Ranking Light to Heavy Rare Earth Deposits Worldwide

Ranking and evaluating light to heavy rare earth deposits worldwide

exploration considerations to economic assessment

Mushghi

Khudag

Mongolia

David Lentz amp Anthony N Mariano

Major Considerations

Assuming a favourable political climate and good logistics conditions determining the viability of deposits that can compete in the world market are as followshellip

1) Mineralogy and favourable lanthanide distribution

2) Grade and tonnage

3) Amenability to mining and mineral processing at low costs and successful chemical cracking of the individual lanthanides for their isolation

4) Acceptable low values of accompanying deleterious impurities

5) Minimum impact on the environment

Any lower production costs can significantly reduce the grade requirements

USGS facts

106 107 108 109 1010

Tonnes

of Ores

Richardson amp Birkett

GSCCarbonatites

Tonnes

of ore Richardson amp Birkett

GSCPeralkalic

Tonnes

Peralkalic

Kvanefjeld REE-U deposit Ilimaussaq Complex

This new resource statement estimates the inventory of contained metal within

a 457 Mt

ore body to be 491 Mt

of Total Rare Earth Oxide (TREO) 099 Mt and Zinc 012 Mt of Uranium Oxide (283 Mlbs) and 309 Mt of NaF

bull Indicated amp Inferred 457 Mt0028 U3O8 107 TREO 022 Zn at a015 U3O8 cut off

Kvanefjeld REE-U deposit

Model for Peralkalic Magma Systems

BrecciasBrecciasBrecciasdiatremesdiatremesdiatremes

Contact pegmatiteContact pegmatiteapliteaplite

EndograniticEndograniticpegmatitepegmatite

Late Late apliteaplite--pegmatitepegmatitedike(sdike(s))

APLITERiebeckiteK-feldsparZircon(Baddellyite)Nb-Fe oxideAeschyniteFergusoniteEuxeniteREE carbonate

WelsfordWelsford Dyke swarmsDyke swarms

Welsford

Marsh (1995)

Major Rare Earth Sources

Mineral

Composition

Occurrence

Bastnaumlsite

(Ce) (REE) CO3

Carbonatites

Monazite (Ce) (REE) PO4

Beach Sands Hydrothermal

Xenotime

(Y) (YREE) PO4

Loparite

(Ce) (REENaCa) (Ti NbTa)O3

Alkaline igneous massif

South China Clays (Ion-adsorbed REE+Y in Clays)

Uraninite

(REE and Y mdash

Released as dissolved elements

in rafinates

from uraninite)

Monazite pseudomorph

after apatite Monazite pseudomorph

after Rhabdophane

Florencite

pseudomorph

after pyrochlore Churchite

middot2H2

Supergene Minerals ndash

MT Weld Australia

Apatite

with Substitutional

Oka Quebec

Carbonatite

Nolanrsquos Bore Australia

Carbonatite

Mushgai

Khudag Mongolia

Carbonatite

Phalaborwa South Africa

Carbonatite

Kola Peninsula

Carbonatite

and Alkaline Massifs

Hoidas

Lake Saskatchewan

Hydrothermal in Granites

Mineville New York

Tailings from Magnetite Mining

Mineville may be the only Y and HREE dominant source currently known

176 mm HD -

XPL MicrographsBastnaumlsite

in Carbonatite

Mountain Pass CA

BSE Image AncyliteHD ndash

PPL Micrograph Ancylite

Ancylite

SrREE(CO3

(OH)H2

LREE -

dominant ndash

50 wt REO

An exploration target in the

Bear Lodge Carbonatite

Complex of northeastern Wyoming

Red Wine Complex Labrador Dora Bay Alaska

Eudialyte

(Fe2+Mn2+)3

(SiNb)(Si25

)(OOHH2

(CLOH)2

Eudialyite

may also contain Y and HREE

in amounts exceeding 4 wt The

mineral is easily dissolved in weak acids

but colloidal silica currently presents a

problem in the isolation of Y REE and Zr

oxides

Kipawa Quebec

Massive Britholite

(Ce) Oka Quebec

Britholite

(Ce) Concentrate from Skarn

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

(REEYCa)5

This mineral has the potential for occurring in ore quantities in skarn

associated with syenite

gneiss in Kipawa Quebec

Allanite

(Ce) (CeCaY)2

(AlFe2+Fe3+)3

Allanite

is found in abundant quantities in many different geologic environments and in almost all cases is LREE dominant Low quantities of sumREE+Y relative to bastnaumlsite and its refractory nature diminish its value as an economic source for REE and Y

Allanite

Hydrothermal Mountain Pass CA Allanite

Pegmatite Timmins Ontario

Eudialyte

and Mosandrite

in Peralkaline

Syenite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite-Rich Skarn

All brown prisms are britholite

(Horizontal Distance ndash 46 mm)

Britholite

Concentrate

(mm scale)

Britholite

(CeYCa)5 (SiO4PO4 )3 (OHF)

Kipawa Quebec

Cathodoluminescence

Macrograph of Iimoriite

in Syenite

Mountain

Mottled light blue and tan clusters -

Iimoriite

Red groundmass ndash

Feldspar

(Horizontal distance of rock slab ndash 46 mm)

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Lake Heavy Mineral Composite mdash

(from samples 828951 52 53)

These grains range in size between 02 and 05 mm The left micrograph consists of major monazite and parisite

and minor grains of pyrite Dolomite is also attached to some of these grains The right micrograph shows selective reflection of the green part of the visible spectrum under unfiltered shortwave UV examination This test is diagnostic for the identification of LREE minerals

As a final statement it should be emphasizedhellip

1) Carbonatites containing as much as 5 wt LREE must compete with Bayan Obo Maoniuping and Mountain Pass which have much higher grade and have established physical and chemical processing plants

2) Deposits that are mineralized with allanite and LREE-enriched apatite can not compete economically with carbonatites or peralkalic systems that have the high REE mineralogy

3) Naturally higher radioactivity in all REE systems makes them easier to find with airborne and ground gamma-ray spectrometry

4) Uraniferous systems commonly have anomalous LREE amp HREE which has been recovered in some deposits ie rafinates from uranium mining

5) Although ion-adsorbed REE in clays from South China provide the bulk of HREE to the market place in other countries high costs for labor and necessary supplies power costs and environmental restrictions may render similar deposits uneconomical

Rare Earth Elements

Name something of a misnomerndash

Rarest REEs

are over 200 times more

abundant then gold

Variation in distribution for two reasons ndash

Compatibility with common rock forming materials

CosmicCrustal abundances

Crustal Abundances of Elements

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

impurities in many rock forming minerals

Only a few the REE minerals have sufficient quantities to be considered important sources

Defined as minerals having at least one site that is filled by REEs

andor Yttrium more often then any other elementMonazite

Rare Earth Minerals

Form by primary crystalization

from magma or by hydrothermal reactions

Found hosted in carbonate rocks in pegmatites

and as accessory minerals in

igneous rocks

Stable REE minerals and can be concentrated in weathering zones

REE Mineralsbull

The most important REE minerals is bastnaumlsite

REE(CO3)F

Other notable sources are ndash

Monazite REE(PO4) ndash

Xenotime

All may contain radioactive species such as thorium

and uraniumndash

are avoided as source materials

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

[(REE)(CO3)F] is the worldrsquos most important source of rare earth elements

Containing 60 to 70 rare earth oxides (REOs)

REE site is most commonly filled by LREEs

Other REE mineralsbull

Monazite [(LREEYTh)PO4] ndash

Contains about 50ndash78 rare earth oxides

Forms in heavy mineral sands placer deposits associated with beach environments

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

Contains 54ndash65 rare earth oxides

Yttrium Erbium and Cerium most common ndash

Found in heavy mineral sands can also be a component in pegmatite and igneous rocks

Electron Configuration

The similarities in chemical and physical properties arise due to the grouprsquos common electron configuration

have same outer electronic configuration (+3) they differ in their number of 4f electrons

Electron Configuartion

REE Behaviorbull

Because of their shared behaviour REEs

tend to be

present in nature as a group All REEs

commonly substitute for one another in minerals

Yet the REEs

are capable of showing great variation in their distributions

Comes about due to ndash

Differences in ionic radius ndash

Crystal structure (Coordination Number)ndash

Basicity

of the mineral ndash

The elementrsquos solubility and ability to migrate in the environment ndash

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

The ionic radius of the REEs

is inversely related to atomic number

The heavy rare earths are smaller ndash

more similar to Mn2+ (ionic radius 008 nanometers)

are largerndash

more comparable in size to Ca2+ (ionic radius 01 nanometer)

Charge balance achieved through some sites being left vacant or

by coupled substitution with lower charged mineral (Na+)

In nanometers

Coordination Number

Coordination number the number of atoms touching a particular atom in a crystal lattice

Coordination number for this structure is 8

Coordination Numberbull

The heavy and light REEs

differ in the coordination

numbers (CN) with oxygenndash

have CN between six to nine ndash

have higher CNs

Minerals with high CNs

associated with REE site

will favor LREEsndash

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

will preferentially select HREEs ndash

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Minerals basicityndash

Alkalic

rocks host minerals with elevated LREE content ndash

Rocks with lower basicity

have lower amounts of LREEs

relative to their HREE content

Solubilityndash

are more soluble in water then the HREEsndash

Important characteristic for hydrothermally derived minerals

MagmaHydrothermal fluid compositionndash

Minerals will take what they can get

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Yttrium have a very broad range of applications mostly in high technology fields

84 of Y acquired by the United States used in light and cathode ray tube phosphors The remainder was used in ceramics (7) electronics (7) and metallurgy (2)

used primarily for automotive (25) petroleum (22) and metallurgic (20)

and Magnetism

exhibit complex magnetic behaviour on account of electron structurendash

They share the same outer shell electron configuration (valence = +3)

Differ in number of 4f electrons

Applications in Magnetismbull

Terbium and

Dysprosium

Components of Terfenol-D

with the formula Tb(03) Dy(07) Fe(19)

Has the higher magnetostriction

then any other alloyndash

expands and contracts in magnetic field

Developed by American Navy for sonar

systems ndash

Now has applications in magnetomechanical

sensors and other electronic devices

Applications in Magnetism

Holmium

Possesses the highest magnetic moment (106microB) of any of the naturally-occurring

elements

Creates the strongest artificially generated magnetic fieldsndash

In research where strong magnetic fields are needed

and Nuclear Technology

Dysprosium Homium Erbium

High neutron

absorption cross-section ndash

Measure of probability of neutron capture

Used in neutron-absorbing control rods in nuclear reactors

Lutetiumbull

Radioactive isotope used in radiometric dating

Thulium bull

Stable thulium used as a radiation

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

is the major REE mineral bull

High grade accessory mineral of igneous or hydrothermal originsbull

31 million tons of 886 by weight of rare earth oxides (REO) bull

Mining stopped in 1994 ndash

Thorium content of waste rock ndash

Availability of inexpensive REEs

from China

San Bernardino County

Obobull

The worldrsquos primary source for both yttrium and the rare earth elements

37 million tons of ore bull

Main REE source there is Bastnasite

World Production

Explorationbull

84 of REE imports to US are from China

Increasing demand for high tech applications spurred increase in exploration in 2007

Economic assessments of known deposits such as Canadian Thor Lake and Hoidas

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

Environmental Considerations

REE soil and food contaminationbull

Acid Mine Drainage and groundwater systems

Radioactive elements

REE Fertilizerbull

In China REE enriched fertilizer has been used in crop fields since 1990

At the turn of the century 50 to 100 million tons of REEs were being applied to an area of about 4 million hectares

every year

Research and agricultural practice that provides evidence that REEs

will improve crop quality an yield

The ramifications environmental and human exposure to REEs

are not well understood

Investigation by T Liang et albull

Revealed that the average concentration of total REEs

in Chinese soil is

1768 mgkg ranging between 850 to 5227 mgkg

In wheat grains the REE distribution as similar to that of the soil with a content about 3 or 4 orders of magnitude

Implicationsbull

Human health effects not completely understood

REE soil content shown to be detrimental to some plant speciesndash

100 of ryegrass specimens involved in the study that were reared with REE fertilizer showed poor development relative to the control group that was reared without elevated exposures to REEs

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD)bull

Rain waters contacts waste rock facilitating acid forming reactions

Increases the capacity of the water to leach potentially harmful elements from waste piles

Process mobilizes established ecotoxins

(lead and mercury) as well as elements whose effects are less understood namely the rare earth elements

Historically dismissed as minor environmental risk

Radioactive Elements

associated with uranium and thorium

Bastnesite 32 thorium

Monazite sands 6 to 12 thorium oxide

Ores containing radioactive elements are avoided as sources of REEs

Radioactive Hazardsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

In 1977 major pipeline break spilled over 2 million gallons of radioactive water

Health Effectsndash

inflammatory bowel disease ndash

Prolonged seizures ndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Waste Disposal ndash

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

REE concentrations in the crust are rare

Several geochemical factors influencing distribution including ionic radius and coordination number

Main REE minerals are bastnasite monazite and xenotime

Most important deposits are found at Bayan

Obo China and Mountain Pass USA

Important electronic and nuclear applications

Environmental concerns associated with REE production and use are exposure to the environment and people liberation and water

system contamination though acid mine drainage association with

radioactive elements

Referencesbull

E Orvini M Speziali A Salvini C Herborg ldquoRare earth elements determination in environmental matrices by INAArdquo Microchemical Journal 67 2000 97-104

Tao Liang et al ldquoEnvironmental biogeochemical behaviors of rare earth elements in soi-plant systemsrdquo Environmental Geochemistry and health 27 2005 301-311

G Protano and F Riccobono ldquoHigh contents of rare earth elements (REEs) in stream wates of a CU-Pb-Zn mining areardquo Environmental Pollution 117 2002 499-514

B Lipin ldquoGeochemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elementsrdquo Mineralogical Association of America 1989bull

The Government of South Australia wwwpirsagovaubull

The US geological Survey Mineralsusgsgovbull

wwwelementsdatabasecombull

wwwastrolsaumichedu~cowleyintro2htmlbull

wwwjohnbetts-finemineralscomjhbnycgifs40129htmbull

webmineralcomdataMonazite-(Ce)shtmlbull

wwwnaturecomnaturejournalv446n7136absnature05668htmlbull

wwwstevegbcomimagesscienceorbital_fillingpngbull

wwwchemicalelementscomelementseuhtmlbull

boomeriaorgchemlecturestextass2table10-9jpgbull

lostcontentquakecomfiles200802holmiumpngbull

chinageocitylocatorcomcitiesChinaQinghaibull

geowebrudruzal-Bayan-Obohtmbull

enwikipediaorgwikiSan_Bernardino_County_Californiabull

wwwworldcountriesinfoMapsRegionEurope-450-Italyjpgbull

enwikipediaorgwikiMonazitebull

webmineralcomdataBastnasite-(La)shtmlbull

wwwgbrworgindexphpoption=com_contentampview=categoryamplayout=blogampid=58ampItemid=73bull

httpwwwavalonventurescombull

wwwnewsweekcomid43884bull

httpaccipiterhawk-conservancyorgMeadowMuses200608shtmlbull

httpwwwcsescitechacukabout_usFrontiers2007Hughes20-20Lanthanide20contraction20- 20CSE20Frontiers202007pdf

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Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

HREEs and Nuclear Technology

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Investigation by T Liang et al

Implications

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD)

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Major Considerations

Assuming a favourable political climate and good logistics conditions determining the viability of deposits that can compete in the world market are as followshellip

1) Mineralogy and favourable lanthanide distribution

2) Grade and tonnage

3) Amenability to mining and mineral processing at low costs and successful chemical cracking of the individual lanthanides for their isolation

4) Acceptable low values of accompanying deleterious impurities

5) Minimum impact on the environment

Any lower production costs can significantly reduce the grade requirements

USGS facts

106 107 108 109 1010

Tonnes

of Ores

GSCCarbonatites

Tonnes

GSCPeralkalic

Tonnes

Peralkalic

a 457 Mt

Welsford

Marsh (1995)

Mineral

Composition

Occurrence

Bastnaumlsite

(Ce) (REE) CO3

Carbonatites

Xenotime

(Y) (YREE) PO4

Loparite

Uraninite

(REE and Y mdash

in rafinates

from uraninite)

after Rhabdophane

Florencite

pseudomorph

middot2H2

MT Weld Australia

Apatite

with Substitutional

Oka Quebec

Carbonatite

Mushgai

Khudag Mongolia

Carbonatite

Kola Peninsula

Carbonatite

Hoidas

Lake Saskatchewan

Mineville New York

176 mm HD -

in Carbonatite

Mountain Pass CA

Ancylite

SrREE(CO3

(OH)H2

LREE -

dominant ndash

50 wt REO

Eudialyte

(Fe2+Mn2+)3

(SiNb)(Si25

)(OOHH2

(CLOH)2

Eudialyite

oxides

Kipawa Quebec

Massive Britholite

(Ce) Oka Quebec

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

(REEYCa)5

Allanite

(Ce) (CeCaY)2

(AlFe2+Fe3+)3

Allanite

Eudialyte

and Mosandrite

in Peralkaline

Syenite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

Concentrate

(mm scale)

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Cathodoluminescence

in Syenite

Mountain

Iimoriite

Feldspar

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

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Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

USGS facts

106 107 108 109 1010

Tonnes

of Ores

GSCCarbonatites

Tonnes

GSCPeralkalic

Tonnes

Peralkalic

a 457 Mt

Welsford

Marsh (1995)

Mineral

Composition

Occurrence

Bastnaumlsite

(Ce) (REE) CO3

Carbonatites

Xenotime

(Y) (YREE) PO4

Loparite

Uraninite

(REE and Y mdash

in rafinates

from uraninite)

after Rhabdophane

Florencite

pseudomorph

middot2H2

MT Weld Australia

Apatite

with Substitutional

Oka Quebec

Carbonatite

Mushgai

Khudag Mongolia

Carbonatite

Kola Peninsula

Carbonatite

Hoidas

Lake Saskatchewan

Mineville New York

176 mm HD -

in Carbonatite

Mountain Pass CA

Ancylite

SrREE(CO3

(OH)H2

LREE -

dominant ndash

50 wt REO

Eudialyte

(Fe2+Mn2+)3

(SiNb)(Si25

)(OOHH2

(CLOH)2

Eudialyite

oxides

Kipawa Quebec

Massive Britholite

(Ce) Oka Quebec

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

(REEYCa)5

Allanite

(Ce) (CeCaY)2

(AlFe2+Fe3+)3

Allanite

Eudialyte

and Mosandrite

in Peralkaline

Syenite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

Concentrate

(mm scale)

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Cathodoluminescence

in Syenite

Mountain

Iimoriite

Feldspar

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

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Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

USGS facts

106 107 108 109 1010

Tonnes

of Ores

GSCCarbonatites

Tonnes

GSCPeralkalic

Tonnes

Peralkalic

a 457 Mt

Welsford

Marsh (1995)

Mineral

Composition

Occurrence

Bastnaumlsite

(Ce) (REE) CO3

Carbonatites

Xenotime

(Y) (YREE) PO4

Loparite

Uraninite

(REE and Y mdash

in rafinates

from uraninite)

after Rhabdophane

Florencite

pseudomorph

middot2H2

MT Weld Australia

Apatite

with Substitutional

Oka Quebec

Carbonatite

Mushgai

Khudag Mongolia

Carbonatite

Kola Peninsula

Carbonatite

Hoidas

Lake Saskatchewan

Mineville New York

176 mm HD -

in Carbonatite

Mountain Pass CA

Ancylite

SrREE(CO3

(OH)H2

LREE -

dominant ndash

50 wt REO

Eudialyte

(Fe2+Mn2+)3

(SiNb)(Si25

)(OOHH2

(CLOH)2

Eudialyite

oxides

Kipawa Quebec

Massive Britholite

(Ce) Oka Quebec

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

(REEYCa)5

Allanite

(Ce) (CeCaY)2

(AlFe2+Fe3+)3

Allanite

Eudialyte

and Mosandrite

in Peralkaline

Syenite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

Concentrate

(mm scale)

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Cathodoluminescence

in Syenite

Mountain

Iimoriite

Feldspar

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

USGS facts

106 107 108 109 1010

Tonnes

of Ores

GSCCarbonatites

Tonnes

GSCPeralkalic

Tonnes

Peralkalic

a 457 Mt

Welsford

Marsh (1995)

Mineral

Composition

Occurrence

Bastnaumlsite

(Ce) (REE) CO3

Carbonatites

Xenotime

(Y) (YREE) PO4

Loparite

Uraninite

(REE and Y mdash

in rafinates

from uraninite)

after Rhabdophane

Florencite

pseudomorph

middot2H2

MT Weld Australia

Apatite

with Substitutional

Oka Quebec

Carbonatite

Mushgai

Khudag Mongolia

Carbonatite

Kola Peninsula

Carbonatite

Hoidas

Lake Saskatchewan

Mineville New York

176 mm HD -

in Carbonatite

Mountain Pass CA

Ancylite

SrREE(CO3

(OH)H2

LREE -

dominant ndash

50 wt REO

Eudialyte

(Fe2+Mn2+)3

(SiNb)(Si25

)(OOHH2

(CLOH)2

Eudialyite

oxides

Kipawa Quebec

Massive Britholite

(Ce) Oka Quebec

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

(REEYCa)5

Allanite

(Ce) (CeCaY)2

(AlFe2+Fe3+)3

Allanite

Eudialyte

and Mosandrite

in Peralkaline

Syenite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

Concentrate

(mm scale)

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Cathodoluminescence

in Syenite

Mountain

Iimoriite

Feldspar

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

106 107 108 109 1010

Tonnes

of Ores

GSCCarbonatites

Tonnes

GSCPeralkalic

Tonnes

Peralkalic

a 457 Mt

Welsford

Marsh (1995)

Mineral

Composition

Occurrence

Bastnaumlsite

(Ce) (REE) CO3

Carbonatites

Xenotime

(Y) (YREE) PO4

Loparite

Uraninite

(REE and Y mdash

in rafinates

from uraninite)

after Rhabdophane

Florencite

pseudomorph

middot2H2

MT Weld Australia

Apatite

with Substitutional

Oka Quebec

Carbonatite

Mushgai

Khudag Mongolia

Carbonatite

Kola Peninsula

Carbonatite

Hoidas

Lake Saskatchewan

Mineville New York

176 mm HD -

in Carbonatite

Mountain Pass CA

Ancylite

SrREE(CO3

(OH)H2

LREE -

dominant ndash

50 wt REO

Eudialyte

(Fe2+Mn2+)3

(SiNb)(Si25

)(OOHH2

(CLOH)2

Eudialyite

oxides

Kipawa Quebec

Massive Britholite

(Ce) Oka Quebec

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

(REEYCa)5

Allanite

(Ce) (CeCaY)2

(AlFe2+Fe3+)3

Allanite

Eudialyte

and Mosandrite

in Peralkaline

Syenite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

Concentrate

(mm scale)

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Cathodoluminescence

in Syenite

Mountain

Iimoriite

Feldspar

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Tonnes

GSCPeralkalic

Tonnes

Peralkalic

a 457 Mt

Welsford

Marsh (1995)

Mineral

Composition

Occurrence

Bastnaumlsite

(Ce) (REE) CO3

Carbonatites

Xenotime

(Y) (YREE) PO4

Loparite

Uraninite

(REE and Y mdash

in rafinates

from uraninite)

after Rhabdophane

Florencite

pseudomorph

middot2H2

MT Weld Australia

Apatite

with Substitutional

Oka Quebec

Carbonatite

Mushgai

Khudag Mongolia

Carbonatite

Kola Peninsula

Carbonatite

Hoidas

Lake Saskatchewan

Mineville New York

176 mm HD -

in Carbonatite

Mountain Pass CA

Ancylite

SrREE(CO3

(OH)H2

LREE -

dominant ndash

50 wt REO

Eudialyte

(Fe2+Mn2+)3

(SiNb)(Si25

)(OOHH2

(CLOH)2

Eudialyite

oxides

Kipawa Quebec

Massive Britholite

(Ce) Oka Quebec

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

(REEYCa)5

Allanite

(Ce) (CeCaY)2

(AlFe2+Fe3+)3

Allanite

Eudialyte

and Mosandrite

in Peralkaline

Syenite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

Concentrate

(mm scale)

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Cathodoluminescence

in Syenite

Mountain

Iimoriite

Feldspar

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

GSCPeralkalic

Tonnes

Peralkalic

a 457 Mt

Welsford

Marsh (1995)

Mineral

Composition

Occurrence

Bastnaumlsite

(Ce) (REE) CO3

Carbonatites

Xenotime

(Y) (YREE) PO4

Loparite

Uraninite

(REE and Y mdash

in rafinates

from uraninite)

after Rhabdophane

Florencite

pseudomorph

middot2H2

MT Weld Australia

Apatite

with Substitutional

Oka Quebec

Carbonatite

Mushgai

Khudag Mongolia

Carbonatite

Kola Peninsula

Carbonatite

Hoidas

Lake Saskatchewan

Mineville New York

176 mm HD -

in Carbonatite

Mountain Pass CA

Ancylite

SrREE(CO3

(OH)H2

LREE -

dominant ndash

50 wt REO

Eudialyte

(Fe2+Mn2+)3

(SiNb)(Si25

)(OOHH2

(CLOH)2

Eudialyite

oxides

Kipawa Quebec

Massive Britholite

(Ce) Oka Quebec

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

(REEYCa)5

Allanite

(Ce) (CeCaY)2

(AlFe2+Fe3+)3

Allanite

Eudialyte

and Mosandrite

in Peralkaline

Syenite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

Concentrate

(mm scale)

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Cathodoluminescence

in Syenite

Mountain

Iimoriite

Feldspar

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Tonnes

Peralkalic

a 457 Mt

Welsford

Marsh (1995)

Mineral

Composition

Occurrence

Bastnaumlsite

(Ce) (REE) CO3

Carbonatites

Xenotime

(Y) (YREE) PO4

Loparite

Uraninite

(REE and Y mdash

in rafinates

from uraninite)

after Rhabdophane

Florencite

pseudomorph

middot2H2

MT Weld Australia

Apatite

with Substitutional

Oka Quebec

Carbonatite

Mushgai

Khudag Mongolia

Carbonatite

Kola Peninsula

Carbonatite

Hoidas

Lake Saskatchewan

Mineville New York

176 mm HD -

in Carbonatite

Mountain Pass CA

Ancylite

SrREE(CO3

(OH)H2

LREE -

dominant ndash

50 wt REO

Eudialyte

(Fe2+Mn2+)3

(SiNb)(Si25

)(OOHH2

(CLOH)2

Eudialyite

oxides

Kipawa Quebec

Massive Britholite

(Ce) Oka Quebec

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

(REEYCa)5

Allanite

(Ce) (CeCaY)2

(AlFe2+Fe3+)3

Allanite

Eudialyte

and Mosandrite

in Peralkaline

Syenite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

Concentrate

(mm scale)

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Cathodoluminescence

in Syenite

Mountain

Iimoriite

Feldspar

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

a 457 Mt

Welsford

Marsh (1995)

Mineral

Composition

Occurrence

Bastnaumlsite

(Ce) (REE) CO3

Carbonatites

Xenotime

(Y) (YREE) PO4

Loparite

Uraninite

(REE and Y mdash

in rafinates

from uraninite)

after Rhabdophane

Florencite

pseudomorph

middot2H2

MT Weld Australia

Apatite

with Substitutional

Oka Quebec

Carbonatite

Mushgai

Khudag Mongolia

Carbonatite

Kola Peninsula

Carbonatite

Hoidas

Lake Saskatchewan

Mineville New York

176 mm HD -

in Carbonatite

Mountain Pass CA

Ancylite

SrREE(CO3

(OH)H2

LREE -

dominant ndash

50 wt REO

Eudialyte

(Fe2+Mn2+)3

(SiNb)(Si25

)(OOHH2

(CLOH)2

Eudialyite

oxides

Kipawa Quebec

Massive Britholite

(Ce) Oka Quebec

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

(REEYCa)5

Allanite

(Ce) (CeCaY)2

(AlFe2+Fe3+)3

Allanite

Eudialyte

and Mosandrite

in Peralkaline

Syenite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

Concentrate

(mm scale)

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Cathodoluminescence

in Syenite

Mountain

Iimoriite

Feldspar

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

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Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

a 457 Mt

Welsford

Marsh (1995)

Mineral

Composition

Occurrence

Bastnaumlsite

(Ce) (REE) CO3

Carbonatites

Xenotime

(Y) (YREE) PO4

Loparite

Uraninite

(REE and Y mdash

in rafinates

from uraninite)

after Rhabdophane

Florencite

pseudomorph

middot2H2

MT Weld Australia

Apatite

with Substitutional

Oka Quebec

Carbonatite

Mushgai

Khudag Mongolia

Carbonatite

Kola Peninsula

Carbonatite

Hoidas

Lake Saskatchewan

Mineville New York

176 mm HD -

in Carbonatite

Mountain Pass CA

Ancylite

SrREE(CO3

(OH)H2

LREE -

dominant ndash

50 wt REO

Eudialyte

(Fe2+Mn2+)3

(SiNb)(Si25

)(OOHH2

(CLOH)2

Eudialyite

oxides

Kipawa Quebec

Massive Britholite

(Ce) Oka Quebec

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

(REEYCa)5

Allanite

(Ce) (CeCaY)2

(AlFe2+Fe3+)3

Allanite

Eudialyte

and Mosandrite

in Peralkaline

Syenite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

Concentrate

(mm scale)

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Cathodoluminescence

in Syenite

Mountain

Iimoriite

Feldspar

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Welsford

Marsh (1995)

Mineral

Composition

Occurrence

Bastnaumlsite

(Ce) (REE) CO3

Carbonatites

Xenotime

(Y) (YREE) PO4

Loparite

Uraninite

(REE and Y mdash

in rafinates

from uraninite)

after Rhabdophane

Florencite

pseudomorph

middot2H2

MT Weld Australia

Apatite

with Substitutional

Oka Quebec

Carbonatite

Mushgai

Khudag Mongolia

Carbonatite

Kola Peninsula

Carbonatite

Hoidas

Lake Saskatchewan

Mineville New York

176 mm HD -

in Carbonatite

Mountain Pass CA

Ancylite

SrREE(CO3

(OH)H2

LREE -

dominant ndash

50 wt REO

Eudialyte

(Fe2+Mn2+)3

(SiNb)(Si25

)(OOHH2

(CLOH)2

Eudialyite

oxides

Kipawa Quebec

Massive Britholite

(Ce) Oka Quebec

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

(REEYCa)5

Allanite

(Ce) (CeCaY)2

(AlFe2+Fe3+)3

Allanite

Eudialyte

and Mosandrite

in Peralkaline

Syenite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

Concentrate

(mm scale)

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Cathodoluminescence

in Syenite

Mountain

Iimoriite

Feldspar

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Welsford

Marsh (1995)

Mineral

Composition

Occurrence

Bastnaumlsite

(Ce) (REE) CO3

Carbonatites

Xenotime

(Y) (YREE) PO4

Loparite

Uraninite

(REE and Y mdash

in rafinates

from uraninite)

after Rhabdophane

Florencite

pseudomorph

middot2H2

MT Weld Australia

Apatite

with Substitutional

Oka Quebec

Carbonatite

Mushgai

Khudag Mongolia

Carbonatite

Kola Peninsula

Carbonatite

Hoidas

Lake Saskatchewan

Mineville New York

176 mm HD -

in Carbonatite

Mountain Pass CA

Ancylite

SrREE(CO3

(OH)H2

LREE -

dominant ndash

50 wt REO

Eudialyte

(Fe2+Mn2+)3

(SiNb)(Si25

)(OOHH2

(CLOH)2

Eudialyite

oxides

Kipawa Quebec

Massive Britholite

(Ce) Oka Quebec

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

(REEYCa)5

Allanite

(Ce) (CeCaY)2

(AlFe2+Fe3+)3

Allanite

Eudialyte

and Mosandrite

in Peralkaline

Syenite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

Concentrate

(mm scale)

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Cathodoluminescence

in Syenite

Mountain

Iimoriite

Feldspar

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Welsford

Marsh (1995)

Mineral

Composition

Occurrence

Bastnaumlsite

(Ce) (REE) CO3

Carbonatites

Xenotime

(Y) (YREE) PO4

Loparite

Uraninite

(REE and Y mdash

in rafinates

from uraninite)

after Rhabdophane

Florencite

pseudomorph

middot2H2

MT Weld Australia

Apatite

with Substitutional

Oka Quebec

Carbonatite

Mushgai

Khudag Mongolia

Carbonatite

Kola Peninsula

Carbonatite

Hoidas

Lake Saskatchewan

Mineville New York

176 mm HD -

in Carbonatite

Mountain Pass CA

Ancylite

SrREE(CO3

(OH)H2

LREE -

dominant ndash

50 wt REO

Eudialyte

(Fe2+Mn2+)3

(SiNb)(Si25

)(OOHH2

(CLOH)2

Eudialyite

oxides

Kipawa Quebec

Massive Britholite

(Ce) Oka Quebec

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

(REEYCa)5

Allanite

(Ce) (CeCaY)2

(AlFe2+Fe3+)3

Allanite

Eudialyte

and Mosandrite

in Peralkaline

Syenite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

Concentrate

(mm scale)

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Cathodoluminescence

in Syenite

Mountain

Iimoriite

Feldspar

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Welsford

Marsh (1995)

Mineral

Composition

Occurrence

Bastnaumlsite

(Ce) (REE) CO3

Carbonatites

Xenotime

(Y) (YREE) PO4

Loparite

Uraninite

(REE and Y mdash

in rafinates

from uraninite)

after Rhabdophane

Florencite

pseudomorph

middot2H2

MT Weld Australia

Apatite

with Substitutional

Oka Quebec

Carbonatite

Mushgai

Khudag Mongolia

Carbonatite

Kola Peninsula

Carbonatite

Hoidas

Lake Saskatchewan

Mineville New York

176 mm HD -

in Carbonatite

Mountain Pass CA

Ancylite

SrREE(CO3

(OH)H2

LREE -

dominant ndash

50 wt REO

Eudialyte

(Fe2+Mn2+)3

(SiNb)(Si25

)(OOHH2

(CLOH)2

Eudialyite

oxides

Kipawa Quebec

Massive Britholite

(Ce) Oka Quebec

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

(REEYCa)5

Allanite

(Ce) (CeCaY)2

(AlFe2+Fe3+)3

Allanite

Eudialyte

and Mosandrite

in Peralkaline

Syenite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

Concentrate

(mm scale)

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Cathodoluminescence

in Syenite

Mountain

Iimoriite

Feldspar

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Mineral

Composition

Occurrence

Bastnaumlsite

(Ce) (REE) CO3

Carbonatites

Xenotime

(Y) (YREE) PO4

Loparite

Uraninite

(REE and Y mdash

in rafinates

from uraninite)

after Rhabdophane

Florencite

pseudomorph

middot2H2

MT Weld Australia

Apatite

with Substitutional

Oka Quebec

Carbonatite

Mushgai

Khudag Mongolia

Carbonatite

Kola Peninsula

Carbonatite

Hoidas

Lake Saskatchewan

Mineville New York

176 mm HD -

in Carbonatite

Mountain Pass CA

Ancylite

SrREE(CO3

(OH)H2

LREE -

dominant ndash

50 wt REO

Eudialyte

(Fe2+Mn2+)3

(SiNb)(Si25

)(OOHH2

(CLOH)2

Eudialyite

oxides

Kipawa Quebec

Massive Britholite

(Ce) Oka Quebec

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

(REEYCa)5

Allanite

(Ce) (CeCaY)2

(AlFe2+Fe3+)3

Allanite

Eudialyte

and Mosandrite

in Peralkaline

Syenite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

Concentrate

(mm scale)

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Cathodoluminescence

in Syenite

Mountain

Iimoriite

Feldspar

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

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Slide Number 14

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Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

after Rhabdophane

Florencite

pseudomorph

middot2H2

MT Weld Australia

Apatite

with Substitutional

Oka Quebec

Carbonatite

Mushgai

Khudag Mongolia

Carbonatite

Kola Peninsula

Carbonatite

Hoidas

Lake Saskatchewan

Mineville New York

176 mm HD -

in Carbonatite

Mountain Pass CA

Ancylite

SrREE(CO3

(OH)H2

LREE -

dominant ndash

50 wt REO

Eudialyte

(Fe2+Mn2+)3

(SiNb)(Si25

)(OOHH2

(CLOH)2

Eudialyite

oxides

Kipawa Quebec

Massive Britholite

(Ce) Oka Quebec

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

(REEYCa)5

Allanite

(Ce) (CeCaY)2

(AlFe2+Fe3+)3

Allanite

Eudialyte

and Mosandrite

in Peralkaline

Syenite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

Concentrate

(mm scale)

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Cathodoluminescence

in Syenite

Mountain

Iimoriite

Feldspar

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

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Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Apatite

with Substitutional

Oka Quebec

Carbonatite

Mushgai

Khudag Mongolia

Carbonatite

Kola Peninsula

Carbonatite

Hoidas

Lake Saskatchewan

Mineville New York

176 mm HD -

in Carbonatite

Mountain Pass CA

Ancylite

SrREE(CO3

(OH)H2

LREE -

dominant ndash

50 wt REO

Eudialyte

(Fe2+Mn2+)3

(SiNb)(Si25

)(OOHH2

(CLOH)2

Eudialyite

oxides

Kipawa Quebec

Massive Britholite

(Ce) Oka Quebec

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

(REEYCa)5

Allanite

(Ce) (CeCaY)2

(AlFe2+Fe3+)3

Allanite

Eudialyte

and Mosandrite

in Peralkaline

Syenite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

Concentrate

(mm scale)

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Cathodoluminescence

in Syenite

Mountain

Iimoriite

Feldspar

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

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Slide Number 23

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Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

176 mm HD -

in Carbonatite

Mountain Pass CA

Ancylite

SrREE(CO3

(OH)H2

LREE -

dominant ndash

50 wt REO

Eudialyte

(Fe2+Mn2+)3

(SiNb)(Si25

)(OOHH2

(CLOH)2

Eudialyite

oxides

Kipawa Quebec

Massive Britholite

(Ce) Oka Quebec

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

(REEYCa)5

Allanite

(Ce) (CeCaY)2

(AlFe2+Fe3+)3

Allanite

Eudialyte

and Mosandrite

in Peralkaline

Syenite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

Concentrate

(mm scale)

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Cathodoluminescence

in Syenite

Mountain

Iimoriite

Feldspar

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

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Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

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Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Ancylite

SrREE(CO3

(OH)H2

LREE -

dominant ndash

50 wt REO

Eudialyte

(Fe2+Mn2+)3

(SiNb)(Si25

)(OOHH2

(CLOH)2

Eudialyite

oxides

Kipawa Quebec

Massive Britholite

(Ce) Oka Quebec

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

(REEYCa)5

Allanite

(Ce) (CeCaY)2

(AlFe2+Fe3+)3

Allanite

Eudialyte

and Mosandrite

in Peralkaline

Syenite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

Concentrate

(mm scale)

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Cathodoluminescence

in Syenite

Mountain

Iimoriite

Feldspar

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

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Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Eudialyte

(Fe2+Mn2+)3

(SiNb)(Si25

)(OOHH2

(CLOH)2

Eudialyite

oxides

Kipawa Quebec

Massive Britholite

(Ce) Oka Quebec

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

(REEYCa)5

Allanite

(Ce) (CeCaY)2

(AlFe2+Fe3+)3

Allanite

Eudialyte

and Mosandrite

in Peralkaline

Syenite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

Concentrate

(mm scale)

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Cathodoluminescence

in Syenite

Mountain

Iimoriite

Feldspar

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

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Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Massive Britholite

(Ce) Oka Quebec

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

(REEYCa)5

Allanite

(Ce) (CeCaY)2

(AlFe2+Fe3+)3

Allanite

Eudialyte

and Mosandrite

in Peralkaline

Syenite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

Concentrate

(mm scale)

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Cathodoluminescence

in Syenite

Mountain

Iimoriite

Feldspar

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

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Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Allanite

(Ce) (CeCaY)2

(AlFe2+Fe3+)3

Allanite

Eudialyte

and Mosandrite

in Peralkaline

Syenite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

Concentrate

(mm scale)

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Cathodoluminescence

in Syenite

Mountain

Iimoriite

Feldspar

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Eudialyte

and Mosandrite

in Peralkaline

Syenite

Kipawa Quebec

Britholite

Concentrate

(mm scale)

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Cathodoluminescence

in Syenite

Mountain

Iimoriite

Feldspar

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Britholite

Concentrate

(mm scale)

Britholite

Kipawa Quebec

Cathodoluminescence

in Syenite

Mountain

Iimoriite

Feldspar

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Cathodoluminescence

in Syenite

Mountain

Iimoriite

Feldspar

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Iimoriite

Y2 (SiO4 )(CO3 )

Yttrofluorite

(CaY)F2

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Iimoriite

Concentrate ndash

MT (1 mm scale)

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Wicheeda

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Rare Earth Elements

Rarest REEs

abundant then gold

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Occurrencebull

occur mostly as

substitutional

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Rare Earth Minerals

igneous rocks

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

REE Mineralsbull

REE(CO3)F

Xenotime

and uraniumndash

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Bastnesitebull

Bastnasite

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Xenotime

[(YPO4)] ndash

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

REE Behaviorbull

tend to be

Yet the REEs

Basicity

Content of REEs

in source fluids

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Ionic Radiusbull

are largerndash

In nanometers

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Coordination Number

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

have higher CNs

Bastnasite

CN = 11 ndash

Monazite CN = 9

Those with low CNs

Xenotime

has a value of 8

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

Slide Number 10

Slide Number 11

Slide Number 12

Slide Number 13

Slide Number 14

Slide Number 15

Slide Number 16

Slide Number 17

Slide Number 18

Slide Number 19

Slide Number 20

Slide Number 21

Slide Number 22

Slide Number 23

Slide Number 24

Slide Number 25

Slide Number 26

Slide Number 27

Slide Number 28

Slide Number 29

Slide Number 30

Slide Number 31

Slide Number 32

Slide Number 33

Slide Number 34

Slide Number 35

Slide Number 36

Slide Number 37

Slide Number 38

Slide Number 39

Slide Number 40

Slide Number 41

Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Other Factorsbull

Alkalic

Solubilityndash

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

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Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

and Economicsbull

The REEs

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

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Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

and Magnetism

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

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Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Terbium and

Dysprosium

systems ndash

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

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Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

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Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Holmium

elements

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

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Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

High neutron

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

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Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Lutetiumbull

Thulium bull

source

in portable X-ray

devices

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

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Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Mountain Passbull

Bastnasite

from China

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

Slide Number 4

Slide Number 5

Slide Number 6

Slide Number 7

Slide Number 8

Slide Number 9

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Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Obobull

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

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Slide Number 42

Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

World Production

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

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Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Explorationbull

Lake as well as in

Malawi Africa

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

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Slide Number 43

Slide Number 44

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Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

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Slide Number 44

Slide Number 45

Slide Number 46

Slide Number 47

Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

REE Fertilizerbull

every year

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

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Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

in Chinese soil is

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

Slide Number 2

Slide Number 3

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Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Implicationsbull

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

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Slide Number 48

Slide Number 49

Slide Number 50

Slide Number 51

Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

Slide Number 1

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Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

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Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Mountain Pass

Accidentsndash

Health Effectsndash

Cysts ndash

Cancers

Yucca Mountain

Summarybull

Referencesbull

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Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Summarybull

Referencesbull

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Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Referencesbull

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Rare Earth Elements

Occurrence

Rare Earth Minerals

REE Minerals

Bastnesite

Other REE minerals

REE Behavior

Ionic Radius

Coordination Number

Other Factors

REEs and Economics

HREEs and Magnetism

Mountain Pass

Bayan Obo

World Production

Exploration

REE Fertilizer

Implications

Radioactive Hazards

Summary

References

Ranking Light to Heavy Rare Earth Deposits Worldwide

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heavy mineral

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