Reference Desk refdesk@nova.edu (800) 541-6682 ext. 4613 1 Alvin Sherman APA Basics.

Reference Desk

refdesk@nova.edu

(800) 541-6682 ext. 4613

Alvin ShermanAlvin ShermanAPA Basics

APA Basics

• Title page

• Document format

• Quoting and citing resources

•Grammar rules

• Reference list

Agenda:

Agenda

FSEHS Style Guidelines

• Format for FSEHS written assignments:http://www.schoolofed.nova.edu/oaa/pdf/fsehs_standard_format.pdf

• Format for FSEHS dissertations http://www.schoolofed.nova.edu/arc/pdf/guidead.pdf

• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.)

• Checklist for APA Form and Stylehttp://www.schoolofed.nova.edu/arc/pdf/checklistapafs.pdf

• Top third of page Title

• Middle third of page Name Course number and CRN Name of course

• Bottom third of page Name of institution Date

Format for Title Page

What Students Need to KnowAbout APA

Student’s NameCourse code and CRN:Title of course:

Title:

byLaura Lucio Ramirez

CUR 526 24022Educational Research for Practitioners

InstitutionMonth day, year

Nova Southeastern UniversityMay 1, 2006

Example

Title:

Info on Applied Dissertation

Student’s Name

InstitutionYear

Title Page for Dissertation(Style Guide)

Title Page for Dissertation (Style Guide)

• Pagination

• Margins, fonts, line spacing

• Format of title and headings

• Numbers

• Parenthetical text citations

Document Format

• 1 inch margins

• Exception: 1½ inch left margin for dissertation.

NOTE: No running headers

Document Format (2)

Use double-spacing throughout the paper including the title

page, abstract, body of the document, reference list, appendixes,

tables, and figure captions. APA does permit single spacing within references but double spacing between references. (See p. 326

of the Publication Manual.)

Issues to Consider

Major headings require specific formatting: (a) The first word of

the heading is capitalized as well as all major words; (b) articles,

short prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions are not

capitalized; and (c) the heading is not italicized.

Other issues also need to be considered. Students and teachers

Double spaced

12 pt font

Times NewRoman orCourier

Indented

Left justified

No bolding

No underlining

No bullets

APA Formatting for NSU Class Assignments

Document Format (3)

APA Formatting for NSU Class Assignments

Issues to Consider

Use double-spacing throughout the paper including the title

page, abstract, body of the document, reference list, appendixes,

tables, and figure captions. APA does permit single spacing within references but double spacing between references. (See p. 326

of the Publication Manual.)

Issues to Consider

Major headings require specific formatting: (a) The first word of

the heading is capitalized as well as all major words; (b) articles,

short prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions are not

capitalized; and (c) the heading is not italicized.

Other issues also need to be considered. Students and teachers

Document Format (4)

Headings (APA, p. 113)

Use Level 1 Headings for the Title

Level 3 – Flush Left, Italicized, Upper andLower Case Side Heading

• Copyright

• Paraphrased quotes

• Direct quotes

• Parenthetical citations

Quotes and Parenthetical Citations

• opinions, beliefs, ideas, and theories from any source • any information obtained that is not common knowledge • direct quotes of the words used verbatim • summarized or paraphrased ideas

Cite the following:

Note: Re-submitting the identical paper for assignments in two different classes is considered plagiarism. If you want to refer to specific ideas presented in a previous paper you wrote, cite it!

Cite the following:

When citing a specific part of a resource or using a direct quote, provide the page number:

All of them were victims of “cyberterrorism” (Stonebraker, 2004, p. 237). Vest (2006) reported that "empirical research verified compliance" (p. 48).

In another case, Scanlon, Gallego, Duran, and Reyes (2005) found that the results should be “based on assumptions that individuals are capable of self-directed and self-initiated learning” (pp. 40-41).

See APA, pp. 213-214

When citing a specific part of a resource or using a direct quote, provide the page number

No page number is used in the parenthetical citation if paraphrasing:

Freud's writing on the topic of dreams (as cited in Steinbrecker, Jones, & Acevedo, 1997) emphasized....

in a definition (Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 2001).

A couple of experiments (Eifrig, 1976; Skinner, 1956) found....

The Web site did not support the data (Wienhorst, n.d.).

See APA manual, pp. 207-213

No page number is used in the parenthetical citation if paraphrasing

1. The theory (Smith, Brown, and Jones, 2002)or

2. The theory (Smith, Brown, & Jones, 2002)

1. Two research studies (Quinlan, 2002; Barnes, 2005) or

2. Two research studies (Quinlan, 2002, & Barnes, 2005)

1. MacDougall (2004, p. 34) stated that “the Information Literacy Model needed to be implemented”.

or2. MacDougall (2004) stated that “the Information Literacy

Model needed to be implemented” (p. 34). or3. MacDougall (2004) stated that “the Information Literacy

Module need to be implemented.” (34)

Examples

“Instructors may or may not want to require an abstract for class assignments. The

abstract is a one-paragraph summary or overview of the paper and should summarize

the essential content of the paper” (Tunon, 2006, p. 34).

Direct quote for less than 40 words:

Block quote (more than 40 words):

Students at Nova Southeastern University have faced challenges in learning how to

use APA formatting. When discussing the challenges, Strunk (1922) stated:

Use quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the title of a book, journal, brochure, or report when used in the body of the paper. Use a short title in the parenthetical citation or complete title if the title is short. NOTE Non-periodical titles like books and book titles have all the important words capitalized in the text citations, but these same book titles do not have all the important words capitalized in the reference list. (p. 342)

Callahan (2001), however, says ….

(NOTE: FSE uses single space, but APA uses double spacing.)

Note where the periods go!

Direct quote and Block quote examples

Paraphrase < 50% and include cite

When President Bush signed the No Child Let Behind (NCLB) Act into law, it was the country’s most comprehensive education reform of federal education policy in years. NCLB is the foundation for education reforms and the president’s attempt to strengthen the system of education in the U.S.

“Signed into law in January 2002 by President George W. Bush, the No Child Let Behind (NCLB) Act signaled the nation’s most sweeping education reform of federal education policy in decades. NCLB laid the groundwork for education reforms and the president’s attempt to strengthen America’s education system” (Smith, 2004, p. 212). Should be block quote

When President Bush signed the No Child Let Behind (NCLB) Act into law, it was the country’s most comprehensive education reform of federal education policy in years. NCLB is the foundation for education reforms and the president’s attempt to strengthen the system of education in the U.S.

No citation

President Bush’s the No Child Let Behind (NCLB) Act was signed into law in January of 2002. The law provided the most sweeping education changes in the United States in decades and provided a foundation for strengthening educational policy at the national level for years to come (Smith, 2004).

Parenthetical text citation

50% rule

Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD) American Psychological Association (APA) Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS)Fischler School of Education and Human Services (FSEHS)Nova Southeastern University (NSU)

Abbreviations and Acronyms:• Spell out first time• Must use abbreviation thereafter

Use sparingly

See APA manual, pp. 103-106Abbreviations and Acronyms

• Use figures for numbers 10 and above: 343 students in 26 classes

• The numbers between one and nine should be spelled out: A total of six experiments went awry.

Exceptions• Numbers above and below 10 grouped for comparison: 3 of 15 students The school needs 4 teachers and 11 staff people.

• Numbers representing time, dates, and age 3 months ago, April 8, 1 hr 10 min

Numbers: See APA pp. 122-125

Numbers

• Numbers denoting a specific place in a series, book, or table Table 5, Session 3page 2

• Use words for numbers below 10 that do not represent precise measurements: eight itemsnine pages

• Use words for numbers beginning a sentence, title, or heading: Twenty-four percent complied, and 6% did not answer the question.Nineteen students improved.

Numbers, cont.More exceptions:

Numbers (2)

1. Ten students ate in the cafeteria. or2. 10 students ate in the cafeteria.

1. The seventh grade went on a field trip. or2. The 7th grade went on a field trip.

1. Students in Grades 4 and 5 took the test. or2. Students in grades 4 and 5 took the test. or3. Students in grades four and five took the test.

1. The 7th grade did better than the 10th grade. or2. The seventh grade did better than the tenth grade. or3. The seventh grade did better than the 10th grade.

Examples

• Role playing• High anxiety• Seventh grade

• Role-playing technique• High-anxiety situations• Seventh-grade students

• Type II error• Post hoc comparisons

Compound-Adjectives

See APA manual, p. 91

1. These fourth graders need to study. or2. These fourth-grade students need to study. or3. These students in Grade 4 need to study. or4. These 4th-grade students need to study more than the 10th-grade students.

1. The 11th grade was busy. or2. The 11th grade was busy.

1. The store closed three months ago. or2. The store closed 3 months ago.

Examples

• Between independent clauses:

Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home.• Series of three or more

Jane, Dick, and Harry argued about money.• Nonessential or nonrestictive clauses

Direct TV, which is available in south Florida, offers some nice features.

CommasUse commas:

• Not to separate a compound predicate Jane baked a cake and worked on her homework.

1. The cat ran, but the dog sat down. or2. The cat ran but the dog sat down.

1. Methods, theories, and logic all need to be examined. or2. Methods, theories and logic all need to be examined.

1. The literature review evaluates and synthesizes resources. or2. The literature review evaluates, and synthesizes resources.

1. Empirical studies, also called hard evidence, are important. or2. Empirical studies also called hard evidence are important.

Examples

• Periods at the end of a sentence:

Students’ scores improved. The study demonstrated that …

• Colons: For example, the colon should…

• In citations – Brown, J. D. (2003). The …

Only One Space after Punctuation

NOTE: Use the find and replace feature in Word to change two spaces to one space.

• Electronic Media Spelling Guide– e-journal– e-mail– Internet– online– PDF– URL– Web

APA Web Site:http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html

1. The students went on the Internet and searched the Web. or2. The students went on the internet and searched the web. or3. The students went on the Internet and searched the web. or4. The students went on the internet and searched the Web.

1. Go online and send an e-mail message to the instructor. or2. Go on-line and send an e-mail message to the instructor. or3. Go online and send an email message to the instructor. or4. Go on-line and send an email message to the instructor.

Examples

What about using citation software?

Ahah! What about using citation software?

References

Citation format?

http://citationmachine.net/

Example: CitationMachine

Example: RefWorks

Penny M Beile, David N Boote, Elizabeth Killingsworth. (2004). A microscope or a mirror?: A question of study validity regarding the use of dissertation citation anlysis for evaluating research collections. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 30(5), 347-353. Retrieved , from Research Library database. (Document ID: 737514991).

Example: ProQuest

• https://www.nova.edu/common-lib/ISI/

• http://www.nova.edu/library/dils/tutorials/endnote/

EndNote

Beile, P. M., Boote, D. N., & Killingsworth, E. K. (2003, April). Characteristics of education doctoral dissertation references: An inter-institutional analysis of review of literature citations. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL. (ERIC No. ED478598) Retrieved February 1, 2006, from ERIC database.

Example: EndNote

No Short Cut for Learning the APA Rules

References

• Page entitledReferences

• Hanging indentations

• Single space in citations

• Double space between citations

• Use italics, do not underline

• Alphabetical order by author Then by date Then by article title

Jones, R. N., del Rio, J. A., Humenik, J. A., García, E. O., & Ramírez, A. M. (2001). Citation mining: Integrating text mining and bibliometrics for research user profiling. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 52, 1148-1156.

Kushkowski, J. D. (1985). Master's and doctoral thesis citations: Analysis and trends of a longitudinal study. Portal, 3, 459-479. Retrieved March 20, 2006, from Education Full Text database.

Kushkowski, J. D. (1999a). Identifying uniform core journal titles for music libraries: A dissertation citation study. College & Research Libraries, 60(2), 153-163.

Kushkowski, J. D. (1999b). Measuring the use and value of electronic journals and books. Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship. Retrieved July 10, 2004, from Expanded Academic Index database.

Kushkowski, J. D., & Smith, D. (1982). Library research skills for your dissertation. Denver, CO: Libraries Unlimited.

Morner, C. J. (1995). Measuring the library research skills of education doctoral students. In R. AnRhein (Ed.), Continuity & transformation: The promise of confluence. Proceedings of the Seventh National Conference of the Association of College and Research Libraries, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, March 29-April 1, 1995 (pp. 381-391). Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries.

Norton, M. J. (2000). Introductory concepts in information science. Medford, NJ: Information Today.

O'Connor, D. O., & Voos, H. (2005). Empirical laws, theory construction, and bibliometrics. In J. Smith & B. B. Jones, New adventures on the Web. Springfield, MA: Springer Verlag.

Format for References