Progressive Movement
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Progressive Movement
Responses to the Challenges brought about by Industrialization
and Urbanization
Questions:What problems did Progressive reformers hope to
solve?What role did journalists and other writers play in the
Progressive Movement?How did the Progressives work to help the urban
poor?How did the Progressive reformers change local and
state governments?
Progressivism: Reform Movement
Began during T Roosevelt’s Administration.Ended in 1917 with the US entry into WWI.Spirit of Active Reform dominated national,
state, and local politics.Wide range of issuesMiddle class city dwellers From the mid west and northeast.
Pressure for Reforms
Why? Negative effects of industrialization.Social DarwinismLaissez Faire EconomicsLack of competition: high prices Abuse of nation’s resources.Poor working conditionsPoor living conditionsLarge gap between rich and poor.Rise of unions
Pressure for Reforms continued
Immigration kept wages low/rise of nativism
Mixed Response of GovernmentUnresponsive to the impact of
industrialization and urbanization.Courts did not support fair business
practicescorruption
Reforms demanded by rising middle classIncreased power and influence of middle
class.Educated classProgressives supported use of government
power to bring about reform.Technology and science could improve the basic
institutions of America: family, education, business and gov’t
Strengthening capitalism and they were against the rising tide of socialism.
By pass the political parties.
Muckrakers
The Muckrakers and reformBrought public attention to reform issues.Journalists, writers, photographers, and
artists.Investigated and exposed corruption and
injustice.Lincoln Steffens (The Shame of the Cities), Ida
Tarbell (History of Standard Oil), Upton Sinclair (The Jungle movie trailer?), Jacob Riis (How the Other Half Lives)
Specific Areas of Concern
Poverty and living conditionsBetter living conditions through building codesSocial Gospel
Settlement HousesJane Addams Hull HouseHenry Street Settlement: Lillian WaldProvided child care, education, social activities,
and employment help.
Specific Areas of Concern
Peace MovementAddams and WaldJeannette Rankin 1st woman elected to
congressAddams 1931 Noble Peace Prize
Specific Areas of Concern
Temperance and prohibitionBegan in the 1820s1874 Women’s Christian Temperance Union.1920 18th amendment
Specific Areas of Concern
Women’s Movement1848 Seneca Falls NYElizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B.
Anthony were the radicals.Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell were the
moderates.1900s Carrie Chapmen Catt changes
strategy.19 Amendment 1920
Specific Areas of Concern
Birth ControlMargaret SangerPlanned Parenthood Federation
Education for Women100,000 women in college by the 1900s.
Rights for JewsAnti-Defamation League
Specific Areas of Concern
African AmericansLynchingsBooker T Washington: vocational training
Policy called accommodationW.E.B. DuBois: more radical than BTW
Niagara MovementNAACP: National Association for the Advancement of
Colored PeopleMarcus Garvey: separatistIda B. Wells: journalist
Progressivism and Government
1st concentrated their efforts on local governments.
Elect Progressive Mayors but also needed to change the way government ran.
Popular in small and medium sized cities.City Commissioner PlanCity manager Plan
Theodore Roosevelt and the Square Deal
Many reforms during his administration.1st of the Progressive Presidents (William
Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson).Youngest man to become president1901 William McKinley is assassinatedElected in 1904Used the power of the Presidency to deal
with social and economic problems
Cities respond to Urban Problems
Transportation systems, water and sewage, sanitation, other utilities.
Modernizing Police and Fire Departments.Constructing new government buildings.Building Libraries and museums
Reform of State Government
Limited the control of state controlled boss politics.
Limited powerful business interests.To protect gains at the local level reform
was needed at the state and federal levels.
Needed to increase citizen participation in government.
State reforms
Secret ballotsInitiativeReferendumRecallDirect primaryDirect Election of Senators (1913) 17th
Amendment.Role of third parties
State, Social and Environmental Reform
Wisconsin Model Robert M. La Follette
Regulate railroads, lobbying, bankingCivil service reformsReform tax systemWorkmen’s compensationFactory inspectionsTeddy Roosevelt
New State Tenement Commission
Theodore Roosevelt and the Square Deal
Youngest President to take office1st of three Progressive
presidents( William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson)
Stewardship: leading the nation in the public interest, like a supervisor or manager.
Square Deal: many reforms during his administration
Reforms
Consumer ProtectionPure Food and Drug Act and the Meat
Inspection Act (The Jungle)Regulation of BusinessHepburn Act 1906 Regulation of Railroad
rates. Strengthened the ICC. Also expanded power to include regulation of pipelines, ferries, bridges and terminals.
Reforms
Trust-busting Good and bad trusts.Northern Securities Case: Pacific Northwest
Railroads. DissolvedBeef Trust: Swift and Company v. the United States.Labor Reforms: The Anthracite Coal Strike: United Mine Workers.Employers’ Liability Act of 1906: provided accident
insurance for interstate railroad workers. And in Washington D.C.
Working Hours: Lockner v. New York ( no limiting working hours)
Muller v Oregon ( women working) 10 hour work day
Conservation
Roosevelt was a naturalistInfluenced by Gifford Pinchot and John
Muir.Forest Reserve Act of 1891/US Forest
Service /150 Million Acres.National Reclamation Act of 1902
Progressivism Under Taft
1909 William Howard Taft is elected President.Twice as many lawsuitsStandard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States.Rule of reason to the Sherman Antitrust ActMann Elkins act of 1910/ICC/ control telephone
and telegraph.Payne –Aldrich Act of 1909 raise tariffs
Woodrow Wilson and the New freedom
Democrat 1912Competition in the marketplace through
enforcement of antitrust laws.Underwood Tariff Act: lowered tariffs/Civil
War1913 16th Amendment Graduated Income
tax. 6% v 1%Federal Reserve System created.
Federal Reserve System
12 Districts, each with a Federal reserve Bank.
The Federal Government could now:Issue sound currency.Control the amt of money in circulation.Control interest rates.Shift money from one bank to another when
needed.
Negative Aspects of the Progressive PeriodRights of African Americans do not improve..Woodrow Wilson enact separate facilities for blacks in
Federal Government buildings.Jim Crows are still in existence (Plessy v Ferguson)
separate but equal.Women are still treated like second class citizens.Unequal education still exists for all races Child labor.No minimum wage, no maximum work week,Prohibition….Organized CrimeNo anti-lynching laws
Business Regulation
Federal Trade Commission ActClayton Antitrust Act of 1914
Price fixingBuying stock in competing companies.
Addams Act of 1916 8 hour work day for workers on railroads and in interstate commerce.
Federal Farm Loan Act 1916Keating – Owen Child Labor Act:
Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional. Hammer v Dagenhart
19th Amendment 1920 women the right to vote.
Causes of the Progressive Movement
Growth ofindustry
Growth of cities
The Progressive MovementWork of Muckrakers
Political• Direct election of
Senators.• Party primaries.
• Votes for women.
Social• Laws protecting
Workers.• Settlement houses
• Birth control• Child labor laws
• consumer protection laws
Economic• Conservation of
land and water.• Regulation of business
• Lower tariffs• Income tax
• Federal Reserve
Progressive Movement
Protect Social Welfare
• Pure Food and Drug Act• Meat Inspection Act
• Conservation projects• Settlement House
Movement• Formation of NAACP• Mandatory Education
Promote Moral Development
• Temperance• 18th Amendment
• Social Gospel Movement
Create Economic Reform
• Underwood tariff• Federal Reserve System
• Clayton Antitrust Act• Hepburn Act
• 16th Amendment• Federal Trade Commission
• Regulate public utilities
Foster EfficiencyIn Government
• 17th &18th Amendment• Civil Service reform
• Secret Ballot• Direct Primaries
• Referendum• Recall
• City commission• City manager
Progressive Pyramid
National16-19
AmendmentsPure food and Drug Act
Meat Inspection ActUnderwood Tariff, Clayton
Antitrust ActFTC, Federal Reserve Bank, Hepburn Act, NAACP, Forest
Reserve Act
StateSecret Ballot, Initiative, referendum,
recall, direct primaries, direct election of senators
LocalCity Commission, city manager, regulation of public utilities,
city beautification, settlement houses
Muckrakers: uncover corruption
Lincoln SteffensThe Shame of the Cities
Corrupt politicians
Frank NorrisThe Octopus
Corrupt railroad operators & California Wheat farmers
Upton SinclairThe Jungle
Unhealthy conditions in theMeat packing industry
Ida TarbelHistory of the Standard
Oil CompanyJohn D. Rockefeller’s monopoly
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