Q. Why are cloud droplets larger over the ocean?
Most collide on forward edge
Some collide on backside
Terminal velocity:Almost 10 m/s for largest raindrops
Q. Why can a cumuliform cloud produce heavier precipitation than a stratiform cloud?
Supercooled water droplets
Ice forms directly on ice nuclei
Promote freezing of supercooled droplets(contact nuclei)
Higher saturation vapour pressure
Ice crystals grow atthe expense of waterdroplets
Riming causes snow pellets (graupel)-supercooled dropletsfreeze on contact
Snowflakes form through aggregation
Source: Desert ResearchInstitute, Nevada, USA
Source: North Dakota Cloud Modification Project, USA
Source: North Dakota Cloud Modification Project, USA
Munchique National ParkForest Ranger Station, Sector 20 de Julio2150 masl
Rain Gauge
Remember the paper cup experiment
Sonic transducers
SOUND WAVESDETERMINEWIND SPEED,DIRECTION &TEMPERATURE
http://www.wrds.uwyo.edu/wrds/rmfres/fendrift.html
VANCOUVER LETHBRIDGE8°C 12°C
X X
CoolingAt MALR6°C/km
WarmingAt DALR10 °C/km
CoolingAt DALR10 °C/km
CoolingAt MALR6°C/km
WarmingAt DALR10 °C/km
More sensible heat
Buried Portion
Exposed sectionEntrained Particle