Re-Inventing Microgrid Power Systems for Net Zero Buildings

"Re-Inventing Microgrid Power Systems for Net Zero Buildings”

Brian T. Patterson, IEEE – EMerge AllianceDouglas B. Hamborsky, AIA – Nextek Power SystemsGregory Reed, Ph.D. – University of PittsburghNana Wilberforce – PNC Financial Services

A217

Credit(s) earned on completion of this course will be reported to AIA CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request.

This course is registered with AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner ofhandling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.

Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

Described as ‘The Next Big Thing’ in electrical energy, this course will explain the underlying interconnection infrastructures and technologies that make a network of electric power microgrids – the ENERNET - work within buildings and on building campuses. Sometimes referred to as ‘inside the meter’ microgrids, electric power microgrids are inherently scalable, from personal desktops to utility scale. The focus of this course is on those used in buildings and their relationship to utility power grids. It is in buildings that the challenge of powering the ‘Internet of Things’ will take place, and where the sole reliance on hundred year old AC power technology is increasing becoming wasteful and technically inadequate.

The course will give a basic understanding of the concepts involved and what technical characteristics of building/campus level microgrids can be leveraged to achieve net zero energy use. Several strategies that can allow a green building design professional to get involved in the continued growth and deployment of the Enernet from a building design and construction perspective are presented. The course will include a live demonstration of a wirelessly controlled room level microgrid powered by LVDC as typically sourced from a site based solar PV system.

As an added feature, Dr. Gregory Reed, PhD , professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Pittsburgh's Swanson School of Engineering, and Director for Pitt's Center for Energy in the Swanson School, will give a brief overview of the Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid activities at Pitt’s new Energy Innovation Center in downtown Pittsburgh. The Center is expected to be a continuing resource for course related work and additional educational opportunities for interested participants. Also, at the conclusion of the course, a case study report on the Net Zero Solar Powered PNC Branch Bank in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida will be given.

Course Description

Learning Objectives

1. demonstrate a basic understanding of efficient, resilient hybrid power

microgrids for use in Commercial, Residential and Off-grid Building

2. understand and address the specific challenges and benefits of utilizing new hybrid utility / on-site power sourcing, storage and use technologies within buildings

3. make a preliminary evaluation of and decide on applicability of the design and construction of hybrid power systems for commercial, residential and off-grid buildings

4. understand the composition of and describe the basic operational modes of a hybrid ac/dc microgrid power system

At the end of the this course, participants will be able to:

The Big Picture

The ENERNETGrid to chip…and back again

Brian T. Patterson, IEEEPresidentEMerge AllianceGoverning & Founding Member - EMerge Alliance

Smart GridEminent DomainSynchronizationFrequency ControlVoltage MaintenanceReactive Power (VARs)Spinning ReservesPeaking Turbines

Renewable Energy Sources (RES)Solar (PV) – Wind - Fuel CellsMicro-turbines - Combined Heat & Power Distributed Energy Resources (DER)Clean EnergyEnergy Storage

SSL - EfficiencySmart ControlsDigital Devices – IoTAC/DC Power ConversionFast Charge Electric VehiclesSmart BuildingsZero Net Energy (ZNE)

Remote Power AccessOff-gridIslandingMicrogridsLoad ShiftingDemand ResponseNet Metering

Power System ResiliencyElectro-Magnetic PulsesBrownouts-BlackoutsTerrorismExtreme WeatherPower QualityLinear Dynamic Failure

Over Dependency on Fossil Fuel SourcesCoal & Oil is leading to Increased Use of NG, Nuclear, Solar, Wind

Increasing Demand – Decreasing SupplyDespite Conservation Efforts – Use Grows at Double-Digit Rates

Resistance to New Centralized Infrastructure“Don’t Tread On Me”

Growing Problems of Quality and Resiliency There’s no easy answers for the existing grid

SANDY

Category 3

EMP

5KnT/min.

A Rising Population with No Electricity More Than 1/4 of the World Has No Electricity

Just imagine a life without …

Electric lighting or pumped water

Electric stoves, ovens, microwaves

Electric heaters, fans or air conditioners

Electro-mechanical Refrigeration

TV Cell phones, tablets or computers

Electric and electronic medical devices

Lighted schools, hospitals or clinics

Electric tools or machines

Electric transportation

Automated industry or agriculture

Electronic bank or financial transactions

62,500 1,700,000,000

Solution:

The ENERNET

Combining ideal solutions with key virtues learned from the Internet

Transforming Traditional Power Gridsto an ENERNET Mesh Topology:

Integrated Mesh NetworkCluster Tree Network

Community Microgrid

Building ServicesPower Storage & Control

Factory or WarehouseIndustrial Space

Outdoor SourcesOffice & Occupied Space

Data Center

Commercial Campus Microgrid

Wind Farm

Solar Farm

Sub-station

Sub-station

Commercial Campus

Microgrid

Community Microgrids

Peaking Power Plant

Utility-Scale Microgrids

The ENERNET

The Complete Enernet

Nanogrids, Microgrids and Macrogrids Organized into an Increasingly

Expansive and Inclusive Tiered Framework

The ENERNET

Macrogrids

National

Tier 3Regional

MicrogridsCommunity

Tier 2Campus

Nanogrids Building Tier 1

Level, Room, Device Area

But who will manage the Enernet?

Public Utility? Local Service Provider?

You?Cloud Service Provider?

All of the Above…

Your Public Utility? A Local Service Provider?

You?A Cloud Based Service Provider?

Using a Transactive Power Management Framework

From:

• Hierarchical centralized systems

require human intervention

• Massive complexity and decision

rates exceed human capability.

To:

• Semi-autonomous energy management systems as “agent.’

• Customizable economic and control mechanisms.

• User defined parameters

Predicted Transition to a market driven Transactive Energy Framework

Source: GridWise Architecture Council

Transactive Power Management Framework Timing

The ENERNET

Flexible, clean, efficient, resilient, affordable and sustainable energy infrastructure

Lessons Learned from

100+ Test, Beta, & Production SitesCommercial, Residential, Data Center Applications

NextHomeCampion HomesDetroit. MI

Electric Function AC Microgrid Hybrid DC Microgrid

Power Sources(Solar / Wind / Fuel Cell / CHP/ grid)

AC + DC to AC DC + AC to DC

Power Storage(Battery / Thermal Electric)

IN: DC + AC DC + DC

OUT: DC to AC

IN: DC

OUT: DC

Distribution/Wiring(Conduit / Wiring / Circuit Protection)

AC + DC to AC DC

Loads/Devices/Outlets(Lighting / Motors / Pumps / IT

Security / Appliances / Desktop)

AC + AC to DC DC + DC to AC

Controls/Monitoring(Wired / Wireless)

AC to DC DC

Total Frequency Conversion Points 6 2

Microgrids require Power Conversions

Notes: •Frequency conversions are generally much less efficient than simple voltage conversions•Conversion efficiency is almost always better at higher voltages and currents•Wire Size favors DC at equivalent voltages

Status Quo…

AC Grid

AC Bus

DC storage

AC

DC

Common Building

Loads (80%DC)

ACDC

DC

AC

ACDC

ACDC

ACDC

AC

DC

AC

Typical

Conversion

Loss

DC

AC

4% to

8% Loss

2% to 10%

loss

4% to

8% Loss

4% - 8%

4% to

8% Loss

12% to

20% loss

15% to

20% loss

3% to 10%

loss

V

F

D

A Better Way…

AC GridDC Bus

DC storage

DC

DC

DC / Semiconductor

Based Loads

DC

DC

• Higher Efficiency

• Minimal Conversion Loss

• Lower Operating Expense

• Safer

• Fewer Components

• More Reliable

• Less Real Estate

• Reduced Carbon Footprint

3% to 5%

loss

2% to 5%

loss

ACDCDC

ACDCDC

2% to 5%

loss

0% to 2%

loss

3% to 6%

loss

3% to 6%

loss

V

F

D 0% loss

ACDCDC

1% to 5%

loss

LVDCMicrogrid System

Design/SpecificationDouglass B. Hamborsky, AIADirector, Design and Integration ServicesNextek Power SystemsGoverning Member – EMerge Alliance

Q: Where to start? A: A Design Charrette

First Step – Determine Scale

Smaller Scale:• AC &/or DC In• 24v DC Loads

Larger Scale:• AC & / or DC In

• 380v DC Bus• 380v DC and

• 24v DC Loads

Construction Documents

Typical 24v DC Solution

CLARIFICATION!24v DC Fixtures and Devices May

Be EITHER Connected To An Energized Ceiling OR Directly Connected OR A Combination

of Both

Design and Product Resources From EMerge And It’s Members …

How About A Design Example?

A 10,000 sf Office Setting…

The Lighting Solution… Same as AC

Now The DC Power…

Hybrid Distribution: Energized Ceiling Grid + Direct Connect Fixtures

Full Featured Control Solution…All The Bells & Whistles… Occupancy Sensors / Photo Sensors / Dimming / Local

Switch Control / & More…

…Remarkably Unremarkable!

DC LED Lighting w/ Energized Ceiling Grid

Retail Grocery Store

DC Fluorescent Lighting

w/ Energized Ceiling Grid

Engineering Office

Wireless at the Fringe

IPv6(6loWPAN) • IPv6 Overview – The Technology

• IPv6 Controls – Applications , Features

• IPv6 Design / Specification

• IPv6 Installation / Commissioning

• System Case Studies

IPv6OVERVIEW

THE TECHNOLOGY

IPv6 Overview – The Technology

IEEE 802.15.4

IPv6 Overview – The Technology

IPv6 Overview – The Technology

Internet of Things

• Two-way communication MESH NETWORK

• Access to the Internet (Cloud) via a Gateway

IPv6 Overview – The Technology

• Expanded functionality

• Remote options

• Future upgrades

• System tools

IPv6 Overview – The Technology

IPv6APPLICATIONS /

FEATURES

IPv6 Controls – Applications, Features

Robust Lighting Control!

FROM THIS…

THIS !

TO

IPv6 Controls – Applications, Features

Wirelessly Control Your Fixtures…

(So??? I am already doing that!)

IPv6 Controls – Applications, Features

• System access AND control from multiple internet enabled devices(phones / tablets / computers)

• Energy Monitoring / Dashboard Display / Analytics

AND…

(So??? I am already doing that!)

IPv6 Controls – Applications, Features

• Ability to customize scenes, automated actions, granular control options

AND…

(So??? I am already doing that!)

IPv6 Controls – Applications, Features

AND…CONTROL YOUR SAFE DC POWER FROM THE SOURCE!

WITHOUT Power Packs or Relays!!!

IPv6 Controls – Applications, Features

• BMS Interface via BacNET

• Remote System Troubleshooting / Repair

• Used with multiple small form factor devices

• Meter Grade Power Monitoring

• Growing use by IoT pioneers

• Expanding radio protocols / options

• Future Technologies….

AND EVEN MORE…

IPv6DESIGN /

SPECIFICATION

IPv6 Design / Specification

The CORE Wireless Hardware Portfolio

• Internet Gateway / Router

• Wall Switches

• Motion and Light Sensors

• Dimming Controllers

• Electronic Switches / Relays

• Internet Enabled Personal Devices:(Phone / Tablet / PC)

IPv6 Design / Specification

Define The Functional Needs By Area (Narrative)

• Define Area

• Define Transmitter

• Define Receiver

• Define Items Controlled

• Define Type Of Control

IPv6 Design / Specification

Sample Narrative

CONTROLS NARRATIVE

Room / Area Type

SKY Control

Transmitter(s)

Control

Receiver(s) Items Controlled / How Man

On

/Off

Tim

ed

On

/Off

*

Mo

tio

n O

n/O

ff

Au

to T

ime O

ff

Dim

Open Office / Corridors - General Switch PSM Channels / Fixtures within defined area X X

Open Office - Daylight Perimeter M&L SKY Dim 0-10 Fixtures connected to SKY Dim X X

Private Office Switch + M&L PSM Channels / Fixtures within defined area X X X 15

Conference / Meeting Rooms Switch + M&LPSM or SKY Dim

0-10 As noted

Channels or Fixtures connected to SKY

DimX X 15 X

Break Rooms Switch + M&LPSM or SKY Dim

0-10 As noted

Channels or Fixtures connected to SKY

DimX X 15 X

Large Rest Rooms

Switch + Command

connected to Dual

Tech Occ Sensor

PSM Channels / Fixtures within the area X X 15

Small Rest Rooms Switch + M&L PSM Channels / Fixtures within the area X X 15

Storage / Utility Switch PSM Channels / Fixtures within the area X 5

* Timed On / Off is expected to be from 6am until 6pm. Will confirm with client

IPv6 Design / Specification

Shop Drawings – Specific Device Assignments

IPv6 Design / Specification

Shop Drawings – Specific Device Assignments

IPv6INSTALLATION /

COMMISSIONING

All SAFE, Low Volt Class 2 Wiring…

IPv6 INSTALLATION / COMMISSIONING

IPv6 INSTALLATION / COMMISSIONING

Remote Device Association / Commissioning Tools

CONTROLS NARRATIVE

Room / Area Type

Control

Transmitter(s) Control Receiver(s) Items Controlled / How Man

On

/Off

Tim

ed

On

/Off

*

Mo

tio

n O

n/O

ff

Au

to T

ime O

ff

Dim

Notes

Open Office - GeneralTrio (replaced keyed

Timed Switch )PSM Channels / Fixtures within the area X X

May add motion sensing in

future

Open Office - Daylight Perimeter ML Light SKY Dim 0-10 Fixtures connected to SKY Dim X X

Private Office Medley PSM Channels / Fixtures within the area X X X 15

Conference / Meeting Rooms Trio and ML MotionPSM or SKY Dim 0-10

As noted

Channels or Fixtures connected to

SKY DimX X 15 X

Break Rooms Trio and ML MotionPSM or SKY Dim 0-10

As noted

Channels or Fixtures connected to

SKY DimX X 15 X

Large Rest Rooms

Trio and

Wattstopper Motion

connected to

Command

PSM Channels / Fixtures within the area X X 15

Small Rest Rooms Medley PSM Channels / Fixtures within the area X X 15

Corridor / Lobby / PassTrio (replaced keyed

Timed Switch )PSM Channels / Fixtures within the area X

Storage / Utility Trio PSM Channels / Fixtures within the area X ? Discuss Auto Off?

* Timed On / Off is expected to be from 6am until 6pm. Will confirm with client

CONTROLS NARRATIVE

A Cost Discussion

INITIAL COST ADVANTAGES:

• REDUCED LABOR HOURS (Class 2 Wiring)

• REDUCED LABOR RATE (Low Volt Trades)

• ACCELERATED DEPRECIAITON OPTION

• INEXPENSIVE INTEGRATED WIRELESS CONTROLS

TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP (TCO) ADVANTAGES:

• MAXIMUM EFFICENCY

• REDUCED ENERGY COSTS

• REDUCED MAINTENANCE

• REDUCED RECONFIGURATION COSTS

SYSTEM CASE STUDIES

Bedrock (Quicken Loans – Detroit, MI)

• 3 Floors of Class A

Office Space

• 14th Floor:T8 Fluorescent – No Controls

• 15th Floor:LED Retro Tube – No controls

• 16th Floor:LED Retro Tube – W IPv6

controls

• Dramatic Energy

Savings

75%!

• Recognized by

Americas Green

Challenge

(White House Initiative)

System Case Studies

State of Michigan – Flint Office Bldg.

• Deep Renovation of 7 Story Office Bldg.

• 110,000sf of 24v DC LED Lighting

• 70,000sf of DC Energized Ceiling

• IPv6 Wireless Lighting Control

• Complete Early 2016

System Case Studies

NextEnergy Center – Detroit …

380v DC Microgrid

380v DC Bus

380v DC Data Center

30kW Rectifier

23,300sf of 24v DC Lighting

IPv6 Wireless Controls

16kW of PV Solar

High Bay Lighting

System Case Studies

LVDCMicrogrid System

Case StudyNana WilberforceVice President – Energy ManagementPNC Financial ServicesMember – EMerge Alliance Advisory Council

PNC Better Buildings Challenge Goals

30% energy reduction in 26 million

square feet by 2020 across 3,200

properties, both retail bank branches

and corporate offices

PNC Banking on Net Zero

Uses 50% of traditional branch – annually produces a surplus of electric energy

Directly Solar Powered Lighting

Direct Solar Powered 24Vdc Low Voltage LED Lighting

55 kW DC PV system provides more power than the branch uses.

DC FLEXZONE CEILING, LEDLIGHTING & OCCUPANCY

SENSORS

DC PHOTOVOLTAICS

DIFFUSED DAYLIGHTING

DC PHOTOVOLTAICS

NATIVE PLANTS,

IRRIGATION &

GROUNDWATER

INFILTRATION

PNC Financial Services Group Inc. announced the debut of its new net-zero energy bank branch during first quarter 2013 in Fort Lauderdale, Fla.

PNC branch exceeds LEED Platinum certification and is PNC’s most energyefficient building, using 50 percent less energy than a typical branch.

VEGETATIVE WALL

ENERGY RECOVERY UNIT

Uses DC Interior Lighting Nanogrid

• Low Voltage DC LED Fixtures

• Power directly from on-site solar

• 50% less Energy than equivalent Branch Bank

• Future ENERNET Node

DC Technologies and Microgrid System

ResearchDr. Gregory ReedProfessor – University of Pittsburgh, Swanson School of EngineeringDirector – Pitt Center for Energy and Electric Power Systems LabDirector – DOE Grid Technologies CollaborativeChief Science Advisor & Governing Board Member – EMerge Alliance

University of PittsburghAnswering the Call for Energy Innovation

Pittsburgh

Mission: Engage corporate and community leaders, align workforce development and education, develop and demonstrate technology, and incubate businesses, to

support emerging clean and sustainable energy markets

University of PittsburghSwanson School of Engineering

Energy Labs @ the EIC

• Electric Power Technologies Lab,

focused on advanced electric power grid and energy generation, transmission, and

distribution-system technologies; power electronics and control technologies;

renewable energy systems and integration; smart grid technologies and applications;

and energy-storage development.

• Next Generation Energy Conversion & Storage Technologies Lab,

focused on energy conversion and storage including high energy and power density

rechargeable battery systems, photo electrochemical systems for harnessing solar

energy for water splitting, and high power density charge storage systems.

• High-Temperature Corrosion Testing Lab, focused on the assessment and development of materials

needed for harsh service environments.

• Pitt Incubator Labs, will provide affordable space for start-ups launched by

faculty and students at Pitt.

University of PittsburghSwanson School of Engineering

Energy Labs @ the EIC

23 kV Bus – substation primary bus

15 kV Bus – unregulated

23 kV – 15 kV 5 MVAVFI + Fuse Link

3 PH 15 kV Bus – regulated

15 kV – 5 kV 1 MVAVFI+ Fuse Link

15 kV Bus Indoor

MV INDOOR AND OUTDOOR AREAS

5 kV Bus Indoor

R

RBB

ShuntCap

Bank

F

S S

15kV /480V

1 MVA

3x, 1Ø15kV /120-240V

25 kVA

F

15kV /480V

225 kVA

3x, 1Ø15kV /120-240V

10 kVA

3x, 1Ø 15kV /120-240V

10 kVA

S S

AC

DC

1

2

3

4 5 6 7

A

A Amp Guard Fused VFI

R Recloser

S Sectionalizer

A

5 kV Return

480 Vac / 1000 Vdc

1 MVA

F Fused Cutouts

D Air Switch/Disconnect

B MV Breaker

60A Resi Panels 1/2/31-Phase 240-120V

60A Resi Panels 4/5/61-Phase 240-120V

200A Panel (Resi)3-Phase – 208/120V

MCCReturnFrom

LV motors

4160V/480V

1 MVA

3x, 1Ø15kV /277-480V

75 kVA

500 HP

A

5 kV Aux Loads

F F

R R

MV OUTDOOR

AREA

B

AC

AC

SoftStarter

500 HP

B A

8

LV AC BUSES LV DC BUSES

Programmable and Aux

1 kVdc Loads

1kVdc Switchboard

Programmable and Aux 1 kVdc Loads

Programmable and Aux 1 kVdc Loads

3

380 Vdc Panelboard8

DC

DC

PV Connection Transfer Switch

Aux Connection for PV Converter

AC or DC InterfaceTransfer Switch

To Inverter on Bus 4 Programmable and Aux

380 Vdc Loads

Load Types:

- Programmable Loads- Battery Storage- Motors & Drives- Load banks- Small Wind Turbines

Load Types:

- Programmable Loads- Battery Storage- Motors & Drives- Lighting- Load Banks- Small Wind Turbines- 24V and 48V DC Buses

480 V Switchboard1

AC

DC

DC

AC

Micro-wind generation

AC

AC

MAC

DC

3

480 V Panelboard

AC

AC

M

4

AC

DC

From PV by (3)

480 V Panelboard

AC

AC

M

6

G

Microturbine (or CHP system)

480 Vac / 1000 Vdc

1 MVA

DC

DCD

1000VPanelboard

1000V Panelboard

100 HP(x2)

AC

AC

M

50 HP 75 HP

AC

AC

M

50 HP 75 HP

Electric Power Technologies Lab: One-Line Diagram of Grid Infrastructure Plan

(AC network: 23-kV/15-kV/4.16-kV/480-V > system)

(DC network – 1.5-kV/380-V > system)

Pittsburgh District Energy Initiative- Goal: Largest District Energy Eco-System in N.A.- Resiliency, Reliability, Sustainability, Security, Economics

Pittsburgh Microgrids and DC Development

Pittsburgh Microgrids and DC Development

Pitt-Ohio Express Harmar Facility- Renewable DC Energy (Solar/Wind) and Storage System- Innovative DC-based design and operation / future expansion plans

Pittsburgh Microgrids and DC Development

Duquesne Light Microgrid at Wood’s Run- Distributed Energy Development/Integration- Multiple resources/loads, AC and DC aspects, demonstration

Woods Run Campus

Preble AvenueService Center

New Manchester Facility

See our microgrid demonstrations at:

Solar Power International and

Greenbuild 2016

Questions / Discussion

Thank you!

This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course

Beth A. Murphy

Membership & Program Support

717-612-2863

help@emergealliance.org

www.emergealliance.org