdquo the remote went into production in the fall
of 1956 becoming the first practical wireless remote control device [1]
Today remote control is a standard on other consumer electronic products including
VCRs cable and satellite boxes digital video disc players and home audio players And the most
sophisticated TV sets have remote with as many as 50 buttons In year 2000 more than 99
percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD players sold are equipped with
remote controls The average individual these days probably picks up a remote control at least
once or twice a day
Basically a remote control works in the following manner A button is pressed This
completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to that button
The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which translates the signal into
infrared light The sensor on the appliance detects the infrared light and reacts appropriately
The remote controlrsquos function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate that
into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance The carrier frequency of
such infrared signals is typically around 36 kHz [3] Usually the transmitter part is constructed
so that the transmitter oscillator which drives the infrared transmitter LED can be turned onoff
by applying a TTL (transistor-transistor logic) voltage on the modulation controlled input On the
receiver side a photo transistor or photodiode takes up the signals
The approach used in this work is the modular approach where the overall design was
broken into functional block diagrams where each block in the diagram represents a section of
the circuit that carries out a specific function The system was designed using 9 functional
blocks as shown in the block diagram Figure1
Figure 1 System block diagram
System design and analysis
Transmitter
The remote control device has the task of sending the infra-red signal which is received
by the infra-red sensor Itrsquos mode of operation can be better understood through the circuit
diagram shown in Figure 2
Figure 2 Circuit of remote device
At the application of voltage from the 9v battery or when the single switch is closed the
4060B oscillator IC [2] produce high and low signals on pin 6 which is feed across the base of
the 2sc945 NPN transistor [6] When the output from the oscillator is high there is a high
voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which turns it on This permits the infra-red
emitting diode to be grounded resulting in the emission of an infra-red ray When the output
from the oscillator is low there is a low voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which
turns off the switching transistor Resulting in no emission of any infra-red ray from the infra-red
emitting diode
The 4060B oscillator IC produces a stream of pulses at a frequency determined by the RC
configuration on pins 11 12 13 The frequency of oscillation is given by [4 5]
f 1 = 1(23RC) where R = 3310 3 Ω and C = 000110 -6 F
f 1 = 1(233310 3 000110 -6 ) = 1318 KHz
The pulse is connected to the base of the switching transistor (NPN 2SC945) through a
1kΩ resistor The pulse determines frequency on the infra-red beam such that itrsquos detection by
the sampler would be possible
Detection
Infra-red sensor and signal amplifier The signal from the infra-red transmitter is divided
to an infra-red sensor The sensor converts the infra-red energy into corresponding electric
current The current from the sensor diode is weak and needs extra amplification The four stage
NPN transistor amplifiers boost the intensity of the signal to a reasonable level
Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector
The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is
simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking
relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the
sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the
transmitted signal
Sampler
The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The
incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low
logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This
is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected
to clock input of the control stepper
Control Stepper and Display Unit
The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control
stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment
decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)
The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The
link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors
Control Unit
The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the
control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The
effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan
So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest
speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there
is a high value inductor in series with the load
The Power Section
It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The
relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the
7805 is used for the main circuit
4017B
The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout
[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is
advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical
ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting
sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective
time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes
a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any
succeeding stages
It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an
independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for
shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by
grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation
This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent
display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual
information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode
(LED) that make up the display
The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are
always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally
grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d
e f and g of the 7-segment display
Construction and testing
To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks
The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction
located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of
the component connection were carried out
The following steps were followed
middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not
powered
middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared
with design values
middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds
only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and
automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is
approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted
that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range
Conclusions
One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or
the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was
found to meet the expected results
The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and
the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam
which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a
change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed
Recommendation
The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its
difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding
bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out
bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply
could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the
project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the
equipment
zz1XCRQVrUg
Here MOC3021 is used as opto isolator It is used to drive the Triac BT136
Triac BT 136________________________________________
A TRIAC or TRIode for Alternating Current is an electronic component
approximately equivalent to two silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRsthyristors) joined in
inverse parallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates
connected together The formal name for a TRIAC is bidirectional triode thyristor
This results in a bidirectional electronic switch which can conduct current in either
direction when it is triggered (turned on) and thus doesnt have any polarity It can be
triggered by either a positive or a negative voltage being applied to its gate electrode
(with respect to A1 otherwise known as MT1) Once triggered the device continues
to conduct until the current through it drops below a certain threshold value the
holding current such as at the end of a half-cycle of alternating current (AC) mains
power In addition applying a trigger pulse at a controllable point in an AC cycle
allows one to control the percentage of current that flows through the TRIAC to the
load (phase control)
The triac used here is BT136 It is thyristor with a firing angle nearly 45o A snubber
circuit consisting of a resistor and capacitor is used to control the firing angle of Triac
This firing angle determines the speed of the fan
CIRCUIT DIADGRAM
(download attached file)
WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT
The 230 V from AC mains is stepped down to 12V and Regulated by IC7809
capacitor and Diodes to 9V This filtered 9V is used for providing supply to the entire
circuit Any button of remote control can be used to control the speed of the fan The
remote control produces infrared rays which is received by the TSOP infrared
receives module The TSOP used here is TSOP 1738 It is capable for receiving
signals up to 38 KHZ The infrared rays are received by the TSOP sensor and its
output is given as a trigger to the first monostable multivibrator NE 555 through a
LED and Resistor R4
This NE555 which is wired as Monostable multivibrator is used to delay the clock to
decade counter CD 4017 We can directly give the output of TSOP to decade
counter but while doing so all the small pulse or noises may also act as clock to
counter and counter starts counting The decade counter has ten outputs from Q0 to
Q9 But here we are using only Q0 to Q4 Q5 is not used and Q6 is used to reset the
counter The output of decade counter is taken through Resistors R5 to R9 The
resistor R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 controls the pulse width which is actually
determining the speed of the fan If the Q0 output is high the capacitor C5 is charged
through R5 if Q1 is high capacitor C5 is charged through R6 and so on thereby
controlling the speed of the fan accordingly Here we are controlling the speed of the
fan in five levels that is why we are taking five outputs (A0 to Q4)
Another NE 555 is used here which is also wired as monostable multivibrator This
monostable multivibrator is triggered by pulses from opto coupler MCT2E It is wired
as Zero crossing detector The output from decade counter is given to NE555 and
this is given to the transistor BC548 It is given to the Opto isolator MOC 3021 It is
used for driving the Triac BT136 Triac is a type of thyristor Here the resistor R13
(470hm) and capacitor C7 (001microF) combination is used as snubber network for the
Triac
The Resistors R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 are used to control the pulse width When
Q0 output is high the pulse width is maximum when Q1 output is high pulse width is
decreased slightly As the pulse width decreases firing angle of the triac increases
and speed of the fan also increases By using remote control we are actually
controlling pulse width which in turn varies the firing angle of triac and there by
varying the speed of the fan
COMPONENTS LIST
1 IR Receiver Module - TSOP 1738
2 IC NE555
3 Opto Coupler - IC MCT2E
4 Opto Isolator - IC MOC 3021
5 Voltage Regulator - IC 7809
6 Decade Counter - IC CD4017
7 Transformer ndash 230(12V -0-12V)
8 Light Emitting Diode
9 Diodes - IN4148 IN 4007
10 Transistor - BC548
11 Triac - BT136
12 Resistors - 1K 100K 330Ω 47K Ω 33K 27K 20K
12K 33K 470 Ω 56 K 10 K 47 Ω
13 Capacitors - 001 microF 400V 47 microF 16V 10 microF 16V
1 microF 16V 022microF 470 micro 50V
14 Zener Diode - 51V
PCB FABRICATION________________________________________
Printed Circuit Boards play a vital role here in determining the overall performance of
the electronic equipment A good PCB design ensures that the noise introduced as a
result of component placement and track layout is held within limits while still
providing components years of assembly maintenance and performance reliability
WHERE AND WHY ARE PCBrsquoS USED
Printed circuits boards are used to route electric signals through copper track which
are firmly bonded to an insulating base
Advantages of PCB over common wiring are
1 PCBrsquos are necessary for connecting a large number of electronic components in a
very small area with minimum parasitic effects
2 PCBrsquos are simulated with mass production with less chance of writing error
3 Small components are easily mounted
4 Servicing in simplified
The base materials used for PCBrsquos are glass epoxy epoxy paper polyester etc
Copper foil used for copper clad is manufactured by the process of electronic
deposition
emsp
The properties of copper foil are
bull Thicknesshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip35μ meter
bull Thickness tolerancehelliphellip+5 μ meter
bull Purity of Copperhelliphelliphellip998
bull Resistivity at 20oChelliphellip01594
PREPARATION OF SINGLE SIDED PCB
In a single sided PCB the conductor tracks run only on one side of copper clad
board Thus crossing of conductors is not allowed Base materials are selected
according to application It is mechanically and chemically cleansed The photo resist
is an organic solution which when exposed to light of proper wavelength changes
their solubility in developer but after exposure to light is not soluble Laminate coating
of photo resist is done by
(i) Spray coating
(ii) Dip coating
(iii) Roller coating
The coated copper clad and laminated film negative is kept in intimate contact with
each other
The assembly is exposed to UV light and is rinsed in the developer tank Proper
developer has to be used for a particular photo resist and then the PCB is dyed in a
tray The dye reveals the flux to be used for a particular photo resist Then the PCB
is dyed in a tray
emsp
LAYOUT
The layout can be done either by hand or by using PCB designing software like
ORCAD or PROTEL
FABRICATION
The required circuit is designed and the layout of the circuit is done on the
component side as well as the copper clad side Spaces are provided for holes to
insert the respective components Etch resistant ink coatings are given on the
interconnecting marks
ETCHING
The copper clad PCB is etched with ferrous chloride solution containing a small
amount of Hydro Chloric Acid for increasing activeness of Ferric Chloride in etching
Wherever the varnish coating is there the copper remains Then it is washed with
water and Oxalic Acid
DRILLING
The required holes of suitable size are drilled using twist drill Now the Printed Circuit
Board(PCB) is complete and ready for soldering
emsp
SOLDERING________________________________________
Soldering is the process of joining of two metals using an alloy solder consisting of
Tin and Lead (Sn-Pb) Tin determines the melting whereas the Lead is used to
reduce the cost After the PCB fabrication is done the various components are
arranged at proper locations on the PCB and then the soldering is done All liquids
consist of particles which attract each other The surface is always trying to shrink
and this is because of surface tension The principle behind soldering is that when
liquid particles are brought in contact with the walls of the solid surface it may
happen that the solid attracts the liquid surface This property is called adhesive
property Care must be taken that the melting point of solder is below that of the
metal so that its surface is melted without melting without the metal
NEED FOR FLUX
During the soldering process the flux acts as a medium for improving the degree of
melting The basic functions of flux are mentioned below
1 Removes oxide from the surface
2 Assists the transfer of heat from the source to the joining and provides a liquid
cover including air gap
3 Removal of residue after the completion of the soldering operation
APPLICATION________________________________________
Remote controlled Fan Regulator is used to control the speed of fan from our bed
or couch
The same circuit finds its use to control the Intensity of light at various levels
This circuit also finds it use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuit
ADVANTAGES________________________________________
This circuit is simple to use and efficient
It can be assembled with ease
It is cheap and hence very economic
It is small in size
CONCLUSION________________________________________
With the knowledge of new techniques in lsquoElectronicsrsquo we are able to make our life
more comfortable One such application of electronics is used in ldquoREMOTE
CONTROLLED FAN REGULATORrdquo
The same circuit finds its use in many more applications By this the intensity of light
can be controlled using a remote The intensity of light can be controlled in five levels
from off position to maximum intensity possible So it finds use as a night lamp by
keeping the intensity of lamp in low level
The circuit also finds its use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuitry Our
normal TV remote can be used for all these purposes So it is very useful or a real
help to old age and sick people since they can control the speed from the place
where they are sitting
We feel that our product serves something good to this world and we like to present it
before this prosperous world
Reference httpwwwseminarprojectscomThread-remote-controlled-fan-regulator-
full-project-reportix Abstract
The paper presents a simple design and implementation of a remote controlled fan
regulator It enables the user to operate a fan regulator from approximately 10
meters away The remote transmits a tone using an infrared light-emitting diode
This tone is decoded by a receiver since the receiver only switches when the tone
is received The system was broken down into simpler functional blocks namely
infra-red transmitter infra-red sensor signal amplifier control logic sampler
control stepper output control logic load and display unit Details of each subunit
are described in the paper
Keywords
Infra-red Control Receiver Transmitter Display
Introduction
Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the home or office from
a distance It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to operate a system that
would be cheap and affordable a reliable and easy to maintain system of remote control and
durable system irrespective of usage It adds more comfort to everyday living by removing the
inconvenience of having to move around to operate a fan regulator The system seeks to develop
a system that is cost effective while not under mining the need for efficiency
The first remote control called ldquolazy bonesrdquo was developed in 1950 by Zenith
Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation) The device was developed
quickly and it was called ldquoZenith space commandrdquo the remote went into production in the fall
of 1956 becoming the first practical wireless remote control device [1]
Today remote control is a standard on other consumer electronic products including
VCRs cable and satellite boxes digital video disc players and home audio players And the most
sophisticated TV sets have remote with as many as 50 buttons In year 2000 more than 99
percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD players sold are equipped with
remote controls The average individual these days probably picks up a remote control at least
once or twice a day
Basically a remote control works in the following manner A button is pressed This
completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to that button
The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which translates the signal into
infrared light The sensor on the appliance detects the infrared light and reacts appropriately
The remote controlrsquos function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate that
into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance The carrier frequency of
such infrared signals is typically around 36 kHz [3] Usually the transmitter part is constructed
so that the transmitter oscillator which drives the infrared transmitter LED can be turned onoff
by applying a TTL (transistor-transistor logic) voltage on the modulation controlled input On the
receiver side a photo transistor or photodiode takes up the signals
The approach used in this work is the modular approach where the overall design was
broken into functional block diagrams where each block in the diagram represents a section of
the circuit that carries out a specific function The system was designed using 9 functional
blocks as shown in the block diagram Figure1
Figure 1 System block diagram
System design and analysis
Transmitter
The remote control device has the task of sending the infra-red signal which is received
by the infra-red sensor Itrsquos mode of operation can be better understood through the circuit
diagram shown in Figure 2
Figure 2 Circuit of remote device
At the application of voltage from the 9v battery or when the single switch is closed the
4060B oscillator IC [2] produce high and low signals on pin 6 which is feed across the base of
the 2sc945 NPN transistor [6] When the output from the oscillator is high there is a high
voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which turns it on This permits the infra-red
emitting diode to be grounded resulting in the emission of an infra-red ray When the output
from the oscillator is low there is a low voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which
turns off the switching transistor Resulting in no emission of any infra-red ray from the infra-red
emitting diode
The 4060B oscillator IC produces a stream of pulses at a frequency determined by the RC
configuration on pins 11 12 13 The frequency of oscillation is given by [4 5]
f 1 = 1(23RC) where R = 3310 3 Ω and C = 000110 -6 F
f 1 = 1(233310 3 000110 -6 ) = 1318 KHz
The pulse is connected to the base of the switching transistor (NPN 2SC945) through a
1kΩ resistor The pulse determines frequency on the infra-red beam such that itrsquos detection by
the sampler would be possible
Detection
Infra-red sensor and signal amplifier The signal from the infra-red transmitter is divided
to an infra-red sensor The sensor converts the infra-red energy into corresponding electric
current The current from the sensor diode is weak and needs extra amplification The four stage
NPN transistor amplifiers boost the intensity of the signal to a reasonable level
Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector
The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is
simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking
relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the
sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the
transmitted signal
Sampler
The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The
incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low
logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This
is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected
to clock input of the control stepper
Control Stepper and Display Unit
The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control
stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment
decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)
The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The
link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors
Control Unit
The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the
control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The
effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan
So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest
speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there
is a high value inductor in series with the load
The Power Section
It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The
relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the
7805 is used for the main circuit
4017B
The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout
[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is
advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical
ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting
sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective
time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes
a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any
succeeding stages
It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an
independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for
shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by
grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation
This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent
display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual
information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode
(LED) that make up the display
The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are
always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally
grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d
e f and g of the 7-segment display
Construction and testing
To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks
The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction
located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of
the component connection were carried out
The following steps were followed
middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not
powered
middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared
with design values
middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds
only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and
automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is
approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted
that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range
Conclusions
One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or
the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was
found to meet the expected results
The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and
the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam
which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a
change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed
Recommendation
The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its
difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding
bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out
bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply
could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the
project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the
equipment
zz1XCRQVrUg
receives module The TSOP used here is TSOP 1738 It is capable for receiving
signals up to 38 KHZ The infrared rays are received by the TSOP sensor and its
output is given as a trigger to the first monostable multivibrator NE 555 through a
LED and Resistor R4
This NE555 which is wired as Monostable multivibrator is used to delay the clock to
decade counter CD 4017 We can directly give the output of TSOP to decade
counter but while doing so all the small pulse or noises may also act as clock to
counter and counter starts counting The decade counter has ten outputs from Q0 to
Q9 But here we are using only Q0 to Q4 Q5 is not used and Q6 is used to reset the
counter The output of decade counter is taken through Resistors R5 to R9 The
resistor R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 controls the pulse width which is actually
determining the speed of the fan If the Q0 output is high the capacitor C5 is charged
through R5 if Q1 is high capacitor C5 is charged through R6 and so on thereby
controlling the speed of the fan accordingly Here we are controlling the speed of the
fan in five levels that is why we are taking five outputs (A0 to Q4)
Another NE 555 is used here which is also wired as monostable multivibrator This
monostable multivibrator is triggered by pulses from opto coupler MCT2E It is wired
as Zero crossing detector The output from decade counter is given to NE555 and
this is given to the transistor BC548 It is given to the Opto isolator MOC 3021 It is
used for driving the Triac BT136 Triac is a type of thyristor Here the resistor R13
(470hm) and capacitor C7 (001microF) combination is used as snubber network for the
Triac
The Resistors R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 are used to control the pulse width When
Q0 output is high the pulse width is maximum when Q1 output is high pulse width is
decreased slightly As the pulse width decreases firing angle of the triac increases
and speed of the fan also increases By using remote control we are actually
controlling pulse width which in turn varies the firing angle of triac and there by
varying the speed of the fan
COMPONENTS LIST
1 IR Receiver Module - TSOP 1738
2 IC NE555
3 Opto Coupler - IC MCT2E
4 Opto Isolator - IC MOC 3021
5 Voltage Regulator - IC 7809
6 Decade Counter - IC CD4017
7 Transformer ndash 230(12V -0-12V)
8 Light Emitting Diode
9 Diodes - IN4148 IN 4007
10 Transistor - BC548
11 Triac - BT136
12 Resistors - 1K 100K 330Ω 47K Ω 33K 27K 20K
12K 33K 470 Ω 56 K 10 K 47 Ω
13 Capacitors - 001 microF 400V 47 microF 16V 10 microF 16V
1 microF 16V 022microF 470 micro 50V
14 Zener Diode - 51V
PCB FABRICATION________________________________________
Printed Circuit Boards play a vital role here in determining the overall performance of
the electronic equipment A good PCB design ensures that the noise introduced as a
result of component placement and track layout is held within limits while still
providing components years of assembly maintenance and performance reliability
WHERE AND WHY ARE PCBrsquoS USED
Printed circuits boards are used to route electric signals through copper track which
are firmly bonded to an insulating base
Advantages of PCB over common wiring are
1 PCBrsquos are necessary for connecting a large number of electronic components in a
very small area with minimum parasitic effects
2 PCBrsquos are simulated with mass production with less chance of writing error
3 Small components are easily mounted
4 Servicing in simplified
The base materials used for PCBrsquos are glass epoxy epoxy paper polyester etc
Copper foil used for copper clad is manufactured by the process of electronic
deposition
emsp
The properties of copper foil are
bull Thicknesshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip35μ meter
bull Thickness tolerancehelliphellip+5 μ meter
bull Purity of Copperhelliphelliphellip998
bull Resistivity at 20oChelliphellip01594
PREPARATION OF SINGLE SIDED PCB
In a single sided PCB the conductor tracks run only on one side of copper clad
board Thus crossing of conductors is not allowed Base materials are selected
according to application It is mechanically and chemically cleansed The photo resist
is an organic solution which when exposed to light of proper wavelength changes
their solubility in developer but after exposure to light is not soluble Laminate coating
of photo resist is done by
(i) Spray coating
(ii) Dip coating
(iii) Roller coating
The coated copper clad and laminated film negative is kept in intimate contact with
each other
The assembly is exposed to UV light and is rinsed in the developer tank Proper
developer has to be used for a particular photo resist and then the PCB is dyed in a
tray The dye reveals the flux to be used for a particular photo resist Then the PCB
is dyed in a tray
emsp
LAYOUT
The layout can be done either by hand or by using PCB designing software like
ORCAD or PROTEL
FABRICATION
The required circuit is designed and the layout of the circuit is done on the
component side as well as the copper clad side Spaces are provided for holes to
insert the respective components Etch resistant ink coatings are given on the
interconnecting marks
ETCHING
The copper clad PCB is etched with ferrous chloride solution containing a small
amount of Hydro Chloric Acid for increasing activeness of Ferric Chloride in etching
Wherever the varnish coating is there the copper remains Then it is washed with
water and Oxalic Acid
DRILLING
The required holes of suitable size are drilled using twist drill Now the Printed Circuit
Board(PCB) is complete and ready for soldering
emsp
SOLDERING________________________________________
Soldering is the process of joining of two metals using an alloy solder consisting of
Tin and Lead (Sn-Pb) Tin determines the melting whereas the Lead is used to
reduce the cost After the PCB fabrication is done the various components are
arranged at proper locations on the PCB and then the soldering is done All liquids
consist of particles which attract each other The surface is always trying to shrink
and this is because of surface tension The principle behind soldering is that when
liquid particles are brought in contact with the walls of the solid surface it may
happen that the solid attracts the liquid surface This property is called adhesive
property Care must be taken that the melting point of solder is below that of the
metal so that its surface is melted without melting without the metal
NEED FOR FLUX
During the soldering process the flux acts as a medium for improving the degree of
melting The basic functions of flux are mentioned below
1 Removes oxide from the surface
2 Assists the transfer of heat from the source to the joining and provides a liquid
cover including air gap
3 Removal of residue after the completion of the soldering operation
APPLICATION________________________________________
Remote controlled Fan Regulator is used to control the speed of fan from our bed
or couch
The same circuit finds its use to control the Intensity of light at various levels
This circuit also finds it use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuit
ADVANTAGES________________________________________
This circuit is simple to use and efficient
It can be assembled with ease
It is cheap and hence very economic
It is small in size
CONCLUSION________________________________________
With the knowledge of new techniques in lsquoElectronicsrsquo we are able to make our life
more comfortable One such application of electronics is used in ldquoREMOTE
CONTROLLED FAN REGULATORrdquo
The same circuit finds its use in many more applications By this the intensity of light
can be controlled using a remote The intensity of light can be controlled in five levels
from off position to maximum intensity possible So it finds use as a night lamp by
keeping the intensity of lamp in low level
The circuit also finds its use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuitry Our
normal TV remote can be used for all these purposes So it is very useful or a real
help to old age and sick people since they can control the speed from the place
where they are sitting
We feel that our product serves something good to this world and we like to present it
before this prosperous world
Reference httpwwwseminarprojectscomThread-remote-controlled-fan-regulator-
full-project-reportix Abstract
The paper presents a simple design and implementation of a remote controlled fan
regulator It enables the user to operate a fan regulator from approximately 10
meters away The remote transmits a tone using an infrared light-emitting diode
This tone is decoded by a receiver since the receiver only switches when the tone
is received The system was broken down into simpler functional blocks namely
infra-red transmitter infra-red sensor signal amplifier control logic sampler
control stepper output control logic load and display unit Details of each subunit
are described in the paper
Keywords
Infra-red Control Receiver Transmitter Display
Introduction
Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the home or office from
a distance It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to operate a system that
would be cheap and affordable a reliable and easy to maintain system of remote control and
durable system irrespective of usage It adds more comfort to everyday living by removing the
inconvenience of having to move around to operate a fan regulator The system seeks to develop
a system that is cost effective while not under mining the need for efficiency
The first remote control called ldquolazy bonesrdquo was developed in 1950 by Zenith
Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation) The device was developed
quickly and it was called ldquoZenith space commandrdquo the remote went into production in the fall
of 1956 becoming the first practical wireless remote control device [1]
Today remote control is a standard on other consumer electronic products including
VCRs cable and satellite boxes digital video disc players and home audio players And the most
sophisticated TV sets have remote with as many as 50 buttons In year 2000 more than 99
percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD players sold are equipped with
remote controls The average individual these days probably picks up a remote control at least
once or twice a day
Basically a remote control works in the following manner A button is pressed This
completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to that button
The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which translates the signal into
infrared light The sensor on the appliance detects the infrared light and reacts appropriately
The remote controlrsquos function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate that
into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance The carrier frequency of
such infrared signals is typically around 36 kHz [3] Usually the transmitter part is constructed
so that the transmitter oscillator which drives the infrared transmitter LED can be turned onoff
by applying a TTL (transistor-transistor logic) voltage on the modulation controlled input On the
receiver side a photo transistor or photodiode takes up the signals
The approach used in this work is the modular approach where the overall design was
broken into functional block diagrams where each block in the diagram represents a section of
the circuit that carries out a specific function The system was designed using 9 functional
blocks as shown in the block diagram Figure1
Figure 1 System block diagram
System design and analysis
Transmitter
The remote control device has the task of sending the infra-red signal which is received
by the infra-red sensor Itrsquos mode of operation can be better understood through the circuit
diagram shown in Figure 2
Figure 2 Circuit of remote device
At the application of voltage from the 9v battery or when the single switch is closed the
4060B oscillator IC [2] produce high and low signals on pin 6 which is feed across the base of
the 2sc945 NPN transistor [6] When the output from the oscillator is high there is a high
voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which turns it on This permits the infra-red
emitting diode to be grounded resulting in the emission of an infra-red ray When the output
from the oscillator is low there is a low voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which
turns off the switching transistor Resulting in no emission of any infra-red ray from the infra-red
emitting diode
The 4060B oscillator IC produces a stream of pulses at a frequency determined by the RC
configuration on pins 11 12 13 The frequency of oscillation is given by [4 5]
f 1 = 1(23RC) where R = 3310 3 Ω and C = 000110 -6 F
f 1 = 1(233310 3 000110 -6 ) = 1318 KHz
The pulse is connected to the base of the switching transistor (NPN 2SC945) through a
1kΩ resistor The pulse determines frequency on the infra-red beam such that itrsquos detection by
the sampler would be possible
Detection
Infra-red sensor and signal amplifier The signal from the infra-red transmitter is divided
to an infra-red sensor The sensor converts the infra-red energy into corresponding electric
current The current from the sensor diode is weak and needs extra amplification The four stage
NPN transistor amplifiers boost the intensity of the signal to a reasonable level
Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector
The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is
simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking
relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the
sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the
transmitted signal
Sampler
The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The
incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low
logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This
is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected
to clock input of the control stepper
Control Stepper and Display Unit
The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control
stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment
decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)
The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The
link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors
Control Unit
The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the
control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The
effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan
So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest
speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there
is a high value inductor in series with the load
The Power Section
It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The
relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the
7805 is used for the main circuit
4017B
The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout
[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is
advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical
ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting
sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective
time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes
a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any
succeeding stages
It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an
independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for
shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by
grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation
This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent
display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual
information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode
(LED) that make up the display
The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are
always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally
grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d
e f and g of the 7-segment display
Construction and testing
To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks
The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction
located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of
the component connection were carried out
The following steps were followed
middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not
powered
middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared
with design values
middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds
only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and
automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is
approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted
that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range
Conclusions
One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or
the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was
found to meet the expected results
The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and
the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam
which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a
change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed
Recommendation
The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its
difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding
bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out
bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply
could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the
project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the
equipment
zz1XCRQVrUg
1 IR Receiver Module - TSOP 1738
2 IC NE555
3 Opto Coupler - IC MCT2E
4 Opto Isolator - IC MOC 3021
5 Voltage Regulator - IC 7809
6 Decade Counter - IC CD4017
7 Transformer ndash 230(12V -0-12V)
8 Light Emitting Diode
9 Diodes - IN4148 IN 4007
10 Transistor - BC548
11 Triac - BT136
12 Resistors - 1K 100K 330Ω 47K Ω 33K 27K 20K
12K 33K 470 Ω 56 K 10 K 47 Ω
13 Capacitors - 001 microF 400V 47 microF 16V 10 microF 16V
1 microF 16V 022microF 470 micro 50V
14 Zener Diode - 51V
PCB FABRICATION________________________________________
Printed Circuit Boards play a vital role here in determining the overall performance of
the electronic equipment A good PCB design ensures that the noise introduced as a
result of component placement and track layout is held within limits while still
providing components years of assembly maintenance and performance reliability
WHERE AND WHY ARE PCBrsquoS USED
Printed circuits boards are used to route electric signals through copper track which
are firmly bonded to an insulating base
Advantages of PCB over common wiring are
1 PCBrsquos are necessary for connecting a large number of electronic components in a
very small area with minimum parasitic effects
2 PCBrsquos are simulated with mass production with less chance of writing error
3 Small components are easily mounted
4 Servicing in simplified
The base materials used for PCBrsquos are glass epoxy epoxy paper polyester etc
Copper foil used for copper clad is manufactured by the process of electronic
deposition
emsp
The properties of copper foil are
bull Thicknesshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip35μ meter
bull Thickness tolerancehelliphellip+5 μ meter
bull Purity of Copperhelliphelliphellip998
bull Resistivity at 20oChelliphellip01594
PREPARATION OF SINGLE SIDED PCB
In a single sided PCB the conductor tracks run only on one side of copper clad
board Thus crossing of conductors is not allowed Base materials are selected
according to application It is mechanically and chemically cleansed The photo resist
is an organic solution which when exposed to light of proper wavelength changes
their solubility in developer but after exposure to light is not soluble Laminate coating
of photo resist is done by
(i) Spray coating
(ii) Dip coating
(iii) Roller coating
The coated copper clad and laminated film negative is kept in intimate contact with
each other
The assembly is exposed to UV light and is rinsed in the developer tank Proper
developer has to be used for a particular photo resist and then the PCB is dyed in a
tray The dye reveals the flux to be used for a particular photo resist Then the PCB
is dyed in a tray
emsp
LAYOUT
The layout can be done either by hand or by using PCB designing software like
ORCAD or PROTEL
FABRICATION
The required circuit is designed and the layout of the circuit is done on the
component side as well as the copper clad side Spaces are provided for holes to
insert the respective components Etch resistant ink coatings are given on the
interconnecting marks
ETCHING
The copper clad PCB is etched with ferrous chloride solution containing a small
amount of Hydro Chloric Acid for increasing activeness of Ferric Chloride in etching
Wherever the varnish coating is there the copper remains Then it is washed with
water and Oxalic Acid
DRILLING
The required holes of suitable size are drilled using twist drill Now the Printed Circuit
Board(PCB) is complete and ready for soldering
emsp
SOLDERING________________________________________
Soldering is the process of joining of two metals using an alloy solder consisting of
Tin and Lead (Sn-Pb) Tin determines the melting whereas the Lead is used to
reduce the cost After the PCB fabrication is done the various components are
arranged at proper locations on the PCB and then the soldering is done All liquids
consist of particles which attract each other The surface is always trying to shrink
and this is because of surface tension The principle behind soldering is that when
liquid particles are brought in contact with the walls of the solid surface it may
happen that the solid attracts the liquid surface This property is called adhesive
property Care must be taken that the melting point of solder is below that of the
metal so that its surface is melted without melting without the metal
NEED FOR FLUX
During the soldering process the flux acts as a medium for improving the degree of
melting The basic functions of flux are mentioned below
1 Removes oxide from the surface
2 Assists the transfer of heat from the source to the joining and provides a liquid
cover including air gap
3 Removal of residue after the completion of the soldering operation
APPLICATION________________________________________
Remote controlled Fan Regulator is used to control the speed of fan from our bed
or couch
The same circuit finds its use to control the Intensity of light at various levels
This circuit also finds it use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuit
ADVANTAGES________________________________________
This circuit is simple to use and efficient
It can be assembled with ease
It is cheap and hence very economic
It is small in size
CONCLUSION________________________________________
With the knowledge of new techniques in lsquoElectronicsrsquo we are able to make our life
more comfortable One such application of electronics is used in ldquoREMOTE
CONTROLLED FAN REGULATORrdquo
The same circuit finds its use in many more applications By this the intensity of light
can be controlled using a remote The intensity of light can be controlled in five levels
from off position to maximum intensity possible So it finds use as a night lamp by
keeping the intensity of lamp in low level
The circuit also finds its use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuitry Our
normal TV remote can be used for all these purposes So it is very useful or a real
help to old age and sick people since they can control the speed from the place
where they are sitting
We feel that our product serves something good to this world and we like to present it
before this prosperous world
Reference httpwwwseminarprojectscomThread-remote-controlled-fan-regulator-
full-project-reportix Abstract
The paper presents a simple design and implementation of a remote controlled fan
regulator It enables the user to operate a fan regulator from approximately 10
meters away The remote transmits a tone using an infrared light-emitting diode
This tone is decoded by a receiver since the receiver only switches when the tone
is received The system was broken down into simpler functional blocks namely
infra-red transmitter infra-red sensor signal amplifier control logic sampler
control stepper output control logic load and display unit Details of each subunit
are described in the paper
Keywords
Infra-red Control Receiver Transmitter Display
Introduction
Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the home or office from
a distance It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to operate a system that
would be cheap and affordable a reliable and easy to maintain system of remote control and
durable system irrespective of usage It adds more comfort to everyday living by removing the
inconvenience of having to move around to operate a fan regulator The system seeks to develop
a system that is cost effective while not under mining the need for efficiency
The first remote control called ldquolazy bonesrdquo was developed in 1950 by Zenith
Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation) The device was developed
quickly and it was called ldquoZenith space commandrdquo the remote went into production in the fall
of 1956 becoming the first practical wireless remote control device [1]
Today remote control is a standard on other consumer electronic products including
VCRs cable and satellite boxes digital video disc players and home audio players And the most
sophisticated TV sets have remote with as many as 50 buttons In year 2000 more than 99
percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD players sold are equipped with
remote controls The average individual these days probably picks up a remote control at least
once or twice a day
Basically a remote control works in the following manner A button is pressed This
completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to that button
The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which translates the signal into
infrared light The sensor on the appliance detects the infrared light and reacts appropriately
The remote controlrsquos function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate that
into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance The carrier frequency of
such infrared signals is typically around 36 kHz [3] Usually the transmitter part is constructed
so that the transmitter oscillator which drives the infrared transmitter LED can be turned onoff
by applying a TTL (transistor-transistor logic) voltage on the modulation controlled input On the
receiver side a photo transistor or photodiode takes up the signals
The approach used in this work is the modular approach where the overall design was
broken into functional block diagrams where each block in the diagram represents a section of
the circuit that carries out a specific function The system was designed using 9 functional
blocks as shown in the block diagram Figure1
Figure 1 System block diagram
System design and analysis
Transmitter
The remote control device has the task of sending the infra-red signal which is received
by the infra-red sensor Itrsquos mode of operation can be better understood through the circuit
diagram shown in Figure 2
Figure 2 Circuit of remote device
At the application of voltage from the 9v battery or when the single switch is closed the
4060B oscillator IC [2] produce high and low signals on pin 6 which is feed across the base of
the 2sc945 NPN transistor [6] When the output from the oscillator is high there is a high
voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which turns it on This permits the infra-red
emitting diode to be grounded resulting in the emission of an infra-red ray When the output
from the oscillator is low there is a low voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which
turns off the switching transistor Resulting in no emission of any infra-red ray from the infra-red
emitting diode
The 4060B oscillator IC produces a stream of pulses at a frequency determined by the RC
configuration on pins 11 12 13 The frequency of oscillation is given by [4 5]
f 1 = 1(23RC) where R = 3310 3 Ω and C = 000110 -6 F
f 1 = 1(233310 3 000110 -6 ) = 1318 KHz
The pulse is connected to the base of the switching transistor (NPN 2SC945) through a
1kΩ resistor The pulse determines frequency on the infra-red beam such that itrsquos detection by
the sampler would be possible
Detection
Infra-red sensor and signal amplifier The signal from the infra-red transmitter is divided
to an infra-red sensor The sensor converts the infra-red energy into corresponding electric
current The current from the sensor diode is weak and needs extra amplification The four stage
NPN transistor amplifiers boost the intensity of the signal to a reasonable level
Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector
The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is
simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking
relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the
sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the
transmitted signal
Sampler
The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The
incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low
logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This
is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected
to clock input of the control stepper
Control Stepper and Display Unit
The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control
stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment
decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)
The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The
link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors
Control Unit
The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the
control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The
effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan
So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest
speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there
is a high value inductor in series with the load
The Power Section
It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The
relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the
7805 is used for the main circuit
4017B
The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout
[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is
advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical
ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting
sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective
time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes
a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any
succeeding stages
It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an
independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for
shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by
grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation
This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent
display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual
information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode
(LED) that make up the display
The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are
always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally
grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d
e f and g of the 7-segment display
Construction and testing
To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks
The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction
located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of
the component connection were carried out
The following steps were followed
middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not
powered
middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared
with design values
middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds
only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and
automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is
approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted
that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range
Conclusions
One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or
the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was
found to meet the expected results
The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and
the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam
which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a
change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed
Recommendation
The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its
difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding
bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out
bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply
could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the
project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the
equipment
zz1XCRQVrUg
Copper foil used for copper clad is manufactured by the process of electronic
deposition
emsp
The properties of copper foil are
bull Thicknesshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip35μ meter
bull Thickness tolerancehelliphellip+5 μ meter
bull Purity of Copperhelliphelliphellip998
bull Resistivity at 20oChelliphellip01594
PREPARATION OF SINGLE SIDED PCB
In a single sided PCB the conductor tracks run only on one side of copper clad
board Thus crossing of conductors is not allowed Base materials are selected
according to application It is mechanically and chemically cleansed The photo resist
is an organic solution which when exposed to light of proper wavelength changes
their solubility in developer but after exposure to light is not soluble Laminate coating
of photo resist is done by
(i) Spray coating
(ii) Dip coating
(iii) Roller coating
The coated copper clad and laminated film negative is kept in intimate contact with
each other
The assembly is exposed to UV light and is rinsed in the developer tank Proper
developer has to be used for a particular photo resist and then the PCB is dyed in a
tray The dye reveals the flux to be used for a particular photo resist Then the PCB
is dyed in a tray
emsp
LAYOUT
The layout can be done either by hand or by using PCB designing software like
ORCAD or PROTEL
FABRICATION
The required circuit is designed and the layout of the circuit is done on the
component side as well as the copper clad side Spaces are provided for holes to
insert the respective components Etch resistant ink coatings are given on the
interconnecting marks
ETCHING
The copper clad PCB is etched with ferrous chloride solution containing a small
amount of Hydro Chloric Acid for increasing activeness of Ferric Chloride in etching
Wherever the varnish coating is there the copper remains Then it is washed with
water and Oxalic Acid
DRILLING
The required holes of suitable size are drilled using twist drill Now the Printed Circuit
Board(PCB) is complete and ready for soldering
emsp
SOLDERING________________________________________
Soldering is the process of joining of two metals using an alloy solder consisting of
Tin and Lead (Sn-Pb) Tin determines the melting whereas the Lead is used to
reduce the cost After the PCB fabrication is done the various components are
arranged at proper locations on the PCB and then the soldering is done All liquids
consist of particles which attract each other The surface is always trying to shrink
and this is because of surface tension The principle behind soldering is that when
liquid particles are brought in contact with the walls of the solid surface it may
happen that the solid attracts the liquid surface This property is called adhesive
property Care must be taken that the melting point of solder is below that of the
metal so that its surface is melted without melting without the metal
NEED FOR FLUX
During the soldering process the flux acts as a medium for improving the degree of
melting The basic functions of flux are mentioned below
1 Removes oxide from the surface
2 Assists the transfer of heat from the source to the joining and provides a liquid
cover including air gap
3 Removal of residue after the completion of the soldering operation
APPLICATION________________________________________
Remote controlled Fan Regulator is used to control the speed of fan from our bed
or couch
The same circuit finds its use to control the Intensity of light at various levels
This circuit also finds it use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuit
ADVANTAGES________________________________________
This circuit is simple to use and efficient
It can be assembled with ease
It is cheap and hence very economic
It is small in size
CONCLUSION________________________________________
With the knowledge of new techniques in lsquoElectronicsrsquo we are able to make our life
more comfortable One such application of electronics is used in ldquoREMOTE
CONTROLLED FAN REGULATORrdquo
The same circuit finds its use in many more applications By this the intensity of light
can be controlled using a remote The intensity of light can be controlled in five levels
from off position to maximum intensity possible So it finds use as a night lamp by
keeping the intensity of lamp in low level
The circuit also finds its use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuitry Our
normal TV remote can be used for all these purposes So it is very useful or a real
help to old age and sick people since they can control the speed from the place
where they are sitting
We feel that our product serves something good to this world and we like to present it
before this prosperous world
Reference httpwwwseminarprojectscomThread-remote-controlled-fan-regulator-
full-project-reportix Abstract
The paper presents a simple design and implementation of a remote controlled fan
regulator It enables the user to operate a fan regulator from approximately 10
meters away The remote transmits a tone using an infrared light-emitting diode
This tone is decoded by a receiver since the receiver only switches when the tone
is received The system was broken down into simpler functional blocks namely
infra-red transmitter infra-red sensor signal amplifier control logic sampler
control stepper output control logic load and display unit Details of each subunit
are described in the paper
Keywords
Infra-red Control Receiver Transmitter Display
Introduction
Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the home or office from
a distance It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to operate a system that
would be cheap and affordable a reliable and easy to maintain system of remote control and
durable system irrespective of usage It adds more comfort to everyday living by removing the
inconvenience of having to move around to operate a fan regulator The system seeks to develop
a system that is cost effective while not under mining the need for efficiency
The first remote control called ldquolazy bonesrdquo was developed in 1950 by Zenith
Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation) The device was developed
quickly and it was called ldquoZenith space commandrdquo the remote went into production in the fall
of 1956 becoming the first practical wireless remote control device [1]
Today remote control is a standard on other consumer electronic products including
VCRs cable and satellite boxes digital video disc players and home audio players And the most
sophisticated TV sets have remote with as many as 50 buttons In year 2000 more than 99
percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD players sold are equipped with
remote controls The average individual these days probably picks up a remote control at least
once or twice a day
Basically a remote control works in the following manner A button is pressed This
completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to that button
The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which translates the signal into
infrared light The sensor on the appliance detects the infrared light and reacts appropriately
The remote controlrsquos function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate that
into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance The carrier frequency of
such infrared signals is typically around 36 kHz [3] Usually the transmitter part is constructed
so that the transmitter oscillator which drives the infrared transmitter LED can be turned onoff
by applying a TTL (transistor-transistor logic) voltage on the modulation controlled input On the
receiver side a photo transistor or photodiode takes up the signals
The approach used in this work is the modular approach where the overall design was
broken into functional block diagrams where each block in the diagram represents a section of
the circuit that carries out a specific function The system was designed using 9 functional
blocks as shown in the block diagram Figure1
Figure 1 System block diagram
System design and analysis
Transmitter
The remote control device has the task of sending the infra-red signal which is received
by the infra-red sensor Itrsquos mode of operation can be better understood through the circuit
diagram shown in Figure 2
Figure 2 Circuit of remote device
At the application of voltage from the 9v battery or when the single switch is closed the
4060B oscillator IC [2] produce high and low signals on pin 6 which is feed across the base of
the 2sc945 NPN transistor [6] When the output from the oscillator is high there is a high
voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which turns it on This permits the infra-red
emitting diode to be grounded resulting in the emission of an infra-red ray When the output
from the oscillator is low there is a low voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which
turns off the switching transistor Resulting in no emission of any infra-red ray from the infra-red
emitting diode
The 4060B oscillator IC produces a stream of pulses at a frequency determined by the RC
configuration on pins 11 12 13 The frequency of oscillation is given by [4 5]
f 1 = 1(23RC) where R = 3310 3 Ω and C = 000110 -6 F
f 1 = 1(233310 3 000110 -6 ) = 1318 KHz
The pulse is connected to the base of the switching transistor (NPN 2SC945) through a
1kΩ resistor The pulse determines frequency on the infra-red beam such that itrsquos detection by
the sampler would be possible
Detection
Infra-red sensor and signal amplifier The signal from the infra-red transmitter is divided
to an infra-red sensor The sensor converts the infra-red energy into corresponding electric
current The current from the sensor diode is weak and needs extra amplification The four stage
NPN transistor amplifiers boost the intensity of the signal to a reasonable level
Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector
The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is
simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking
relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the
sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the
transmitted signal
Sampler
The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The
incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low
logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This
is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected
to clock input of the control stepper
Control Stepper and Display Unit
The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control
stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment
decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)
The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The
link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors
Control Unit
The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the
control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The
effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan
So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest
speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there
is a high value inductor in series with the load
The Power Section
It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The
relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the
7805 is used for the main circuit
4017B
The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout
[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is
advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical
ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting
sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective
time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes
a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any
succeeding stages
It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an
independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for
shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by
grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation
This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent
display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual
information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode
(LED) that make up the display
The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are
always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally
grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d
e f and g of the 7-segment display
Construction and testing
To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks
The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction
located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of
the component connection were carried out
The following steps were followed
middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not
powered
middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared
with design values
middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds
only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and
automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is
approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted
that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range
Conclusions
One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or
the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was
found to meet the expected results
The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and
the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam
which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a
change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed
Recommendation
The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its
difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding
bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out
bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply
could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the
project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the
equipment
zz1XCRQVrUg
insert the respective components Etch resistant ink coatings are given on the
interconnecting marks
ETCHING
The copper clad PCB is etched with ferrous chloride solution containing a small
amount of Hydro Chloric Acid for increasing activeness of Ferric Chloride in etching
Wherever the varnish coating is there the copper remains Then it is washed with
water and Oxalic Acid
DRILLING
The required holes of suitable size are drilled using twist drill Now the Printed Circuit
Board(PCB) is complete and ready for soldering
emsp
SOLDERING________________________________________
Soldering is the process of joining of two metals using an alloy solder consisting of
Tin and Lead (Sn-Pb) Tin determines the melting whereas the Lead is used to
reduce the cost After the PCB fabrication is done the various components are
arranged at proper locations on the PCB and then the soldering is done All liquids
consist of particles which attract each other The surface is always trying to shrink
and this is because of surface tension The principle behind soldering is that when
liquid particles are brought in contact with the walls of the solid surface it may
happen that the solid attracts the liquid surface This property is called adhesive
property Care must be taken that the melting point of solder is below that of the
metal so that its surface is melted without melting without the metal
NEED FOR FLUX
During the soldering process the flux acts as a medium for improving the degree of
melting The basic functions of flux are mentioned below
1 Removes oxide from the surface
2 Assists the transfer of heat from the source to the joining and provides a liquid
cover including air gap
3 Removal of residue after the completion of the soldering operation
APPLICATION________________________________________
Remote controlled Fan Regulator is used to control the speed of fan from our bed
or couch
The same circuit finds its use to control the Intensity of light at various levels
This circuit also finds it use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuit
ADVANTAGES________________________________________
This circuit is simple to use and efficient
It can be assembled with ease
It is cheap and hence very economic
It is small in size
CONCLUSION________________________________________
With the knowledge of new techniques in lsquoElectronicsrsquo we are able to make our life
more comfortable One such application of electronics is used in ldquoREMOTE
CONTROLLED FAN REGULATORrdquo
The same circuit finds its use in many more applications By this the intensity of light
can be controlled using a remote The intensity of light can be controlled in five levels
from off position to maximum intensity possible So it finds use as a night lamp by
keeping the intensity of lamp in low level
The circuit also finds its use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuitry Our
normal TV remote can be used for all these purposes So it is very useful or a real
help to old age and sick people since they can control the speed from the place
where they are sitting
We feel that our product serves something good to this world and we like to present it
before this prosperous world
Reference httpwwwseminarprojectscomThread-remote-controlled-fan-regulator-
full-project-reportix Abstract
The paper presents a simple design and implementation of a remote controlled fan
regulator It enables the user to operate a fan regulator from approximately 10
meters away The remote transmits a tone using an infrared light-emitting diode
This tone is decoded by a receiver since the receiver only switches when the tone
is received The system was broken down into simpler functional blocks namely
infra-red transmitter infra-red sensor signal amplifier control logic sampler
control stepper output control logic load and display unit Details of each subunit
are described in the paper
Keywords
Infra-red Control Receiver Transmitter Display
Introduction
Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the home or office from
a distance It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to operate a system that
would be cheap and affordable a reliable and easy to maintain system of remote control and
durable system irrespective of usage It adds more comfort to everyday living by removing the
inconvenience of having to move around to operate a fan regulator The system seeks to develop
a system that is cost effective while not under mining the need for efficiency
The first remote control called ldquolazy bonesrdquo was developed in 1950 by Zenith
Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation) The device was developed
quickly and it was called ldquoZenith space commandrdquo the remote went into production in the fall
of 1956 becoming the first practical wireless remote control device [1]
Today remote control is a standard on other consumer electronic products including
VCRs cable and satellite boxes digital video disc players and home audio players And the most
sophisticated TV sets have remote with as many as 50 buttons In year 2000 more than 99
percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD players sold are equipped with
remote controls The average individual these days probably picks up a remote control at least
once or twice a day
Basically a remote control works in the following manner A button is pressed This
completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to that button
The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which translates the signal into
infrared light The sensor on the appliance detects the infrared light and reacts appropriately
The remote controlrsquos function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate that
into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance The carrier frequency of
such infrared signals is typically around 36 kHz [3] Usually the transmitter part is constructed
so that the transmitter oscillator which drives the infrared transmitter LED can be turned onoff
by applying a TTL (transistor-transistor logic) voltage on the modulation controlled input On the
receiver side a photo transistor or photodiode takes up the signals
The approach used in this work is the modular approach where the overall design was
broken into functional block diagrams where each block in the diagram represents a section of
the circuit that carries out a specific function The system was designed using 9 functional
blocks as shown in the block diagram Figure1
Figure 1 System block diagram
System design and analysis
Transmitter
The remote control device has the task of sending the infra-red signal which is received
by the infra-red sensor Itrsquos mode of operation can be better understood through the circuit
diagram shown in Figure 2
Figure 2 Circuit of remote device
At the application of voltage from the 9v battery or when the single switch is closed the
4060B oscillator IC [2] produce high and low signals on pin 6 which is feed across the base of
the 2sc945 NPN transistor [6] When the output from the oscillator is high there is a high
voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which turns it on This permits the infra-red
emitting diode to be grounded resulting in the emission of an infra-red ray When the output
from the oscillator is low there is a low voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which
turns off the switching transistor Resulting in no emission of any infra-red ray from the infra-red
emitting diode
The 4060B oscillator IC produces a stream of pulses at a frequency determined by the RC
configuration on pins 11 12 13 The frequency of oscillation is given by [4 5]
f 1 = 1(23RC) where R = 3310 3 Ω and C = 000110 -6 F
f 1 = 1(233310 3 000110 -6 ) = 1318 KHz
The pulse is connected to the base of the switching transistor (NPN 2SC945) through a
1kΩ resistor The pulse determines frequency on the infra-red beam such that itrsquos detection by
the sampler would be possible
Detection
Infra-red sensor and signal amplifier The signal from the infra-red transmitter is divided
to an infra-red sensor The sensor converts the infra-red energy into corresponding electric
current The current from the sensor diode is weak and needs extra amplification The four stage
NPN transistor amplifiers boost the intensity of the signal to a reasonable level
Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector
The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is
simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking
relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the
sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the
transmitted signal
Sampler
The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The
incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low
logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This
is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected
to clock input of the control stepper
Control Stepper and Display Unit
The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control
stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment
decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)
The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The
link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors
Control Unit
The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the
control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The
effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan
So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest
speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there
is a high value inductor in series with the load
The Power Section
It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The
relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the
7805 is used for the main circuit
4017B
The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout
[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is
advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical
ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting
sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective
time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes
a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any
succeeding stages
It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an
independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for
shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by
grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation
This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent
display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual
information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode
(LED) that make up the display
The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are
always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally
grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d
e f and g of the 7-segment display
Construction and testing
To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks
The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction
located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of
the component connection were carried out
The following steps were followed
middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not
powered
middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared
with design values
middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds
only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and
automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is
approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted
that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range
Conclusions
One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or
the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was
found to meet the expected results
The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and
the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam
which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a
change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed
Recommendation
The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its
difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding
bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out
bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply
could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the
project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the
equipment
zz1XCRQVrUg
Remote controlled Fan Regulator is used to control the speed of fan from our bed
or couch
The same circuit finds its use to control the Intensity of light at various levels
This circuit also finds it use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuit
ADVANTAGES________________________________________
This circuit is simple to use and efficient
It can be assembled with ease
It is cheap and hence very economic
It is small in size
CONCLUSION________________________________________
With the knowledge of new techniques in lsquoElectronicsrsquo we are able to make our life
more comfortable One such application of electronics is used in ldquoREMOTE
CONTROLLED FAN REGULATORrdquo
The same circuit finds its use in many more applications By this the intensity of light
can be controlled using a remote The intensity of light can be controlled in five levels
from off position to maximum intensity possible So it finds use as a night lamp by
keeping the intensity of lamp in low level
The circuit also finds its use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuitry Our
normal TV remote can be used for all these purposes So it is very useful or a real
help to old age and sick people since they can control the speed from the place
where they are sitting
We feel that our product serves something good to this world and we like to present it
before this prosperous world
Reference httpwwwseminarprojectscomThread-remote-controlled-fan-regulator-
full-project-reportix Abstract
The paper presents a simple design and implementation of a remote controlled fan
regulator It enables the user to operate a fan regulator from approximately 10
meters away The remote transmits a tone using an infrared light-emitting diode
This tone is decoded by a receiver since the receiver only switches when the tone
is received The system was broken down into simpler functional blocks namely
infra-red transmitter infra-red sensor signal amplifier control logic sampler
control stepper output control logic load and display unit Details of each subunit
are described in the paper
Keywords
Infra-red Control Receiver Transmitter Display
Introduction
Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the home or office from
a distance It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to operate a system that
would be cheap and affordable a reliable and easy to maintain system of remote control and
durable system irrespective of usage It adds more comfort to everyday living by removing the
inconvenience of having to move around to operate a fan regulator The system seeks to develop
a system that is cost effective while not under mining the need for efficiency
The first remote control called ldquolazy bonesrdquo was developed in 1950 by Zenith
Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation) The device was developed
quickly and it was called ldquoZenith space commandrdquo the remote went into production in the fall
of 1956 becoming the first practical wireless remote control device [1]
Today remote control is a standard on other consumer electronic products including
VCRs cable and satellite boxes digital video disc players and home audio players And the most
sophisticated TV sets have remote with as many as 50 buttons In year 2000 more than 99
percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD players sold are equipped with
remote controls The average individual these days probably picks up a remote control at least
once or twice a day
Basically a remote control works in the following manner A button is pressed This
completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to that button
The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which translates the signal into
infrared light The sensor on the appliance detects the infrared light and reacts appropriately
The remote controlrsquos function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate that
into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance The carrier frequency of
such infrared signals is typically around 36 kHz [3] Usually the transmitter part is constructed
so that the transmitter oscillator which drives the infrared transmitter LED can be turned onoff
by applying a TTL (transistor-transistor logic) voltage on the modulation controlled input On the
receiver side a photo transistor or photodiode takes up the signals
The approach used in this work is the modular approach where the overall design was
broken into functional block diagrams where each block in the diagram represents a section of
the circuit that carries out a specific function The system was designed using 9 functional
blocks as shown in the block diagram Figure1
Figure 1 System block diagram
System design and analysis
Transmitter
The remote control device has the task of sending the infra-red signal which is received
by the infra-red sensor Itrsquos mode of operation can be better understood through the circuit
diagram shown in Figure 2
Figure 2 Circuit of remote device
At the application of voltage from the 9v battery or when the single switch is closed the
4060B oscillator IC [2] produce high and low signals on pin 6 which is feed across the base of
the 2sc945 NPN transistor [6] When the output from the oscillator is high there is a high
voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which turns it on This permits the infra-red
emitting diode to be grounded resulting in the emission of an infra-red ray When the output
from the oscillator is low there is a low voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which
turns off the switching transistor Resulting in no emission of any infra-red ray from the infra-red
emitting diode
The 4060B oscillator IC produces a stream of pulses at a frequency determined by the RC
configuration on pins 11 12 13 The frequency of oscillation is given by [4 5]
f 1 = 1(23RC) where R = 3310 3 Ω and C = 000110 -6 F
f 1 = 1(233310 3 000110 -6 ) = 1318 KHz
The pulse is connected to the base of the switching transistor (NPN 2SC945) through a
1kΩ resistor The pulse determines frequency on the infra-red beam such that itrsquos detection by
the sampler would be possible
Detection
Infra-red sensor and signal amplifier The signal from the infra-red transmitter is divided
to an infra-red sensor The sensor converts the infra-red energy into corresponding electric
current The current from the sensor diode is weak and needs extra amplification The four stage
NPN transistor amplifiers boost the intensity of the signal to a reasonable level
Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector
The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is
simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking
relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the
sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the
transmitted signal
Sampler
The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The
incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low
logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This
is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected
to clock input of the control stepper
Control Stepper and Display Unit
The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control
stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment
decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)
The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The
link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors
Control Unit
The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the
control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The
effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan
So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest
speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there
is a high value inductor in series with the load
The Power Section
It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The
relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the
7805 is used for the main circuit
4017B
The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout
[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is
advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical
ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting
sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective
time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes
a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any
succeeding stages
It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an
independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for
shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by
grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation
This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent
display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual
information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode
(LED) that make up the display
The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are
always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally
grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d
e f and g of the 7-segment display
Construction and testing
To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks
The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction
located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of
the component connection were carried out
The following steps were followed
middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not
powered
middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared
with design values
middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds
only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and
automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is
approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted
that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range
Conclusions
One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or
the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was
found to meet the expected results
The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and
the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam
which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a
change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed
Recommendation
The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its
difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding
bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out
bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply
could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the
project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the
equipment
zz1XCRQVrUg
This tone is decoded by a receiver since the receiver only switches when the tone
is received The system was broken down into simpler functional blocks namely
infra-red transmitter infra-red sensor signal amplifier control logic sampler
control stepper output control logic load and display unit Details of each subunit
are described in the paper
Keywords
Infra-red Control Receiver Transmitter Display
Introduction
Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the home or office from
a distance It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to operate a system that
would be cheap and affordable a reliable and easy to maintain system of remote control and
durable system irrespective of usage It adds more comfort to everyday living by removing the
inconvenience of having to move around to operate a fan regulator The system seeks to develop
a system that is cost effective while not under mining the need for efficiency
The first remote control called ldquolazy bonesrdquo was developed in 1950 by Zenith
Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation) The device was developed
quickly and it was called ldquoZenith space commandrdquo the remote went into production in the fall
of 1956 becoming the first practical wireless remote control device [1]
Today remote control is a standard on other consumer electronic products including
VCRs cable and satellite boxes digital video disc players and home audio players And the most
sophisticated TV sets have remote with as many as 50 buttons In year 2000 more than 99
percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD players sold are equipped with
remote controls The average individual these days probably picks up a remote control at least
once or twice a day
Basically a remote control works in the following manner A button is pressed This
completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to that button
The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which translates the signal into
infrared light The sensor on the appliance detects the infrared light and reacts appropriately
The remote controlrsquos function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate that
into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance The carrier frequency of
such infrared signals is typically around 36 kHz [3] Usually the transmitter part is constructed
so that the transmitter oscillator which drives the infrared transmitter LED can be turned onoff
by applying a TTL (transistor-transistor logic) voltage on the modulation controlled input On the
receiver side a photo transistor or photodiode takes up the signals
The approach used in this work is the modular approach where the overall design was
broken into functional block diagrams where each block in the diagram represents a section of
the circuit that carries out a specific function The system was designed using 9 functional
blocks as shown in the block diagram Figure1
Figure 1 System block diagram
System design and analysis
Transmitter
The remote control device has the task of sending the infra-red signal which is received
by the infra-red sensor Itrsquos mode of operation can be better understood through the circuit
diagram shown in Figure 2
Figure 2 Circuit of remote device
At the application of voltage from the 9v battery or when the single switch is closed the
4060B oscillator IC [2] produce high and low signals on pin 6 which is feed across the base of
the 2sc945 NPN transistor [6] When the output from the oscillator is high there is a high
voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which turns it on This permits the infra-red
emitting diode to be grounded resulting in the emission of an infra-red ray When the output
from the oscillator is low there is a low voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which
turns off the switching transistor Resulting in no emission of any infra-red ray from the infra-red
emitting diode
The 4060B oscillator IC produces a stream of pulses at a frequency determined by the RC
configuration on pins 11 12 13 The frequency of oscillation is given by [4 5]
f 1 = 1(23RC) where R = 3310 3 Ω and C = 000110 -6 F
f 1 = 1(233310 3 000110 -6 ) = 1318 KHz
The pulse is connected to the base of the switching transistor (NPN 2SC945) through a
1kΩ resistor The pulse determines frequency on the infra-red beam such that itrsquos detection by
the sampler would be possible
Detection
Infra-red sensor and signal amplifier The signal from the infra-red transmitter is divided
to an infra-red sensor The sensor converts the infra-red energy into corresponding electric
current The current from the sensor diode is weak and needs extra amplification The four stage
NPN transistor amplifiers boost the intensity of the signal to a reasonable level
Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector
The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is
simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking
relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the
sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the
transmitted signal
Sampler
The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The
incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low
logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This
is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected
to clock input of the control stepper
Control Stepper and Display Unit
The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control
stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment
decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)
The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The
link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors
Control Unit
The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the
control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The
effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan
So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest
speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there
is a high value inductor in series with the load
The Power Section
It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The
relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the
7805 is used for the main circuit
4017B
The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout
[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is
advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical
ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting
sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective
time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes
a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any
succeeding stages
It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an
independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for
shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by
grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation
This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent
display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual
information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode
(LED) that make up the display
The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are
always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally
grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d
e f and g of the 7-segment display
Construction and testing
To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks
The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction
located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of
the component connection were carried out
The following steps were followed
middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not
powered
middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared
with design values
middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds
only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and
automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is
approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted
that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range
Conclusions
One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or
the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was
found to meet the expected results
The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and
the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam
which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a
change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed
Recommendation
The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its
difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding
bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out
bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply
could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the
project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the
equipment
zz1XCRQVrUg
The approach used in this work is the modular approach where the overall design was
broken into functional block diagrams where each block in the diagram represents a section of
the circuit that carries out a specific function The system was designed using 9 functional
blocks as shown in the block diagram Figure1
Figure 1 System block diagram
System design and analysis
Transmitter
The remote control device has the task of sending the infra-red signal which is received
by the infra-red sensor Itrsquos mode of operation can be better understood through the circuit
diagram shown in Figure 2
Figure 2 Circuit of remote device
At the application of voltage from the 9v battery or when the single switch is closed the
4060B oscillator IC [2] produce high and low signals on pin 6 which is feed across the base of
the 2sc945 NPN transistor [6] When the output from the oscillator is high there is a high
voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which turns it on This permits the infra-red
emitting diode to be grounded resulting in the emission of an infra-red ray When the output
from the oscillator is low there is a low voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which
turns off the switching transistor Resulting in no emission of any infra-red ray from the infra-red
emitting diode
The 4060B oscillator IC produces a stream of pulses at a frequency determined by the RC
configuration on pins 11 12 13 The frequency of oscillation is given by [4 5]
f 1 = 1(23RC) where R = 3310 3 Ω and C = 000110 -6 F
f 1 = 1(233310 3 000110 -6 ) = 1318 KHz
The pulse is connected to the base of the switching transistor (NPN 2SC945) through a
1kΩ resistor The pulse determines frequency on the infra-red beam such that itrsquos detection by
the sampler would be possible
Detection
Infra-red sensor and signal amplifier The signal from the infra-red transmitter is divided
to an infra-red sensor The sensor converts the infra-red energy into corresponding electric
current The current from the sensor diode is weak and needs extra amplification The four stage
NPN transistor amplifiers boost the intensity of the signal to a reasonable level
Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector
The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is
simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking
relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the
sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the
transmitted signal
Sampler
The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The
incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low
logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This
is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected
to clock input of the control stepper
Control Stepper and Display Unit
The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control
stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment
decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)
The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The
link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors
Control Unit
The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the
control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The
effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan
So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest
speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there
is a high value inductor in series with the load
The Power Section
It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The
relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the
7805 is used for the main circuit
4017B
The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout
[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is
advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical
ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting
sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective
time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes
a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any
succeeding stages
It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an
independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for
shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by
grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation
This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent
display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual
information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode
(LED) that make up the display
The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are
always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally
grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d
e f and g of the 7-segment display
Construction and testing
To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks
The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction
located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of
the component connection were carried out
The following steps were followed
middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not
powered
middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared
with design values
middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds
only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and
automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is
approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted
that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range
Conclusions
One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or
the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was
found to meet the expected results
The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and
the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam
which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a
change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed
Recommendation
The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its
difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding
bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out
bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply
could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the
project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the
equipment
zz1XCRQVrUg
At the application of voltage from the 9v battery or when the single switch is closed the
4060B oscillator IC [2] produce high and low signals on pin 6 which is feed across the base of
the 2sc945 NPN transistor [6] When the output from the oscillator is high there is a high
voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which turns it on This permits the infra-red
emitting diode to be grounded resulting in the emission of an infra-red ray When the output
from the oscillator is low there is a low voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which
turns off the switching transistor Resulting in no emission of any infra-red ray from the infra-red
emitting diode
The 4060B oscillator IC produces a stream of pulses at a frequency determined by the RC
configuration on pins 11 12 13 The frequency of oscillation is given by [4 5]
f 1 = 1(23RC) where R = 3310 3 Ω and C = 000110 -6 F
f 1 = 1(233310 3 000110 -6 ) = 1318 KHz
The pulse is connected to the base of the switching transistor (NPN 2SC945) through a
1kΩ resistor The pulse determines frequency on the infra-red beam such that itrsquos detection by
the sampler would be possible
Detection
Infra-red sensor and signal amplifier The signal from the infra-red transmitter is divided
to an infra-red sensor The sensor converts the infra-red energy into corresponding electric
current The current from the sensor diode is weak and needs extra amplification The four stage
NPN transistor amplifiers boost the intensity of the signal to a reasonable level
Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector
The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is
simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking
relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the
sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the
transmitted signal
Sampler
The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The
incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low
logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This
is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected
to clock input of the control stepper
Control Stepper and Display Unit
The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control
stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment
decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)
The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The
link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors
Control Unit
The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the
control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The
effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan
So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest
speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there
is a high value inductor in series with the load
The Power Section
It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The
relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the
7805 is used for the main circuit
4017B
The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout
[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is
advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical
ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting
sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective
time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes
a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any
succeeding stages
It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an
independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for
shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by
grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation
This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent
display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual
information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode
(LED) that make up the display
The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are
always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally
grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d
e f and g of the 7-segment display
Construction and testing
To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks
The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction
located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of
the component connection were carried out
The following steps were followed
middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not
powered
middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared
with design values
middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds
only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and
automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is
approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted
that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range
Conclusions
One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or
the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was
found to meet the expected results
The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and
the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam
which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a
change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed
Recommendation
The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its
difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding
bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out
bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply
could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the
project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the
equipment
zz1XCRQVrUg
Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector
The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is
simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking
relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the
sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the
transmitted signal
Sampler
The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The
incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low
logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This
is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected
to clock input of the control stepper
Control Stepper and Display Unit
The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control
stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment
decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)
The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The
link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors
Control Unit
The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the
control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The
effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan
So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest
speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there
is a high value inductor in series with the load
The Power Section
It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The
relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the
7805 is used for the main circuit
4017B
The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout
[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is
advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical
ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting
sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective
time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes
a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any
succeeding stages
It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an
independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for
shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by
grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation
This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent
display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual
information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode
(LED) that make up the display
The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are
always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally
grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d
e f and g of the 7-segment display
Construction and testing
To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks
The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction
located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of
the component connection were carried out
The following steps were followed
middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not
powered
middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared
with design values
middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds
only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and
automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is
approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted
that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range
Conclusions
One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or
the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was
found to meet the expected results
The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and
the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam
which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a
change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed
Recommendation
The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its
difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding
bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out
bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply
could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the
project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the
equipment
zz1XCRQVrUg
is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected
to clock input of the control stepper
Control Stepper and Display Unit
The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control
stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment
decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)
The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The
link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors
Control Unit
The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the
control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The
effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan
So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest
speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there
is a high value inductor in series with the load
The Power Section
It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The
relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the
7805 is used for the main circuit
4017B
The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout
[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is
advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical
ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting
sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective
time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes
a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any
succeeding stages
It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an
independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for
shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by
grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation
This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent
display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual
information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode
(LED) that make up the display
The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are
always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally
grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d
e f and g of the 7-segment display
Construction and testing
To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks
The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction
located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of
the component connection were carried out
The following steps were followed
middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not
powered
middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared
with design values
middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds
only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and
automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is
approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted
that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range
Conclusions
One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or
the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was
found to meet the expected results
The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and
the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam
which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a
change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed
Recommendation
The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its
difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding
bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out
bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply
could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the
project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the
equipment
zz1XCRQVrUg
shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by
grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation
This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent
display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual
information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode
(LED) that make up the display
The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are
always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally
grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d
e f and g of the 7-segment display
Construction and testing
To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks
The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction
located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of
the component connection were carried out
The following steps were followed
middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not
powered
middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared
with design values
middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds
only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and
automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is
approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted
that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range
Conclusions
One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or
the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was
found to meet the expected results
The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and
the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam
which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a
change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed
Recommendation
The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its
difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding
bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out
bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply
could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the
project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the
equipment
zz1XCRQVrUg
One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or
the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was
found to meet the expected results
The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and
the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam
which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a
change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed
Recommendation
The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its
difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding
bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out
bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply
could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the
project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the
equipment
zz1XCRQVrUg
top related