Transcript
Race, Ethnicity& Gender
DeBlij Chapter 5AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
Minorities in the US
Where do you think you would find the following minorities in the US?
– Hispanic Americans– African Americans– Native Americans (American
Indians)– Asian Americans– Arab Americans
Where does the largest population of Iranian descent live in the US?
Los Angeles “Tehrangeles” 700,000 – 800,000 people
GEOGRAPHY OF RACE
Rejecting the Color Line
RedliningBlockbusting
GEOGRAPHY OF RACE
• The term “race” originates in 16th cent. Europe– Skin color is not a
reliable indication of genetic closeness
Race is a political creation
“Racial” ConflictThe Rwandan Genocide is often described as “racial” conflict
TutsiHutu
“Racial” ConflictThe Yugoslav civil war is often described as “racial” conflict
Samira Hasanvasic, left, a Bosnian Muslim girl and her Serb friend Romana Stjepic, right,
Ethnic Cleansing
Apartheid – South Africa Jim Crow – United States
Who is classified as
“black?”
Britain• Caribbean• Africa• Indian subcontinent
Russia• Chechens
Brazil• The poor
Global Standards of Beauty
Skin Tone in India
Aishwarya Rai
Skin Whitening
Market is approximately worth $500 million in India alone
Ethnicity• Distinctiveness based on shared cultural traits
– (history, cultural landscape, faith)
• Ethnic divisions can cause conflict:– Liberia (Afro-Liberians vs. Americo-Liberians)– Corsica (Corsicans vs. French)– Sri Lanka (Sinhalese vs. Tamils)
Ethnicity is based upon perceptionMost ethnic conflicts are between
people who have no “racial” differences
Armenian Genocide
Northern IrelandWhich is the Catholic? Which is the Protestant?
Ian Paisley John Hume
Ethnic Space• Cities Little Italy, Chinatown
etc.• Toponymy: New Orleans;
New York• Rural “ethnic islands”
Ethnic Island
Acculturation
What can save ethnic neighborhoods from acculturation?
•Cultural Revival•Cultural Linkage
Immigration Intermarriage Cultural Revival
Boston's oldest synagogue, the Vilna Shul on Beacon Hill, now serves as a cultural center and an informal place to experience Judaism. David Gerzof, 30, standing at the rear during a service, helps organize events at the shul.
Quebec
• Canada a plural society– Historically,
Quebecers felt like “second class citizens”
– 1970’s Bloc Quebecois
– 1977 Businesses must function in French
– 1980’s Native Americans claim also be a “distinct society”
GENDER
AREAS OF INEQUALITY• EDUCATION• WAGES• FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT• FORCED MARRIAGES• “HONOR” KILLINGS/DOWRY
DEATHS• PHYSICAL VIOLENCE• “GLASS CEILING”
WOMEN IN SAUDI ARABIA
Gendered Space (Gender Apartheid?)
DEMOGRAPHY & HEALTH
• LONGEVITY GAP– Europe – Women outlive men by 7 yrs– Russia – Women outlive men by 12 yrs– Sub-Saharan African – Women outlive men by 2
yrs
Maternal Mortality Rate (#Deaths Per 100,000 Live Births)
Country Mortality Ratio Lifetime RiskAfghanistan 1800 1 in 8US 11 1 in 4,800Iceland 4 1 in 12,700
Female Infanticide (Gendercide?)
• India– 873 girls for every 1,000 boys born (New Delhi
• China– 1995 – 9/10 single 30 yr olds were male
WOMEN IN IRAN
WOMEN’S EDUCATION AS A RATIO TO MEN’S
Primary school enrolment and attendanceAfghanistan Male 66% Female 40%Nigeria Male 68% Female 58%Mexico Male 98% Female 97%Secondary school enrolment and attendanceNigeria Male 38% Female 33%Mexico Male 71% Female 70%Sweden Male 99% Female 99%
CYCLE OF POVERTY
ARE USUALLYPOWERLESS IN
MARRIAGE(PROPERTY HELD BY
HUSBAND)
WOMEN IN SUBSAHARAN AFRICA…
WILL NOT GET LOANS FROM BANKS HELP
FROM GOVERNMENT
VIEWED AS THE LESS VALUABLE THAN BOYS &
OFTEN MARRIED EARLY (9-14
YEARS)
LACK BASIC EDUCATION BECAUSE THEYMUST
PERFORM HARD PHYSICAL LABOR TO MAINTAIN
HOUSEHOLD
Female SuffrageWhen did women get the right to vote?
189319171918 (3 countries)19191920 193419441947 (3 countries)197119802005
New Zealand
Canada
Netherlands
USA
Cuba
France
Switzerland
Iraq
Kuwait
Argentina Pakistan
Japan
Germany
Russia
UK
Female Suffrage1893 New Zealand 1917 Canada 1918 UK, Germany, Russia1919 Netherlands1920 US1934 Cuba1944 France1947 Japan; Argentina; Pakistan1971 Switzerland1980 Iraq2005 Kuwait
ENFRANCHISEMENT – “The Vote”
GREATEST PARTICIPATION BY WOMEN IN GOVERNMENT – NORTHERN EUROPE
FEMALE POLITICAL LEADERS
MARGARET THATCHERBRITAIN
CHANDRIKA KUMARATUNGASRI LANKA
CORAZON AQUINOPHILIPPINES
WOMEN’S ENFRANCISEMENT
PERCENTAGE OF SEATS IN PARLIAMENT OCCUPIED BY WOMEN IN 2008
SWEDEN 47%RWANDA 46%IRAQ 26% CHINA 21%
U.S. 17%JAPAN 14%IRAN
3%SAUDI ARABIA 0
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