Quiz #1 Open Notes May 20, 2014 NAME_____________ Surface Water Hydrology 1.(30 pts.) Sketch the distribution of Earths atmospheric circulation cells,

Quiz #1 Open Notes   May 20, 2014 NAME_____________Surface Water Hydrology 1.(30 pts.) Sketch the distribution of Earths atmospheric circulation cells, labeling important climate zone

Equator

2. (30 pts.) What are the probable origins (or water type) of the following waters with the indicated characteristics? Suggest a location and occurrence (e.g., London rain) where each sample might have been found. All of these are real samples.

Apollo 1712/7/72

Surface Water HydrologyBob Criss

Major Topics:

Hydrologic Cycle & Reservoirs Isotope HydrologyPrecipitation, Runoff, EvapotranspirationAlluvial SystemsDarcy’s LawFlash Floods, Rainfall-Runoff ModelingGreat Rivers, River Structures and Regional FloodsFlood Recurrence & Risk

=> Hydrologic Data, Records, Data-based Theoretical Models

Major Topics:

Hydrologic Cycle & Reservoirs Isotope HydrologyPrecipitation, Runoff, EvapotranspirationAlluvial SystemsDarcy’s LawFlash Floods, Rainfall-Runoff ModelingGreat Rivers, River Structures and Regional FloodsFlood Recurrence & Risk

=> Hydrologic Data, Records, Data-based Theoretical Models

8 Lectures, 8 quizzes

Nat Geo., Dec. 2006

Apollo 17

HYDROSPHERE 1.36 x 109 km3 = 1.36 x 1021 liters

Seawater 97.2 % 3.5 wt % salt; very homogeneous

covers 70% of the surface, mean depth 3.8 km

Icecaps & Glaciers 2.15 % >75% of fresh water Pleistocene oscillations ±100 m

Groundwater 0.62 % 22% of all fresh water

Lakes, inland seas 0.017%

Atmosphere 0.001%

Stream Channels 0.0001%

USGS

Renewable vs. Non-renewable

Renewable resourcesResources that are replenished on short time scales. e.g., plants, animals, running water, solar energy.

Non-renewable resources Resources that are fixed in total quantity in the Earth's crust.

Not replenished on short time scales.

Streamflow = Runoff (Ro)Arguably a resourceReason:

Groundwater = Largest volume of accessible fresh water Arguably a resource Reason:

Renewable vs. Non-renewable

Renewable resourcesResources that are replenished on short time scales. e.g., plants, animals, running water, solar energy.

Non-renewable resources Resources that are fixed in total quantity in the Earth's crust.

Not replenished on short time scales.

Streamflow = Runoff (Ro)Arguably a renewable resourceReason: continuously replenished

Groundwater = Largest volume of accessible fresh water Arguably a non-renewable resource Reason: Slow recharge in most areas wrt rate of use

Renewable vs. Non-renewable

Renewable resourcesResources that are replenished on short time scales. e.g., plants, animals, running water, solar energy.

Non-renewable resources Resources that are fixed in total quantity in the Earth's crust.

Not replenished on short time scales.

Streamflow = Runoff (Ro)Arguably a renewable resourceReason: continuously replenishedException: can be degraded in quality

Groundwater = Largest volume of accessible fresh water Arguably a non-renewable resource Reason: Slow recharge in most areas wrt rate of use

GENERAL CIRCULATION

Hadley cells George Hadley (1735) Large scale, flat circulation cellsExplain Trade WindsControl pressure & wind patterns, rainfall

VenusSlow retrograde rotation = 243 days Equator to pole Hadley cell

Blair 1942

Mean Annual Pressure Belts and Generalized Winds

Equatorial Low PressureEquatorial Low Pressure

Polar High Pressure

Polar High Pressure

Hadley CirculationNon tilted,Non-rotating planet

after Marsh 1967

Venus in UVPioneer 1980

NASA

after Miller, A 1983

3-Cell HadleyModel

Hyperarid Arid Semiarid Humid Cold

WRI 2002

Distinctive Climatic Zones

ITCZ : Intertropical Convergence Zone Equatorial belt of low pressuresNot really a front Constant, wet, aseasonal climate

Rising air, year round high rainfallWinds cancel, calm (doldrums), no hurricanes

Trade Wind Belt

High Pressure Belts: (~ 30° N & S lat)

Westerlies

Polar Front (~60° N & S)

Earth 24 h rotation rate- Hadley cells break up into smaller cells (Ferrel 1856) Hadley Cells Ferrel Cells Polar Cells

Distinctive Climatic Zones

ITCZ : Intertropical Convergence Zone Equatorial belt of low pressuresNot really a front Constant, wet, aseasonal climate

Rising air, year round high rainfallWinds cancel, calm (doldrums), no hurricanes

Trade Wind BeltBrisk, steady winds

High Pressure Belts: (~ 30° N & S lat)Horse LatitudesDescending air, hot & dry due to adiabatic compressionDivergence of trade winds & westerlies General anticyclonic rotation

Westerlies

Polar Front (~60° N & S) Convergence of air masses having different T; Permanent front

Low pressures, ascending air, Jet stream position

Earth 24 h rotation rate- Hadley cells break up into smaller cells (Ferrel 1856) Hadley Cells Ferrel Cells Polar Cells

Isotope Hydrology

Bob CrissWashington University

Moody et al. (2005)

N

Z

http://wwwndc.tokai.jaeri.go.jp/CN03/CN001.html

Most elements below Bi (#83) have at least two stable nuclides

Exceptions: 9Be 19F 23Na

27Al 31P 45Sc …

HYDROGEN ISOTOPES

Protium

1H1.0078250399.985 at. %

Deuterium

2H 2.01410178

0.015 at. %

Tritium

3H 3.01605 12.32 yr

H1.0079

OXYGEN ISOTOPES

Oxygen-16

16O15.99491462 99.76 at. %

Oxygen-17

17O 16.9991314

0.04 at. %

Oxygen-18

18O 17.999160

0.200 at. %

O15.9994

8p+8n 8p+9n 8p+10n

NATURAL WATERS

18O, D, T Ideal, double isotopic tracer system

Conservative tracers

Intrinsic to the H2O molecule

D vs.18O plot

ISOTOPE HYDROLOGY

Criss 1999

Delta ValuesAbundance variations of stable nonradiogenic isotopes are normally small.

A difference technique (formerly, voltage divider) is used to compare the mass spectrometer beam intensities with those of a standard gas.

It is natural and best to report the isotopic constitution of a sample (x) in terms of its dimensionless difference from a known standard (std).

Define the -value ("delta-value"):

where R's are isotope ratios

1000x converts the -values to per mil ‰ Some workers use 100x and % for D/H

OCEAN: 97.2 % of hydrosphere

Mean depth ~ 3.8 km

Volume = 1.37 x 109 km3

SEAWATER: Very uniform, buffered

Salinity 35‰

18O = 0 ± 1 ‰ D = 0 ± 5 ‰

Isotopic variations coupled with salinity variations E/P, sea ice

Melt icecaps: 18O = -1

Meteoric Water: huge range

18O = +4 to -62 ‰ D = +40 to -500 ‰

Isotope Hydrology

Craig & Gordon 1965

Craig & Gordon 1965

E-W transect @ ~20°N

METEORIC WATER

Water that originates

as precipitation in the

hydrologic cycle

Large isotopic variations:

Values lowest in cold, high latitude, interior regions

Approx Range: 18O = +4 to -62 ‰

D = +40 to -500 ‰

e.g., SLAP (-55.5 , -428)

Criss

Water Types:

METEORIC WATER: Originates as precipitation w/i hydrologic cycle Large variations: 18O = +4 to -62 D = +40 to -500

Meteoric Water Line (MWL)

Slope: equilibrium effect

y-intercept: kinetic effect “Deuterium excess” = D - 8 18O

Some Local Variation Different water lines

Intercept can be higher in low humidity regions, e.g., +22 for Mediterranean

D = 8 18O + 10

Craig 1961

SMOW

18O

D

MW

L

D = 8 18O + 10

Craig 1961

SMOW

18O

D

MW

L

D = 8 18O + 10

Spatial and Temporal Variability

Criss (1999)

18O values of Meteoric Waters

modified after Taylor 1974

Applications of Isotopic “Fingerprinting”

Water Source IdentificationFlowpath Delineation

Spring TracingGroundwater TracingContaminant Plume VisualizationGroundwater Velocity Determination

Process DeductionEvolved WatersForensics

Mixing StudiesHydrograph SeparationRiver MixingSurface Water-Ground Water InteractionConstituent or Contaminant Sourcing

http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect14/Sect14_1c.html

3-Cell HadleyModel

after Miller, A 1983

McIntosh & Thom

Global MeanE and P

Humidity

E

P

Global Precipitation

http://precip.gsfc.nasa.gov/gifs/v2.79-06.climo.gif

Blair 1942

Mean Annual Pressure Belts and Generalized Winds

Tritton 1988

Reserve Books

Craig, Vaughan & Skinner (2001): Resources of the Earth, Ch 11 HC 21 C72 2001

Deming, D. (2002) Introduction to Hydrogeology. McGraw-Hill, NY. GB1003.2 D46 2002

Domenico & Schwartz (1990): Physical and Chemical Hydrogeology Encyclopedic, up-to-date book. Extensive reference list.GB1003.2 D66 1990 Fetter (2001): Applied Hydrogeology. Introductory hydrogeology text emphasizing basic terminology & principles. GB1003.2 F47 2001

Freeze & Cherry (1979): Groundwater. GB1003.2.F73 Clearly written and authoritative treatment of groundwater hydrology.

Hubbert (1940): The Theory of Ground-Water Motion and Related Papers Classic book defining Darcy’s Law in terms of the hydraulic potential..

TC176 H83 196

Hydrogeology The study of the laws of occurrence and movement of subterranean water Mead (1919)

The study of the laws governing the movement of subterranean water, the mechanical, chemical, and thermal interaction of this water with the porous solid, and the transport of energy and chemical constituentsby the flow

Domenico & Schwartz (1990)

Hydrogeology The study of the laws of occurrence and movement of subterranean water Mead (1919)

The study of the laws governing the movement of subterranean water, the mechanical, chemical, and thermal interaction of this water with the porous solid, and the transport of energy and chemical constituentsby the flow

Domenico & Schwartz (1990)

Inadequate Definitions: Ground water cannot be divorced from other parts of hydrologic cycle Ground water is a significant component of stream flow Ground water is an essential economic & environmental resource Fluid/rock interactions are essential to most crustal processes