PROSES TERBENTUKNYA ENERGI LISTRIK
Post on 23-Feb-2016
308 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
Transcript
PROSES TERBENTUKNYA ENERGI LISTRIK PROSES TERBENTUKNYA ENERGI LISTRIK
PROTONNEUTRON
ELEKTRON
MOLEKUL
BENDA
ATOM
ATOMSATOMS
Energy LevelsEnergy Levels
DEFINISI LISTRIKDEFINISI LISTRIK• TENAGA ATAU USAHA YG TDK TERLIHAT MATATENAGA ATAU USAHA YG TDK TERLIHAT MATA• GERAKAN ELEKTRON DARI TMPAT YANG GERAKAN ELEKTRON DARI TMPAT YANG
BERMUATAN POSITIP MENUJU TEMPAT YANG BERMUATAN POSITIP MENUJU TEMPAT YANG BERMUATAN NEGATIPBERMUATAN NEGATIP
CATATAN :CATATAN : KECEPATAN ELEKTRON/LISTRIKKECEPATAN ELEKTRON/LISTRIK ADALAH 3X10ADALAH 3X1088 m/detik =300.000km/dt m/detik =300.000km/dt
PROSES TERJADINYA PROSES TERJADINYA LISTRIKLISTRIK
1.1. SECARA TERMIS ( PANAS )SECARA TERMIS ( PANAS ) CONTOH : - TERMO KOPEL, PETIR dll.CONTOH : - TERMO KOPEL, PETIR dll.
2.2. SECARA KIMIAWISECARA KIMIAWI CONTOH : - BATU BATERREY, ACUMULATOR/AKI dll.CONTOH : - BATU BATERREY, ACUMULATOR/AKI dll.
3.3. SECARA ELEKTROMAKNETISSECARA ELEKTROMAKNETIS CONTOH : - DINAMO SEPEDA MOTOR/MOBIL, GENERATOR,CONTOH : - DINAMO SEPEDA MOTOR/MOBIL, GENERATOR, MIKROPONE dll.MIKROPONE dll.
66
Basic Sources of ElectricityBasic Sources of Electricity• Friction (gesekan)Friction (gesekan)• Chemical Action (kimiawi)Chemical Action (kimiawi)• Light (cahaya)Light (cahaya)• Heat (panas)Heat (panas)• Pressure (tekanan)Pressure (tekanan)• Magnetism (magnetis)Magnetism (magnetis)
PROSES TERMISPROSES TERMIS• APABILA DUA BUAH BATANG LOGAM APABILA DUA BUAH BATANG LOGAM
YANG BERLAINAN JENIS SALING YANG BERLAINAN JENIS SALING DIHUBUNGKAN DAN PADA LOGAM DIHUBUNGKAN DAN PADA LOGAM TERSEBUT MENERIMA ENERGI TERSEBUT MENERIMA ENERGI
TERMIS/PANAS, MAKA KEDUA UJUNG TERMIS/PANAS, MAKA KEDUA UJUNG LOGAM TERSEBUT TIMBUL LOGAM TERSEBUT TIMBUL
GAYA GERAK LISTRIKGAYA GERAK LISTRIK
PROSES TERMISPROSES TERMIS
Voltage Produced by HeatVoltage Produced by Heat
1010
Photovoltaic CellPhotovoltaic Cell
1111
Photovoltaic CellPhotovoltaic Cell• SchematicSchematic symbolsymbol
++__
• Physical descriptionPhysical descriptionLL __
++ P type semiconductorP type semiconductor
N type semiconductorN type semiconductor
SunlightSunlight
• Specifications: 1 cell produces 1 Watt and .5 VoltsSpecifications: 1 cell produces 1 Watt and .5 Volts– Cells can be connected into arrays.Cells can be connected into arrays.
– Arrays are build with cells in series and parallel.Arrays are build with cells in series and parallel.
1212
Photovoltaic Cell ApplicationPhotovoltaic Cell Application• Used to keep solar powered cars charged Used to keep solar powered cars charged
when not being driven.when not being driven.
1313
Photoresistive CellsPhotoresistive Cells• Schematic symbolSchematic symbol
1414
PILOT PILOT DEVICEDEVICE
AC OR DCAC OR DC
+V+VCCCC
+V+VOUTOUT
Photoresistive Cell Photoresistive Cell ApplicationApplication
•Resistance is proportional to the light source Resistance is proportional to the light source applied.applied.
•The circuit below uses a photoresistive call to The circuit below uses a photoresistive call to bias the base of a transistor. The output of this bias the base of a transistor. The output of this amplifier could be used to power a light (Street amplifier could be used to power a light (Street
Light).Light).
1515
ThermocoupleThermocouple• Schematic symbolSchematic symbol
++__
• Physical DescriptionPhysical Description
Copper WireCopper Wire
Iron Iron WireWire
MatchMatch
Galvanometer:Galvanometer:Measures very Measures very Small currents.Small currents.
ThermocoupleThermocouple
Thermocouple + Galvanometer = PyrometerThermocouple + Galvanometer = PyrometerGroup of thermocouples = ThermopileGroup of thermocouples = Thermopile
1616
Piezoelectric EffectPiezoelectric Effect
• Definition: The property of some crystals (i.e. Definition: The property of some crystals (i.e. Quartz) that when a pressure is exerted on one Quartz) that when a pressure is exerted on one axis, a proportional voltage is present on the axis, a proportional voltage is present on the other axis.other axis.
• Physical Description:Physical Description:
Sound wavesSound wavesQuartzQuartzCrystalCrystal
pressurepressure electricalelectricalwaveswaves
e-e-
OutputOutput
1717
Fuel CellsFuel Cells• Schematic symbolSchematic symbol
FCFC
• Physical descriptionPhysical descriptionLL
ElectrolyteElectrolyte
PotassiumPotassiumHydroxideHydroxide
KOHKOH__ ++
ElectrodeElectrodeElectrodeElectrode
HydrogenHydrogenGasGas
OxygenOxygenGasGas
OperationOperationHH22 gas supplied develops a gas supplied develops a ––
potential on electrode & potential on electrode & ionizes the electrolyte.ionizes the electrolyte.
OO22 gas supplied develops a gas supplied develops a ++ potential on electrode & potential on electrode & ionizes the electrolyte.ionizes the electrolyte.
HH22O is waste product of O is waste product of chemical reaction with no chemical reaction with no
heat loss.heat loss.Used in the space program.Used in the space program.
Ratings: 1.23V, 2KWRatings: 1.23V, 2KW
1818
Magnetohydrodynamic GeneratorMagnetohydrodynamic Generator• Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) electricity is Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) electricity is
generated when ionized gas is passed through a generated when ionized gas is passed through a magnetic field.magnetic field.
• MHD converterMHD converter
Coil forCoil forMagnetic FieldMagnetic Field ++__ OutputOutput
++
__
Anode PlateAnode Plate
Cathode PlateCathode Plate
IonizingIonizingGasGas
(Argon or(Argon orHelium)Helium)
IonizingIonizingGasGas
Gas heated by solar power > 2000FGas heated by solar power > 2000F
Charged BodiesCharged Bodies Charged BodiesCharged Bodies Charged BodiesCharged Bodies
Voltage Produced by PressureVoltage Produced by Pressure
Voltage Produced by LightVoltage Produced by Light
2121
Battery ExperimentBattery Experiment• A grapefruit can be used to produce enough A grapefruit can be used to produce enough
electricity to operate a small radio.electricity to operate a small radio.
PennyPenny NickelNickel
PROSES KIMIAWIPROSES KIMIAWI
TERBENTUKNYA LISTRIK KARENA TERBENTUKNYA LISTRIK KARENA PERCAMPURAN/REAKSI KIMIA PERCAMPURAN/REAKSI KIMIA
ANTARA BEBERAPA JENIS UNSUR ANTARA BEBERAPA JENIS UNSUR KIMIA HINGGA DAPAT KIMIA HINGGA DAPAT
MENGHASILKAN ENERGI LISTRIKMENGHASILKAN ENERGI LISTRIK
PROSES KIMIAWIPROSES KIMIAWI
Voltage Produced by Chemical ActionVoltage Produced by Chemical Action
2525
Sources of ElectricitySources of Electricity
2626
Zinc Carbon Battery CellZinc Carbon Battery Cell• Zn + HZn + H22SOSO44 + H + H22O ZnSOO ZnSO44 + H + H22O + HO + H22
* plate + electrolyte + water sulfated - plate + * plate + electrolyte + water sulfated - plate + water + hydrogen gas.water + hydrogen gas.* End of Life due to H* End of Life due to H22 blanketing around carbon blanketing around carbon
rod.rod.
H2SO4 + H2OH2SO4 + H2O
ZnZn CC
HH22
-- ++
2727
Primary CellsPrimary Cells
AAA CellAAA CellAA CellAA Cell
C CellC Cell
D CellD Cell
2828
Primary CellsPrimary Cells
2929
Primary CellsPrimary Cells• Can not be recharged. Chemical action can Can not be recharged. Chemical action can
not be reversed.not be reversed.• Defect: Polarization: HDefect: Polarization: H22 blanketing around blanketing around
electrode.electrode.• Depolarization agent is added to prevent the Depolarization agent is added to prevent the
HH22 blanketing around electrode . Compounds blanketing around electrode . Compounds rich in oxygen (i.e. MnOrich in oxygen (i.e. MnO22) are used. The O) are used. The O2 2 in in the depolarization agent combines with Hthe depolarization agent combines with H2 2 to to form Hform H22O. (2MnOO. (2MnO2 2 + H+ H2 2 2MnO2MnO3 3 + H+ H22O): O):
• Local Action: Does not contribute to electrical Local Action: Does not contribute to electrical energy.energy.
3030
Battery Dry CellBattery Dry Cell• Flashlight Batteries: Zinc-carbon CellFlashlight Batteries: Zinc-carbon Cell
3131
AA Alkaline CellAA Alkaline Cell• Anode: Manganese DioxideAnode: Manganese Dioxide• Cathode: Zinc PowderCathode: Zinc Powder• Electrolyte: Caustic AlkaliElectrolyte: Caustic Alkali• Separator: Separates + & - Separator: Separates + & -
3232
Lithium CellLithium Cell• Lithium is bonded to a Lithium is bonded to a
thin layer of conductive thin layer of conductive metal and has a porous metal and has a porous separator between it separator between it and the cathode.and the cathode.
• This design allows for a This design allows for a large surface area, large surface area, providing a large providing a large reaction surface & reaction surface & higher discharge rates higher discharge rates compared to other compared to other Lithium cells.Lithium cells.
3333
Silver Oxide CellSilver Oxide Cell• Uses amalgamated zinc anode, silver oxide as the Uses amalgamated zinc anode, silver oxide as the
cathode material, & a potassium hydroxide cathode material, & a potassium hydroxide electrolyte.electrolyte.
• Silver oxide cells are ideal for miniature devices Silver oxide cells are ideal for miniature devices where space is limited.where space is limited.
• Voltage: 1.5 to 1.2 VVoltage: 1.5 to 1.2 V• Uses: Watches Uses: Watches
3434
Silver Oxide CellSilver Oxide Cell
3535
Secondary CellsSecondary Cells• Can be recharged or restored.Can be recharged or restored.• Chemical action can be reversed.Chemical action can be reversed.
3636
Battery ChargersBattery Chargers• Used to restore the charge on Used to restore the charge on
rechargeable batteries.rechargeable batteries.• Used for: AA batteries and car batteries.Used for: AA batteries and car batteries.
3737
Battery Chargers SchematicBattery Chargers Schematic
3838
Battery Chargers P/S Battery Chargers P/S SchematicSchematic
• Parts of a Power SupplyParts of a Power Supply* Stepdown Transformer* Stepdown Transformer* Bridge Rectifier* Bridge Rectifier* Filters* Filters* Regulator* Regulator
3939
Battery Wet CellBattery Wet Cell
4040
Measuring Specific GravityMeasuring Specific Gravity
Determines state of the charge on the battery.Determines state of the charge on the battery.
4141
Lead Acid BatteryLead Acid Battery
4242
Lead Acid BatteryLead Acid Battery• Primary Chemical ReactionsPrimary Chemical Reactions
– Pb + PbOPb + PbO22 + 2H + 2H22 SO SO44-2 -2 2PbSO2PbSO44
-2 -2 + 2H+ 2H22O + 5 eO + 5 e--
• Half Cell Chemical ReactionsHalf Cell Chemical Reactions– Pb + SOPb + SO44
-2-2 = PbSO = PbSO44-2-2 + 2 e + 2 e--
– PbOPbO22 + 4 H + 4 H++ + 2 e + 2 e-- + SO + SO44-2-2 = PbSO = PbSO44
-2-2
chargecharge
dischargedischarge
PbPb PbOPbO22
-- ++ HH22 SO SO44-2-2 HH22 O O
ElectrolyteElectrolyte
SeparatorSeparator
4343
Lead Acid BatteryLead Acid Battery
PlasticPlasticCaseCase
TerminalTerminal
PostPost
TerminalTerminalPostPost
Separator
Separator
Plate
s
Plate
s
4444
Nickel-cadmium CellNickel-cadmium Cell
4545
Dirty Cells cause groundsDirty Cells cause grounds
4646
Cell DamageCell Damage
4747
Batteries in SeriesBatteries in Series
1.5V@1A1.5V@1A 1.5V@1A1.5V@1A 1.5V@1A1.5V@1A 1.5V@1A1.5V@1A__ ++
Physical DescriptionPhysical Description
Electrical SchematicElectrical Schematic++++++++__ __ __ __
OutputOutput6 VDC6 VDC
1A1A
4848
Batteries in ParallelBatteries in Parallel
__++
Physical DescriptionPhysical Description
Electrical SchematicElectrical Schematic
OutputOutput1.5 VDC1.5 VDC
4A4A
1.5V1.5V@1A@1A
__ __ __++ ++ ++
1.5V1.5V@1A@1A
1.5V1.5V@1A@1A
1.5V1.5V@1A@1A
++
__
4949
Batteries in Series-ParallelBatteries in Series-ParallelPhysical DescriptionPhysical Description
Electrical SchematicElectrical Schematic
OutputOutput6 VDC6 VDC
2A2A
__++
__ __ __++ ++ ++
1.5V1.5V@1A@1A
1.5V1.5V@1A@1A
1.5V1.5V@1A@1A
1.5V1.5V@1A@1A
++
__
1.5V1.5V@1A@1A
1.5V1.5V@1A@1A
1.5V1.5V@1A@1A
1.5V1.5V@1A@1A
__++
__ __ __++ ++ ++
PROSES ELEKTRO MAKNETISPROSES ELEKTRO MAKNETIS
APABILA SUATU PENGHANTAR KAWAT APABILA SUATU PENGHANTAR KAWAT (KUMPARAN KAWAT) DIGERAKKAN PADA (KUMPARAN KAWAT) DIGERAKKAN PADA
MEDAN MAKNET MAKA PADA KEDUA MEDAN MAKNET MAKA PADA KEDUA UJUNG KUPARAN KAWAT TERSEBUT UJUNG KUPARAN KAWAT TERSEBUT AKAN TIMBUL GAYA GERAK LISTRIKAKAN TIMBUL GAYA GERAK LISTRIK
( HUKUM FARADAY )( HUKUM FARADAY )
CATATAN:CATATAN: BESAR KECILNYA TEGANGAN LISTRIK DITENTUKAN OLEH BESAR KECILNYA TEGANGAN LISTRIK DITENTUKAN OLEH
PANJANG ATAU PENDEKNYA KAWAT PENGHANTARPANJANG ATAU PENDEKNYA KAWAT PENGHANTAR
PROSES ELEKTRO MAKNETISPROSES ELEKTRO MAKNETIS
5252
GeneratorGenerator• Schematic symbolsSchematic symbols
GG• Output waveformOutput waveform
00
Phase APhase APhase BPhase B Phase CPhase C
5353
GeneratorGenerator• Generates 450 VAC, 60 Hz, 3 phase electricityGenerates 450 VAC, 60 Hz, 3 phase electricity..
MOTOR LISTRIK ARUS MOTOR LISTRIK ARUS SEARAHSEARAH
HUKUM KAIDAH TANGAN HUKUM KAIDAH TANGAN KIRIKIRI
HUKUM KAIDAH TANGAN HUKUM KAIDAH TANGAN KANANKANAN
ELECTROSTATICSELECTROSTATICS
Charged BodiesCharged Bodies Charged BodiesCharged Bodies Charged BodiesCharged Bodies
Electrical ChargesElectrical Charges
Arah Gerakan HoleArah Gerakan Hole
Arah Gerakan ElektronArah Gerakan Elektron
Saklar Terbuka – Lp MatiSaklar Terbuka – Lp Mati
SaklarSaklar Tertutup – Lp hidup Tertutup – Lp hidup
ELECTRIC CURRENTELECTRIC CURRENT Directed DriftDirected Drift + + Random DriftRandom Drift
GENERATORGENERATOR
KEGUNAAN MOTORKEGUNAAN MOTOR
KOMPONEN ELEKTRONIKAKOMPONEN ELEKTRONIKA
ANEKA MACAM RESISTORANEKA MACAM RESISTOR
TAHANAN TAHANAN GESER/TRIMPOT/POTENSIOGESER/TRIMPOT/POTENSIO
ANEKA MACAM KAPASITORANEKA MACAM KAPASITOR
ANEKA MACAM KOMPONENANEKA MACAM KOMPONEN
ANEKA MACAM DIODAANEKA MACAM DIODA
ANEKA MACAM TRANSISTORANEKA MACAM TRANSISTOR
TRANSFORMATORTRANSFORMATOR
SIMBUL TRANSFORMATORSIMBUL TRANSFORMATOR
TRANSFORMATOR TRANSFORMATOR STEPDOWNSTEPDOWN
IGBT 50 AIGBT 50 A
THYRISTOR UNTUK 3 FASATHYRISTOR UNTUK 3 FASA
OPTO TRIAC 4,5 DAN25 AOPTO TRIAC 4,5 DAN25 A
SOLDER DAN PERANGKATNYASOLDER DAN PERANGKATNYA
ANEKA MACAM SAKLARANEKA MACAM SAKLAR
MOTOR STEPPERMOTOR STEPPER
DRIVER MOTOR STEPPER DAN DRIVER MOTOR STEPPER DAN GIGI REDUKSIGIGI REDUKSI
BATERAY KERINGBATERAY KERING
MOTOR INDUKSI 1 FASAMOTOR INDUKSI 1 FASA
BAHAN FOTORESISBAHAN FOTORESIS
Hard disks are common I/O devices used with are common I/O devices used with computers.computers.
Transistor
Field effect transistorField effect transistor
top related