Refutation confirmation stage review
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Refutation-ConfirmationStage Review
Definition of Terms, Figures of Description, and Figures of Speech
Definition of Terms
Progymnasmata
Definition of Terms
Progymnasmataa set of rudimentary exercises to prepare students of rhetoric
for the creation and performance of complete practice orations; from the Greek, pro “before” and gymnasmata “exercises”; 14 stages, the first six of which are:
Definition of Terms
Progymnasmataa set of rudimentary exercises to prepare students of rhetoric for
the creation and performance of complete practice orations; from the Greek, pro “before” and gymnasmata “exercises”; 14 stages, the first six of which are:
FableNarrativeChreiaMaxim (i.e. Proverb)RefutationConfirmation
Definition of Terms
Recognition
Definition of Terms
RecognitionAristotle maintained that Recognition or Discovery scenes
along with Reversal scenes are the two experiences which bring the reader or audience delight.
1) It occurs when the audience suddenly becomes aware of a truth not realized previously in the story; “a change from ignorance to knowledge.”
2) It also occurs when a writer describes a truth, event or character in such a way that the reader identifies with or remembers a similar experience.
Definition of Terms
RecognitionAristotle maintained that Recognition or Discovery scenes along with
Reversal scenes are the two experiences which bring the reader or audience delight.
1) It occurs when the audience suddenly becomes aware of a truth not realized previously in the story; “a change from ignorance to knowledge.”
2) It also occurs when a writer describes a truth, event or character in such a way that the reader identifies with or remembers a similar experience.
Give one example of each kind of recognition.
Definition of Terms
Reversal
Definition of Terms
Reversal
when the high and mighty are brought low and the humble are elevated; “a change in the action”
Definition of Terms
Suffering
Definition of Terms
Suffering
a state of pain or discomfort either physical or emotional
Definition of Terms
Action
Definition of Terms
Action
corresponds to the question “what?”;the plot of the story
Definition of Terms
Agent
Definition of Terms
Agent
corresponds to the question “who?”;the characters in the story
Definition of Terms
Cause
Definition of Terms
Cause
corresponds to the question “why?”;the point of the story
Definition of Terms
Manner
Definition of Terms
Manner
corresponds to the question “how?”;how the action is described
Definition of Terms
Place
Definition of Terms
Place
corresponds to the question “where?”;where the action takes place
Definition of Terms
Time
Definition of Terms
Time
corresponds to the question “when?”;when the events of the story occurred
Definition of Terms
Chreia
Definition of Terms
Chreia(from the Greek chreiôdes, “useful”) a brief
reminiscence referring to some person in a pithy form for the purpose of edification. It takes the form of an anecdote that reports either a saying, an edifying action, or both.
Definition of Terms
Encomium
Definition of Terms
Encomiuma formal expression of praise; [also, the first paragraph head in the Chreia
essay, which praises the author of the saying (Chreia) or the saying itself (Maxim)]
Definition of Terms
Paraphrase
Definition of Terms
Paraphraseretelling the fable or narrative in a student’s own
words while amplifying through figures of description, rearranging the sequence of events, or changing characters, place, or time.
[also, the second paragraph in the Chreia essay, which provides an explanatory variation of the saying.]
Definition of Terms
Cause
Definition of Terms
Cause[Third paragraph head in Chreia essay that
provides a narrative retelling of the Chreia, demonstrating its truth]
Definition of Terms
Converse
Definition of Terms
Conversean object, idea or action which is the exact
opposite of another.[also, fourth paragraph head in the Chreia essay
that is the exact opposite of the cause paragraph]
Definition of Terms
Analogy
Definition of Terms
Analogyresemblance of relations or attributes as a
ground of reasoning; [also, the fifth paragraph head in the Chreia
essay that matches the effect of the Chreia’s action with the effect of a dissimilar action, e.g. Preparing for war results in the joy of peace as practicing soccer skills results in the joy of winning.]
Definition of Terms
Example
Definition of Terms
Examplea typical instance; a fact, etc. that forms a
particular case of a principle, rule, state of things, or the like; a person or thing that illustrates a quality
[also, sixth paragraph head in the Chreia essay that provides a particular instance of the Chreia in narrative form (e.g. historical or literary event)]
Definition of Terms
Testimony
Definition of Terms
Testimonypersonal or documentary evidence or
attestation in support of a fact or statement; hence, any form of evidence or proof.
[also, the seventh paragraph head in the Chreia essay that provides a testimony in support of the saying]
Definition of Terms
Epilogue
Definition of Terms
Epiloguethe concluding part of an oration, speech, or
written discourse, in which the speaker or writer sums up; any rhetorical conclusion to a speech; a summary. The concluding part of a literary work.
[also, the eighth and last paragraph head in the Chreia essay that addresses the audience with a challenge]
Definition of Terms
Thesis
Definition of Terms
Thesisa sentence or phrase that states the purpose of
the essay.
Definition of Terms
Clarity
Definition of Terms
Clarityargument based on whether a cause leads to its
effect.
Definition of Terms
Plausibility
Definition of Terms
Plausibilityargument based on the whether something is
likely to occur.
Definition of Terms
Possibility
Definition of Terms
Possibilityargument based on the whether something is
possible, i.e. if it could or could not happen.
Definition of Terms
Consistency
Definition of Terms
Consistencyargument based on whether a person or thing
acts according to its nature
Definition of Terms
Propriety
Definition of Terms
Proprietyargument based on the whether something is
morally right or honorable
Definition of Terms
Expediency
Definition of Terms
Expediencyargument based on usefulness or helpfulness.
On the quiz
• Be able to match the terms with their definition
On the quiz
• Be able to match the terms with their definition• Be able to identify examples of the following terms:
-Encomium, Paraphrase, Cause, Converse, Analogy, Example, Testimony
-Recognition, Reversal, Suffering-Agent, Action, Time, Place, Manner, Cause-Credit/Discredit; Clarity/Unclarity;
Plausibility/Implausibility; Possibility/Impossibility; Consistency/Inconsistency; Propriety/Impropriety; Expediency/Inexpediency
Figures of Description or Speech:identify the figure used
and give its definition
‘Farewell, Aragorn! Go to Minas Tirith and save my people! I have failed.’
‘No!’ said Aragorn, taking his hand and kissing his brow. ‘You have conquered. Few have gained such a victory. Be at peace! Minas Tirith shall not fall!’
‘Farewell, Aragorn! Go to Minas Tirith and save my people! I have failed.’
‘No!’ said Aragorn, taking his hand and kissing his brow. ‘You have conquered. Few have gained such a victory. Be at peace! Minas Tirith shall not fall!’
dialogismus– Including conversation or dialogue between two or more characters.
Here the highlands of the Emyn Muil ran from North to South in two long tumbled ridges. The western side of each ridge was steep and difficult, but the eastward slopes were gentler, furrowed with many gullies and narrow ravines. All night the three companions scrambled in this bony land, climbing to the crest of the first and tallest ridge, and down again into the darkness of a deep winding valley on the other side.
Here the highlands of the Emyn Muil ran from North to South in two long tumbled ridges. The western side of each ridge was steep and difficult, but the eastward slopes were gentler, furrowed with many gullies and narrow ravines. All night the three companions scrambled in this bony land, climbing to the crest of the first and tallest ridge, and down again into the darkness of a deep winding valley on the other side.geographia- vivid description of some feature of the earth
‘I suppose I was knocked on the head,’ he said to himself. ‘I wonder if poor Merry is much hurt. What has happened to Boromir? Why didn’t the Orcs kill us? Where are we, and where are we going?’ He could not answer the questions. He felt cold and sick. ‘I wish Gandalf had never persuaded Elrond to let us come,’ he thought. ‘What good have I been? Just a nuisance: a passenger, a piece of luggage. And now I have been stolen and I am just a piece of luggage for the Orcs. I hope Strider or someone will come and claim us!
‘I suppose I was knocked on the head,’ he said to himself. ‘I wonder if poor Merry is much hurt. What has happened to Boromir? Why didn’t the Orcs kill us? Where are we, and where are we going?’ He could not answer the questions. He felt cold and sick. ‘I wish Gandalf had never persuaded Elrond to let us come,’ he thought. ‘What good have I been? Just a nuisance: a passenger, a piece of luggage. And now I have been stolen and I am just a piece of luggage for the Orcs. I hope Strider or someone will come and claim us!
sermocinatio—speaking for someone else in the first person as they would speak; or a first-person speech (a monologue)
The twigs of the trees at its foot were stretched out stiff and still, as if reaching out to the warmth. Where all had looked so shabby and grey before, the wood now gleamed with rich browns, and with the smooth black-greys of bark like polished leather. The boles of the trees glowed with a soft green like young grass: early spring or a fleeting vision of it was about them.
The twigs of the trees at its foot were stretched out stiff and still, as if reaching out to the warmth. Where all had looked so shabby and grey before, the wood now gleamed with rich browns, and with the smooth black-greys of bark like polished leather. The boles of the trees glowed with a soft green like young grass: early spring or a fleeting vision of it was about them.
dendographia—creating an illusion of reality through the vivid description of a tree
‘Wait a minute!’ cried Gimli. ‘There is another thing that I should like to know first. Was it you, Gandalf, or Saruman that we saw last night?’
‘You certainly did not see me,’ answered Gandalf, ‘therefore I must guess that you saw Saruman. Evidently we look so much alike that your desire to make an incurable dent in my hat must be excused.’
‘Good, good!’ said Gimli. ‘I am glad that it was not you.’
(continue on next slide)
‘Wait a minute!’ cried Gimli. ‘There is another thing that I should like to know first. Was it you, Gandalf, or Saruman that we saw last night?’
‘You certainly did not see me,’ answered Gandalf, ‘therefore I must guess that you saw Saruman. Evidently we look so much alike that your desire to make an incurable dent in my hat must be excused.’
‘Good, good!’ said Gimli. ‘I am glad that it was not you.’
‘Wait a minute!’ cried Gimli. ‘There is another thing that I should like to know first. Was it you, Gandalf, or Saruman that we saw last night?’
‘You certainly did not see me,’ answered Gandalf, ‘therefore I must guess that you saw Saruman. Evidently we look so much alike that your desire to make an incurable dent in my hat must be excused.’
‘Good, good!’ said Gimli. ‘I am glad that it was not you.’
diminutio—similar to hyperbole, variation by diminutio is achieved by understatement.
...and in the midst, set upon a green terrace, there stands aloft a great hall of Men. And it seems to my eyes that it is thatched with gold. The light of it shines far over the land. Golden, too, are the posts of its doors. There men in bright mail stand; but all else within the courts are yet asleep.’
...and in the midst, set upon a green terrace, there stands aloft a great hall of Men. And it seems to my eyes that it is thatched with gold. The light of it shines far over the land. Golden, too, are the posts of its doors. There men in bright mail stand; but all else within the courts are yet asleep.’
topographia—the description of a place (which might include more than the geographia, such as buildings, streets, etc.).
‘It is dark for archery,’ said Gimli. ‘Indeed it is time for sleep. Sleep! I feel the need of it, as never I thought any dwarf could. Riding is tiring work. Yet my axe is restless in my hand. Give me a row of orc-necks and room to swing and all weariness will fall from me!’
(cont. next slide)
‘It is dark for archery,’ said Gimli. ‘Indeed it is time for sleep. Sleep! I feel the need of it, as never I thought any dwarf could. Riding is tiring work. Yet my axe is restless in my hand. Give me a row of orc-necks and room to swing and all weariness will fall from me!’
‘It is dark for archery,’ said Gimli. ‘Indeed it is time for sleep. Sleep! I feel the need of it, as never I thought any dwarf could. Riding is tiring work. Yet my axe is restless in my hand. Give me a row of orc-necks and room to swing and all weariness will fall from me!’
prosopopoeia—a synonym for the figure of speech personification, in which non-human things are ascribed human characteristics
Even as he spoke, there came forward out of the trees three strange shapes. As tall as trolls they were, twelve feet or more in height; their strong bodies, stout as young trees, seemed to be clad with raiment or with hide of close-fitting grey and brown. Their limbs were long, and their hands had many fingers; their hair was stiff, and their beards grey-green as moss.
Even as he spoke, there came forward out of the trees three strange shapes. As tall as trolls they were, twelve feet or more in height; their strong bodies, stout as young trees, seemed to be clad with raiment or with hide of close-fitting grey and brown. Their limbs were long, and their hands had many fingers; their hair was stiff, and their beards grey-green as moss.
effictio—the description of a person’s body.
‘It was the Huorns, or so the Ents call them in “short language”. Treebeard won’t say much about them, but I think they are Ents that have become almost like trees, at least to look at. They stand here and there in the wood or under its eaves, silent, watching endlessly over the trees; but deep in the darkest dales there are hundreds and hundreds of them, I believe. ‘There is a great power in them, and they seem able to wrap themselves in shadow: it is difficult to see them moving. But they do. They can move very quickly, if they are angry.
‘It was the Huorns, or so the Ents call them in “short language”. Treebeard won’t say much about them, but I think they are Ents that have become almost like trees, at least to look at. They stand here and there in the wood or under its eaves, silent, watching endlessly over the trees; but deep in the darkest dales there are hundreds and hundreds of them, I believe. ‘There is a great power in them, and they seem able to wrap themselves in shadow: it is difficult to see them moving. But they do. They can move very quickly, if they are angry.
chorographia—the vivid description of a nation or group collectively
The window closed. They waited. Suddenly another voice spoke, low and melodious, its very sound an enchantment. Those who listened unwarily to that voice could seldom report the words that they heard; and if they did, they wondered, for little power remained in them. Mostly they remembered only that it was a delight to hear the voice speaking, all that it said seemed wise and reasonable, and desire awoke in them by swift agreement to seem wise themselves. When others spoke they seemed harsh and uncouth by contrast; and if they gainsaid the voice, anger was kindled in the hearts of those under the spell.(cont. on next slide)
The window closed. They waited. Suddenly another voice spoke, low and melodious, its very sound an enchantment. Those who listened unwarily to that voice could seldom report the words that they heard; and if they did, they wondered, for little power remained in them. Mostly they remembered only that it was a delight to hear the voice speaking, all that it said seemed wise and reasonable, and desire awoke in them by swift agreement to seem wise themselves. When others spoke they seemed harsh and uncouth by contrast; and if they gainsaid the voice, anger was kindled in the hearts of those under the spell.
The window closed. They waited. Suddenly another voice spoke, low and melodious, its very sound an enchantment. Those who listened unwarily to that voice could seldom report the words that they heard; and if they did, they wondered, for little power remained in them. Mostly they remembered only that it was a delight to hear the voice speaking, all that it said seemed wise and reasonable, and desire awoke in them by swift agreement to seem wise themselves. When others spoke they seemed harsh and uncouth by contrast; and if they gainsaid the voice, anger was kindled in the hearts of those under the spell.
synecdoche—understanding the whole from the part, as point for sword; roof for house; and vice versa
‘So this is the thief!’ said Gandalf. Hastily he cast his cloak over the globe where it lay. ‘But you, Pippin! This is a grievous turn to things!’ He knelt by Pippin’s body: the hobbit was lying on his back, rigid, with unseeing eyes staring up at the sky. ‘The devilry! What mischief has he done – to himself, and to all of us?’ The wizard’s face was drawn and haggard.
He took Pippin’s hand and bent over his face, listening for his breath; then he laid his hands on his brow. The hobbit shuddered. His eyes closed. He cried out; and sat up, staring in bewilderment at all the faces round him, pale in the moonlight.
(cont. on next slide)
‘So this is the thief!’ said Gandalf. Hastily he cast his cloak over the globe where it lay. ‘But you, Pippin! This is a grievous turn to things!’ He knelt by Pippin’s body: the hobbit was lying on his back, rigid, with unseeing eyes staring up at the sky. ‘The devilry! What mischief has he done – to himself, and to all of us?’ The wizard’s face was drawn and haggard.
He took Pippin’s hand and bent over his face, listening for his breath; then he laid his hands on his brow. The hobbit shuddered. His eyes closed. He cried out; and sat up, staring in bewilderment at all the faces round him, pale in the moonlight.
‘So this is the thief!’ said Gandalf. Hastily he cast his cloak over the globe where it lay. ‘But you, Pippin! This is a grievous turn to things!’ He knelt by Pippin’s body: the hobbit was lying on his back, rigid, with unseeing eyes staring up at the sky. ‘The devilry! What mischief has he done – to himself, and to all of us?’ The wizard’s face was drawn and haggard.
He took Pippin’s hand and bent over his face, listening for his breath; then he laid his hands on his brow. The hobbit shuddered. His eyes closed. He cried out; and sat up, staring in bewilderment at all the faces round him, pale in the moonlight.
prosopographia—the vivid description of someone’s face.
Suddenly he stiffened, and stooping he gripped Sam by the arm. ‘What’s that?’ he whispered. ‘Look over there on the cliff!’ Sam looked and breathed in sharply through his teeth. ‘Ssss!’ he said. ‘That’s what it is. It’s that Gollum! Snakes and adders! And to think that I thought that we’d puzzle him with our bit of a climb! Look at him! Like a nasty crawling spider on a wall.’(cont. on next slide)
Suddenly he stiffened, and stooping he gripped Sam by the arm. ‘What’s that?’ he whispered. ‘Look over there on the cliff!’ Sam looked and breathed in sharply through his teeth. ‘Ssss!’ he said. ‘That’s what it is. It’s that Gollum! Snakes and adders! And to think that I thought that we’d puzzle him with our bit of a climb! Look at him! Like a nasty crawling spider on a wall.’
Suddenly he stiffened, and stooping he gripped Sam by the arm. ‘What’s that?’ he whispered. ‘Look over there on the cliff!’ Sam looked and breathed in sharply through his teeth. ‘Ssss!’ he said. ‘That’s what it is. It’s that Gollum! Snakes and adders! And to think that I thought that we’d puzzle him with our bit of a climb! Look at him! Like a nasty crawling spider on a wall.’
simile—a figure of speech that directly compares two different things, usually by employing the words "like" or "as"
‘We should be glad to see the Sun,’ said Frodo, ‘but we will stay here: we are too tired to go any further at present.’
‘You are not wise to be glad of the Yellow Face,’ said Gollum. ‘It shows you up.
(cont. on next slide)
‘We should be glad to see the Sun,’ said Frodo, ‘but we will stay here: we are too tired to go any further at present.’
‘You are not wise to be glad of the Yellow Face,’ said Gollum. ‘It shows you up.
‘We should be glad to see the Sun,’ said Frodo, ‘but we will stay here: we are too tired to go any further at present.’
‘You are not wise to be glad of the Yellow Face,’ said Gollum. ‘It shows you up.periphrasis—method of antonomasia becomes periphrasis if it occurs with a phrase or a number of words
Frodo quickly drew his frail grey hood close upon his head, and stepped down into the dell. Then he turned to Gollum. ‘Sméagol,’ he said, ‘I will trust you once more.
(cont. on next slide)
Frodo quickly drew his frail grey hood close upon his head, and stepped down into the dell. Then he turned to Gollum. ‘Sméagol,’ he said, ‘I will trust you once more.
Frodo quickly drew his frail grey hood close upon his head, and stepped down into the dell. Then he turned to Gollum. ‘Sméagol,’ he said, ‘I will trust you once more.autonomasia—occurs with a change of name from general to specific or vice versa
‘And this I remember of Boromir as a boy, when we together learned the tale of our sires and the history of our city, that always it displeased him that his father was not king. “How many hundreds of years needs it to make a steward a king, if the king returns not?” he asked. “Few years, maybe, in other places of less royalty,” my father answered. “In Gondor ten thousand years would not suffice.” Alas! poor Boromir. Does that not tell you something of him?’
‘And this I remember of Boromir as a boy, when we together learned the tale of our sires and the history of our city, that always it displeased him that his father was not king. “How many hundreds of years needs it to make a steward a king, if the king returns not?” he asked. “Few years, maybe, in other places of less royalty,” my father answered. “In Gondor ten thousand years would not suffice.” Alas! poor Boromir. Does that not tell you something of him?’ethopoeia—the description and portrayal of a character (natural propensities, manners, and affections, etc.).andmimesis—imitating someone’s speak, mannerisms, etc.
They stood on a wet floor of polished stone, the doorstep, as it were, of a rough-hewn gate of rock opening dark behind them. But in front a thin veil of water was hung, so near that Frodo could have put an outstretched arm into it. It faced westward. The level shafts of the setting sun behind beat upon it, and the red light was broken into many flickering beams of ever-changing colour. It was as if they stood at the window of some elven-tower, curtained with threaded jewels of silver and gold, and ruby, sapphire and amethyst, all kindled with an unconsuming fire.
(cont. on next slide)
They stood on a wet floor of polished stone, the doorstep, as it were, of a rough-hewn gate of rock opening dark behind them. But in front a thin veil of water was hung, so near that Frodo could have put an outstretched arm into it. It faced westward. The level shafts of the setting sun behind beat upon it, and the red light was broken into many flickering beams of ever-changing colour. It was as if they stood at the window of some elven-tower, curtained with threaded jewels of silver and gold, and ruby, sapphire and amethyst, all kindled with an unconsuming fire.
They stood on a wet floor of polished stone, the doorstep, as it were, of a rough-hewn gate of rock opening dark behind them. But in front a thin veil of water was hung, so near that Frodo could have put an outstretched arm into it. It faced westward. The level shafts of the setting sun behind beat upon it, and the red light was broken into many flickering beams of ever-changing colour. It was as if they stood at the window of some elven-tower, curtained with threaded jewels of silver and gold, and ruby, sapphire and amethyst, all kindled with an unconsuming fire.hydrographia—the vivid description of water
This was done, and they were led from the cave of Henneth Annûn. After they had passed the passages and stairs they felt the cool morning air, fresh and sweet, about them.
This was done, and they were led from the cave of Henneth Annûn. After they had passed the passages and stairs they felt the cool morning air, fresh and sweet, about them.anemographia—the vivid description of the wind
At that moment the rock quivered and trembled beneath them. The great rumbling noise, louder than ever before, rolled in the ground and echoed in the mountains. Then with searing suddenness there came a great red flash. Far beyond the eastern mountains it leapt into the sky and splashed the lowering clouds with crimson. In that valley of shadow and cold deathly light it seemed unbearably violent and fierce. Peaks of stone and ridges like notched knives sprang out in staring black against the uprushing flame in Gorgoroth. Then came a great crack of thunder.
(cont. on next slide)
At that moment the rock quivered and trembled beneath them. The great rumbling noise, louder than ever before, rolled in the ground and echoed in the mountains. Then with searing suddenness there came a great red flash. Far beyond the eastern mountains it leapt into the sky and splashed the lowering clouds with crimson. In that valley of shadow and cold deathly light it seemed unbearably violent and fierce. Peaks of stone and ridges like notched knives sprang out in staring black against the uprushing flame in Gorgoroth. Then came a great crack of thunder.
At that moment the rock quivered and trembled beneath them. The great rumbling noise, louder than ever before, rolled in the ground and echoed in the mountains. Then with searing suddenness there came a great red flash. Far beyond the eastern mountains it leapt into the sky and splashed the lowering clouds with crimson. In that valley of shadow and cold deathly light it seemed unbearably violent and fierce. Peaks of stone and ridges like notched knives sprang out in staring black against the uprushing flame in Gorgoroth. Then came a great crack of thunder.
onomatopoeia—the coining of a name or the formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named.
Slowly his hand went to his bosom, and slowly he held aloft the Phial of Galadriel. For a moment it glimmered, faint as a rising star struggling in heavy earthward mists, and then as its power waxed, and hope grew in Frodo’s mind, it began to burn, and kindled to a silver flame, a minute heart of dazzling light, as though Eärendil had himself come down from the high sunset paths with the last Silmaril upon his brow. The darkness receded from it, until it seemed to shine in the centre of a globe of airy crystal, and the hand that held it sparkled with white fire.
Slowly his hand went to his bosom, and slowly he held aloft the Phial of Galadriel. For a moment it glimmered, faint as a rising star struggling in heavy earthward mists, and then as its power waxed, and hope grew in Frodo’s mind, it began to burn, and kindled to a silver flame, a minute heart of dazzling light, as though Eärendil had himself come down from the high sunset paths with the last Silmaril upon his brow. The darkness receded from it, until it seemed to shine in the centre of a globe of airy crystal, and the hand that held it sparkled with white fire.astrothesia—the vivid description of stars (could include sun, moon, and planets).
On the quiz
• Be able to match the figures of description and speech with their definition.
On the quiz
• Be able to match the figures of description and speech with their definition.
• Be able to identify examples of some of these figures of description and speech.
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