Transcript
Public Transport Reform
in Seoul2015. 20. November
SANGJUNE PARKKorea Transport Institute
20.11.2015 III международный градостроительный форум
UrbanБайрам
1.Backgrounds2.Seoul’s Public Transport
Reform3.Outcomes
Contents
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1. Backgrounds Overview of Seoul Transport problems
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1. Backgrounds◆ Overview of Seoul (1)
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1. Background◆ Overview of Seoul (2)
● Population : 10.3 million (Area : 605Km2)
● Density : 17,134 person/Km2
BUSES #Buses : 9(Thousand), # of Routes : 5958.8 Million passengers/day
SUBWAY 332Km : 9 Lines, 3 Operation Company307 Stations, 12.6 Million passengers/day
TAXI # Veh : 72(Thousand)
PASSENGER CAR # Veh : 3013(Thousand)
As of 2014
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● Population : 2times−1970 : 5.4 M−2003 : 10.4 M
1. Background◆ Situations before the Public Transport Re-form
● No. of Vehicles : 46 times
−1970 : 60,000−2003 : 2.8 M
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1. Background
◆ Transport issues in Seoul’s transport before the reform
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1. Background
◆ Problems of bus operation● Unstable Service by deteriorated bus company
−Unpunctuality, abolition of bus routes
● Unstable employment−Continuous reduction of labor (driver’s low salary)
● Excessive competition to increase revenue−Reckless driving : accident, uncomfortable ride
● Routes owned by private bus company as a patent−Hard to adjust routes by demands
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1. Backgrounds◆ Bus industry before the reform
Increasing vehicles Inefficient bus management system
Limited road capacity→congestion
Decrease of bus users Abolition of bus service Bankrupt of bus company
Poor punctuality Poor reliability Slow speed
stress on driver fromtraffic congestion
unfriendly to passenger,and causing accident
no other options except periodic fare raising
Worsen bus oper-ating conditions
Lack of bus priority policies
(bus lane & subsi-dies)
abolition of route,→ reduced operation,
periodic increase of fare labor dispute
→ inconvenience for citizen
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1. Background
◆ Business environment of bus industry
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1. Situations◆ Modal share change
1996 2002
Subway29.4 %
Sub-way35.5
%Bus26.2
%
Bus30.1
%Car
24.6 %Car
25.5 %
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1. Situations◆ Vicious circle in PT
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2. Seoul’s Public Transport Re-form
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◆ Social situations before the reform2. Seoul’s Public Transport Reform
● Road congestions : one of social problems−Due to exponential growth of population since 1950s−Insufficient transport infrastructures
● Unsuccessful attempts on PT improvement−How to deal with the influx traffic to Seoul−One of main issues to be changed
● Need a strong leadership to implement the plan−Former President Mr. Lee Myung-Bak−Holding a meeting every week to check the progress
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◆ Vision of the reform2. Seoul’s Public Transport Reform
● Competitive public transport(Public transport > private vehicles)
− speed− convenience− safety− social fare
World Best Transit City
● Low cost · High efficiency city
− 30 passenger car’s capacity = 1 Bus
● Economize on energy● Reducing air pollution
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◆ Object of Seoul bus system reform2. Seoul’s Public Transport Reform
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◆ Median Bus Lane System2. Seoul’s Public Transport Reform
● Install bus lane and stations in the middle of the road
● Other lanes are used by pri-vate cars
■ Problems caused by roadside bus lane● Established in 1986 for effective management of existing
roads− Stopping by the road is dangerous to bus passengers− Causes traffic congestion when buses try to cut into inner lanes
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2. Seoul’s Public Transport ReformAhead◆ Integrated Fare System
■ Integrate all public transportation (bus, subway) fare sys-tems – Free or discounted fare system for transferring between buses or between bus and subways
● Free transfers within 10km regardless of number of transfers− Lessen the fare burden for citizens living in remote, outskirt area
● Develop a system that automatically calculates revenues for transporta-tion agencies (bus operators, subways)
− Automatic calculation to allocate transportation revenues to each agency − Resolve inconveniences between transportation agencies in advance
● Develop T-money card system for automatic transfer− Multi-functioning transportation card– i.e. shopping and tax payment
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◆ Smartcard System2. Seoul’s Public Transport Reform
■ Adopt T-Money, new smart card system for integrated fare collec-tion
New Smart Card System
● Flexible to various fare policy− unified distance-based and time
difference fare system● Provides multi-functional services
− Transport, shopping and civil service, etc
● Adopted International standards− Type A / B
● Enhances security− adopt EMV
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◆ Unified Fare System with Free Transfer2. Seoul’s Public Transport Reform
Concept of N/W Integra-tion
New fare sys-tem
Bef
ore
Afte
r
Independent Fare Structure
Unified Fare Structure
BusBus
Bus Bus
MetroLine
Line Line
One Seamless ModeType LineLine
Type Line Type
Single Mode Flat Fare
Combined Mode
Distance- based Fare
Unified Distance-based Fare(Bus#Bus / Bus#Metro / Metro#Metro)
Bus Metro
■ Adoption of distance-based unified fare system irrespective of transport mode
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◆ 4 types of buses● Trunk lines, Feeder lines, Circular, Wide area
−to simplify the system and reduce confusion
2. Seoul’s Public Transport Reform
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◆ Transfer facilities2. Seoul’s Public Transport Reform
YeoidoTransfer Termi-nal
: (Secondary) city center : Boundary : Suburb
■ Building transfer terminals at node between trunk line and feeder line connected with bus and metro
Cheong- ryangni Transfer Terminal
Transfer Terminal for Downtown and Suburban
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2. Seoul’s Public Transport Reform◆ BMS (Bus Management System) / BIS (Bus Information System)
<Bus information>- City Hall stop (30)
No.62 bus left last bus stop
HeadwaysHeadways
Order for keeping headway
Order for re-served vehicle
Internet
Mobile
ARS
No. 62 bus left last bus stop
Dispatch Mgmt.
Real-time Information
Real-time Information
■ Bus operation information collecting at control center through GPS
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2. Seoul’s Public Transport Reform◆ Transport Operation & Information System
Image Data
Traffic Volume Data
Analyzing accumu-
lated data and
improve-ment
Providing conges-tion in-
formation
597
865 884 891 896
909
317
810 802
893
748( ) 727
529510 ( )
650
601 613 610
665 664 673 675638
-
100
200
300 322 309 316298
400 435
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
6 24 6 26 6 30 7 2 7 4 7 8 7 10 7 14( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( / )
Speed Data Monitoring
real-time traffic sta-
tus
Data Gathering Monitoring & Management
■ Supporting on- the - spot traffic control using real - time traffic data
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◆ Quasi-Public Management2. Seoul’s Public Transport Reform
● Establish bus route system based on the citizens’ needs− Increase operation of inconvenient bus routes with low rev-
enues− For bus operators, remove factors that cause deficits occurring
from intensive competition
● Operate collective system to control transportation revenues Joint management of bus operation revenues
− calculate and allocate revenues to bus operators based on their operational performance
● Secure stable profits for bus operators by providing subsidies− Seoul subsidizes deficits for bus operators after calculating the
profits Eliminate factors that result loss for bus operators
■ SMG controls transportation revenues to lower fis-cal deficit and promote bus route arrangements
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3. Outcomes
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◆ Achievement ( 2003 vs. 2004)3. Outcomes and Way Ahead
● Increase of passengers− 4.0% increase ( 2004. Jul ~ Dec vs. 2003 Jul ~ Dec )
● Increase of bus speed− Generally 10 ~ 20 km/h increased
● Improvement of on-time operation− Improved punctuality of bus operation− Arrived within 1~2 minutes of expected
(Km/hour) BeforeAfter
Differ-ence
Jun 2004 Dec
2004Dobong-Mia
RoadBus 11.0 22.0 11.0↑
Car 18.5 21.6 3.1↑
Susaek-Seongsan Road
Bus 13.1 21.5 8.4↑
Car 20.3 22.3 2.0↑
Kangnam Road
Bus 13.0 17.3 4.3↑
Car 18.0 18.6 0.6↑
Before After
Punctuality(Variation
Coefficient)0.537 0.493
On-time Operation
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3. Outcomes ◆ Achievements
Bus
Bus speed (km/h)13%
↑19.817.6
19.9
2010
21.7
5% ↑ 24.022.
9
2005
2000
2000 20052010
Passenger Car
● Increase in public transportation users: Average of 840K users /day(9.2%)● Faster bus & vehicle speed: Buses rose by 13%, and passenger cars by 5%
● Establish scientific foundation for public transportation man-agement
− Improve bus operation management based on the data including ridership by each vehicle and service intervals
− Bus service interval management based on the number of users by routes, time-based number of passengers, and routes with many users
● Secure social equity of fare system - free transfer− Improve fare systems unfair to the areas without bus or subway routes− Reduce average price of using inner-bus city (average of 29 KRW per trip)20.11.15 III международный градостроительный форум UrbanБайрам
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3. Outcomes ◆ Achievements
Year 1996 2002 2005 2009Total Traffic Volume 2,779 2,968 3,100 3,194Traffic Volume (Suburban area ↔ Seoul) 618 876 917 928
Year 1996 2002 2005 2009Public Transportation 59.5 60.6 62.3 63.0
(Bus) (30.1) (26.0) (27.5) (27.8)(Subway) (29.4) (34.6) (34.8) (35.2)
Passenger Car 24.6 26.9 26.3 25.9Taxi 10.4 7.4 6.5 6.2Other 5.5 5.1 4.9 4.9
(Unit: %)
(Unit: 10K trips)● Change in Traffic Volume
− Despite stagnation of population increase in Seoul, total traffic volume and the amount of traffic between Seoul and the outskirt of the city is increasing.● Modal Share
− Continuous increase in use of public transportation: 59.5% (’96)→ 63% (’09)20.11.15
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20.11.15 III международный градостроительный форум
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