Transcript
SANITARY AND
PLUMBING SYSTEMS
FLEA 2010 REVIEW
UT
ILIT
IES
Introduction
P
LUMBING
P L U M B I N G
Is the art and technique of installing pipes,
fixtures & other apparatuses in buildings &
for bringing the supply, liquids, substances
&/or ingredients & removing them;
from the Latin plumbum for lead as pipes
were once made from lead.
refers to a system of pipes and fixtures
installed in a building for the distribution
of potable water and the removal of
waterborne wastes.
Introduction - history
P
LUMBING
PRACTICE OF PLUMBING IN THE PHILIPPINES
Birth of plumbing profession traced back to the 17th century
as Spaniards established Walled City known as Intramuros
as a model community.
In 1902, the PLUMBING TRADE was duly recognized by the
government.
Master Plumber John F. Hass became the 1st Chief of Division
of Plumbing Construction and Construction. A plumbing code
based on the Plumbing Code of the US was incorporated into
the Building Code for the City of Manila.
In 1935 the National Master Plumbers Association of the
Philippines (NAMPAP) was organized and registered with
the SEC.
Introduction - history
P
LUMBING
PRACTICE OF PLUMBING IN THE PHILIPPINES
City Ordinance 2411 known as “The Plumbing Code for the
City of Manila” was enacted with the consultation of
NAMPAP
In 1954, the 3rd Congress of the Republic of the Philippines
approved after the third reading House Bill No. 962. This
became Republic Act No. 1378.
In December 21, 1999 pursuant t Section 4 of R.A. 1378,
Joseph Ejercito Estrada approved the Revised Plumbing
Code of 1999.
On June 28, 1955, R.A. 1378 known as the “Plumbing Code of
the Philippines was signed by President Ramon Magsaysay.
Plumbing System - Fundamentals
P
LUMBING
PLUMBING SYSTEMSystem includes all potable water supply and distributionpipes, all plumbing fixtures and traps; all sanitary andstorm drainage systems; vent pipes, roof drains, leadersand downspouts; and all building drains and sewers,including their respective joints and connections;devices, receptacles, and appurtenances within theproperty; water lines in the premises; potable, tap, hotand chilled water piping; potable water treating or usingequipment; fuel gas piping; water heaters and vents forsame.
SUPPLY PIPE
FIXTUREDRAINAGE
PIPE
Plumbing System - Fundamentals
P
LUMBING
PLUMBING SYSTEM COMPONENTS
WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
SANITARY DRAINAGE AND DISPOSAL SYSTEM
STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM
PLUMBING FIXTURE
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
FUEL AND GAS PIPING SYSTEM
Plumbing System - Fundamentals
P
LUMBING
PLUMBING CYLE
S U P P L Y
Water Mains,Storage Tanks
DISTRIBUTION
Pressure,PipingNetworks
U S E
PlumbingFixtures
COLLECTION
Gravity,PipingNetworks
TREATMENT
Sewage Plants,NaturalPurification
S O U R C E
Lakes, Rivers,Reservoirs
Treated waterreturned to theoriginal source
DISPOSAL
Sanitary andStorm Sewers
P
LUMBING
WATER SUPPLY
AND
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
definitionCarries water from the water source, street main or a
pump to the building and to various points in the
building at which water is used.
COLD WATER SUPPLY
HOT WATER SUPPLY
WATERplays an important part in the plumbing system
Providing water is one of the most critical utility requirement
“Universal Solvent”
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
WATER CYCLE3 MAJOR STAGES
EVAPORATION
CONDENSATION
PRECIPITATION
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
SOURCES OF WATERRAIN WATER
Collected from roofs of buildings and special water sheds and
stored in cisterns or ponds.
ADVANTAGE
Water is soft & pure and is suitable for the hot water
supply system
DISADVANTAGE
Only a source during the wet season
Storage becomes a breeding place for mosquitoes
Roofs may not be clean
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
SOURCES OF WATERGROUND WATERThe portion of the rainwater which has percolated into the earth to
form underground deposits called aquifers (water- bearing soil
formation).
ADVANTAGE
DISADVANTAGE
From springs and wells and is the principal source of water for
domestic use in most rural areas.
Usually has an abundant supply;
requires less treatment because of natural filtering.
May have organic matter & chemical elements usually
treatment is suggested.
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
SOURCES OF WATERNATURAL SURFACE WATER
A mixture of surface run-off and ground water. Surface sources
includes rivers, lakes, ponds and impounding reservoirs.
ADVANTAGE
Usually easy to acquire and in large quantities.
Used for irrigation, industrial purposes and, when treated,
for community water supply.
DISADVANTAGE
Contains a large amounts of bacteria, organic, & inorganic
substances; Purification & treatment is necessary.
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
USES OF WATER
NOURISHMENT
CLEANSING AND HYGIENE
CEREMONIAL USES
TRANSPORTATIONAL USES
COOLING MEDIUM
ORNAMENTAL ELEMENT
PROTECTIVE USES
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
PHYSICAL PROPETIES OF WATER
SURFACE TENSION
HEAT ABSOPTION/CAPACITY
CAPILLARITY
DISSOLVING ABILITY
The ability to stick itself together and pull itself together
The ability to absorb heat without becoming warmer
The ability to climb up a surface against the pull of gravity
Known as the “Universal Solvent”
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
WATER QUALITY PROBLEM AND THEIR CORRECTION
PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS CORRECTION
1. Acidity Contains
carbon dioxide
Corrosion of
non-ferrous
pipes
Rusting &
clogging of
steel pipes
Passing the water
through a bed of
crushed marble or
limestone to
achieve alkalinity,
or adding sodium
silicate.)
2. Hardness Presence of
magnesium and
calcium salts
Clogging of
pipes
Impaired
laundry and
cooking
Boiling
Introduction of
water softeners
made up of
Zeolite
3. Turbidity Silt or mud in
surface or in
ground
Discoloration
Bad taste
Filtration
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
WATER QUALITY PROBLEM AND THEIR CORRECTION
PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS CORRECTION
4. Color Presence of
Iron and
manganese
Discoloration of
fixtures
and laundry
Chlorination or
ozonation and file
filtration
5. Pollution Contamination
by organic
matter or
sewage
Disease Chlorination
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
Water treatment and purificationis any method that will remove one or more materials that make
the water unsuitable for a given use
AERATIONWater is sprayed into the air to release any trapped gases and absorb
additional oxygen for better taste.
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
COAGULATION - FLOCCULATION
process by which small sediment particles which do not settle well combine together to form larger particles which can be removed by sedimentation
COAGULATION chemical process in which the coagulant reacts
with the sediment to make it capable of
combining into larger particles.
FLOCCULATIONphysical process in which the sediment particles
collide with each other and stick together.
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
SEDIMENTATION
suspended solids are removed from the water by gravity settling and
deposition
water is passed through basins so sediments can settle through a
period of time
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
FILTRATION
water is passed through layers of sand and gravel in concrete basins in order to remove the finer suspended particles.
DISINFECTION/ CHLORINATION
method of introducing a controlled amount of chlorine to the water in
order to attain a desired degree of disinfection.
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
WELLSWells are holes in the earth from which a fluid may be
withdrawn using manual or mechanical means such as draw
bucket, pump, etc.
SHALLOW WELL
GENERAL TYPES OF WELL
DEEP WELL
TYPES OF WELL(ACCORDING TO METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION)
DUG WELLS
can be constructed with hand tools or power tools
depth of about 15 meters (50 ft)can have the greatest diameter that a space
may allow
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
DUG WELL
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
DRIVEN WELLS
A steel drive-well point is fitted on one end of the pipe section
and driven into the earth. The point may be driven into the
ground to a depth of up to 15 meters (50 ft).
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
BORED WELLS
These are dug with earth augers are usually less than 30 meters
(100 ft) deep. The diameter ranges from 2 to 30 inches. The well
is lined with metal, vitrified tile or concrete.
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
DRILLED WELLS
Requires more elaborate equipment depending on the geology of
the site.
Used for drilling oil and can reach up to 1000 meters in depth.
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
JETTED WELLS
Use extreme water pressure so as not to affect existing
foundation in the vicinity. It makes use of a suction pump above,
while casing acts as the pump riser.
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
PUMPSA pump is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids or slurries.
A pump displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action.
CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS
RECIPROCATING PUMP
Pump having a plunger that move back and forth within a cylinder
equipped with check valves. The cylinder is best located near or below
the ground level.
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
It contains an impeller mounted on a rotating shaft. The rotating
impeller increases the water velocity while forcing the water into a
casing thus converting the water’s velocity into higher pressure.
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
TURBINE PUMP
A turbine pump has a vertical turbine located below groundwater
levels and a driving motor located at ground
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
SUBMERSIBLE PUMP
Is basically a centrifugal pump complete with electric motors which
are positioned underwater in a suitable bored hole that delivers the
water to the surface
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
JET (EJECTOR) PUMP
Jet pumps are centrifugal pumps typically used for drawing water
up from a well.
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
PISTON PUMP
Is a positive displacement reciprocating pump in which a plunger is
driven backwards and forwards, or up and down by a mechanical
working head.
Water is sucked into a sealed vacuum by use of a piston.
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
SUMP PUMP
Sump pumps are used in applications where excess water must be
pumped away from a particular area.
a pump used to remove water that has accumulated in a water
collecting sump pit,
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
WATER STORAGE FOR DOMESTIC USE
OVERHEAD TANK/ GRAVITY SUPPLY TANK
Does not have any pressure concerns
but relies on gravity to supply water to
fixtures below.
Use in overhead feed system
COMPONENTS
Supply Pipe
Inlet
Overflow Pipe
Drip Pan
Gate Valves
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
CISTERN
Usually built of reinforced concrete
underground and connected with a pump.
PNEUMATIC WATER TANK
Used in the air pressure system and
often used with a pump.
Make use of pressure relieve valve to
release excess pressure if necessary
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
HOT WATER TANK
Range Boiler
Storage Boiler
Small hot water tank (30-60 cm
diameter; 180cm max length)
Standard working pressure limit is 85 to 150 psi
Made of galvanized steel sheet,
copper or stainless steel
Large hot water tank (60-130 cm
in diameter; 5m max length)
Made of heavy duty material
sheets applied with rust proof paint
Standard working pressure limit
is 65 to 100 psi.
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
VALVES AND CONTROLSFUNCTION OF VALVES
Control of the water system- Start or shut down a system
- Regulate pressure
- Check backflow
- Control the direction of water
TYPES OF VALVES
GATE VALVE (Full-way Valve)
Used mainly to completely close or
completely open the water line (does
not control flow of water).
Wedge Shape or Tapered Disc Valve
Double Disc Valve
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
GLOBE VALVE
Controls the flow of water with amovable spindle. Can reduce waterpressure (throttling).
Plug Type Disc Valve
Conventional Disc Valve
Composition Disc Valve
3 types
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
CHECK VALVE
Main function is to prevent reversal of
flow (backflow) in the line.
Swing Check Valve
Lift Check Valve
Horizontal Check valve
4 types
Vertical Check Valve
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
ANGLE VALVE
Used to make a 90° turn in a line.
FOOT VALVE
Located at the lower end of the pump. Used
mainly to prevent loss of priming of the pumps.
SAFETY VALVE
Used on water systems, heating systems,
compressed air lines & other pipe lines
with excessive pressure.
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
COMPRESSION COCK
Operates by the compression of a soft
packing upon a metal sheet.
BALL FAUCETConstructed with a ball connected to the
handle.
TYPES OF FAUCETS
KEY COCKOperates with a round tapering plug
ground to fit a metal sheet.
HOSE BIBBA water faucet made for the threaded
attachment of a hose.
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMThe water service pipe, water distribution pipes, and the necessary
connecting pipes, fittings, control valves and all appurtenances in or
adjacent to the structure or premises.
PARTS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
SERVICE PIPE
The pipe from the water main or other source of potable water supply
to the water distribution system of the building served.
WATER METER
Device used to measure in liters or gallons the amount of water that
passes through the water service.
DISTRIBUTION PIPE/ SUPPLY PIPEA pipe within the structure or on the premises which conveys water
from the water service pipe or meter to the point of utilization.
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
RISER
A water supply pipe that extends one full story or more to convey
water to branches or to a group of fixtures.
FIXTURE BRANCH
A water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch.
The water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe & the water
distributing pipe.
FIXTURE SUPPLY
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
TYPES OF WATER DISTRIBUTION
COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Water is provided by the city water companies using normal
pressure from public water main
DIRECT (UPFEED)
INDIRECT
- Down feed or Gravity System
- Hydro pneumatic System ( Air Pressure System)
DIRECT (UPFEED)
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
Water is pumped into a large
tank on top of the building and
is distributed to the fixtures by
means of gravity.
DOWNFEED or
GRAVITY SYSTEM
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
When pressure supplied
by city water supply is not
strong enough
HYDRO PNEUMATIC SYSTEM/
AIR PRESSURE SYSTEM
Compressed air is used to
raise and push water into
the system
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. Eliminates extra cost of pumps & tanks.
1. Pressure from water main is inadequate to supply tall buildings.
2. Water supply is affected during peak load hour.
Upfeed System
Air Pressure System
1. With compact pumping unit.2. Sanitary due to air tight water
chamber.3. economical (smaller pipe diam)4. less initial construction &
maintenance cost5. Oxygen in the compressed air serves
as purifying agent.6. Adaptable air pressure.7. Air pressure serves zones of about 10
stores intervals.
1. Water supply is affected by loss of pressure inside the tank in case of power interruption.
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. Water is subject to contamination.2. High maintenance cost.3. Occupies valuable space.4. Requires stronger foundation and
other structure to carry additional load of tank and water.
1. Water is not affected by peak load hour.
2. Not affected by power interruptions.3. Time needed to replace broken parts
does not affect water supply.
Overheadfeeed System
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
Types of the Hot Water Distribution Systems
Upfeed and Gravity Return System
With a continuing network of pipes to provide constant circulation of water
Hot water rises on its own & does not need any pump for circulation
Hot water is immediately drawn form the fixture any time
Provided economical circulating return of unused hot water
Larger pipe is installed at thetop of the riser & the diminishing sizes passes through the lowerfloors of the building
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
Types of the Hot Water Distribution SystemsDownfeed and Gravity Return System
Hot water rises on to the highest point of the plumbing system and travels to the fixtures via gravity (closed pipe system)
Water distribution is dependent on the expansion of hot water & gravity.
Larger pipe is installedat the bottom of theriser & the diminishing sizes passesthrough the upperfloors of the building
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
LUMBING
Types of the Hot Water Distribution Systems
Pump Circuit System
For a more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper floor levels of multi-storey buildings
SANITARY DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS
FLEA 2010 REVIEW
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
The pipes should take the shortest possible route to the house sewer or the terminating point of the Sanitary system
Control components such as clean-outs, traps, and vents, should be located strategically so as to ensure efficient circulation
General Rules in designing
the Sanitary system:
Waste Collection System
Subsystems of the
Sanitary System:
Ventilation System
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
Vent Pipe
a fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when properly vented, a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of foul air or methane gas without materially affecting the flow of sewage or wastewater through it.
Trap
the vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent pipings extending through one or more stories and extended thru the roof.
Stack
any part of the piping system other than a main, riser or stack.
Branch
conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of fecal matter.
Waste Pipe
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
House/Building Sewer
House/Building Drain
extends from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction with the street sewer or to any point of discharge, and conveying the drainage of one building site.
part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which receives the discharges from the soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house sewer outside of the building.
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
Horizontal to Horizontal change in direction
use 45° wye branches, combination wye – 1/8 bend branches, or other approved fittings of equivalent sweep
Vertical to Horizontal change in direction
45° wye branches or other approved fittings of equivalent sweep
CHANGES IN DIRECTION OF SANITARY
DRAINAGE LINES
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
Horizontal to vertical change in direction
use 45° or 60° wye branches, combination wye -1/8 bend branches, sanitary tee or sanitary tapped tee branches, or other approved fittings of equivalent sweeps.
No fitting having more than one inlet at the same level shall be used (i.e., sanitary cross)
Double sanitary tees may be used when the barrel of the fitting is at least two pipe (2) sizes larger than the largest inlet, (pipe sizes recognized for this purpose are 51, 64, 76, 89, 102, 114, 127, & 152 mm dia.)
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
Minimum slope or pitch of horizontal drainage pipe – 2% or 20mm/m (¼” per foot).
Exception: Where it is impracticable due to depth of street sewer, adverse structural features and irregular building plans, pipes 102 mm dia or larger may have a slope of not less than 1% or 10mm/m (1/8” per foot), approved by the Administrative Authority
MINIMUM SLOPE OF
SANITARY DRAINAGE LINES
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
Types of Permissible Traps:
The Common P-Trap
The Deep Seal P-Trap
Used for lavatories, kitchen sinks, laundry tubs, & urinals
Materials commonly used for the P-trap: nickel, chrome plated brass,Galvanized malleable copper, & PVC.
Water seal is about twice the size ofThe common P-trap
Used for extreme conditions becauseresealing quality is greater
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
The Running Trap
Used within the line of the house drain
The Stand Trap
Used for fixtures such as slop sinksthat are usually built low in the ground, leaving very little space for a foundation & a trap
Serves as a water seal & structural support for the fixture
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
The Drum Trap
Has a large diameter (around 0.16 m)
Used for fixtures that discharge large amount of water (bathtubs, shower or floor drains)
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
Traps REQUIRED
Each plumbing fixture, except those with integral traps, shall be separately trapped with an approved-type waterseal trap.
REQUIREMENTS:
Only one trap shall be permitted on a trap arm (portion of a fixture drain between a trap and the vent)
One trap, centrally located, may serve three single compartment sinksor laundry tubs or lavatories, adjacent to each other and in the sameroom, where their waste outlets are not more than 0.75 m apart.
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
SIZE OF TRAPS:
The trap shall be the same size as the trap arm to which it is connected.
Each fixture trap shall have a trap seal of water of not less than 51 mm and not more than 102 mm (except where a deeper seal is found necessary by the Administrative Authority for special conditions.
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
INSTALLATION OF TRAPS:The vertical distance between a fixture outlet tailpiece and the trap weir shall not exceed 0.60 m in length.
The developed length of the trap arm (measured from the top of closet ring to inner edge of vent ) of a water closet or similar fixture shall not exceed 1.8 m.
Note: In no case shall the
trap distance be less than 2times the diameter of thetrap arm.
TRAP ARMDIAMETER
DISTANCETO VENT
Horizontal Distance of Trap Arms
32 mm 0.76 m
38 mm 1.07 m
51 mm 1.52 m
76 mm 1.83 m
102 mm & larger 3.05 m
For trap arm 76 mm dia or larger, a cleanout is required for a change of direction of greater than 22 ½ °.
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
Clean-outs REQUIRED
at the upper terminal of every horizontal sewer or waste line
at each run of piping more than 15 meters (50 feet) in total developed length
at every 15 m (50 ft) of total developed length or a fraction thereof
additional clean-out shall be provided on a horizontal line with an aggregate offset angle exceeding 135°
inside the building near the connection between the building drain and the building sewer or installed outside the building at the lower end of the building drain and extended to grade.
REQUIREMENTS:
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
Clean-outs NOT REQUIRED
on a horizontal drain less than 1.5 m in length unless such line is serving sinks or urinals.
on short horizontal drainage pipe installed at a slope of 72 deg or less from the vertical line (or at an angle of 1/5 bend)
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
Portion of the drainage pipe installation intended to maintain a balanced atmospheric pressure inside the system
Vent Pipe- a pipe or opening used for ensuring the
circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
VENTILATION
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
Main Soil & Waste Vent
the ‘backbone’ of the entire sanitarysystem
Connected to the Main Soil & WasteStackThe portion where waste does not travel throughContinues to the roof; the portionpenetrating the roof is called the Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR)
Main Types:VENTS
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
Main Vent
the principal artery of the venting system to which vent branches are connected.
serves as support to the Main Soil &Waste Vent
a.k.a. ‘Collecting Vent Line’
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
Individual Vent or Back Vent
a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap, thatconnects with the vent system above the fixture served or terminates in the open air.
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
Unit, Common, or Dual Vent
an arrangement of venting so installed that one vent pipeserve two (2) traps.
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
Relief Vent
a vertical vent line that providesadditional circulation of air between the drainage and vent systems or to act as an auxiliary vent on a specially designed system such as a “yoke vent” connection between the soil and vent stacks.
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
Yoke or By-pass Vent
a pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack below the floor and below horizontal connection to an adjacent vent stack at a point above the floor and higher than the highest spill level of fixtures for preventing pressure changes in the stacks.
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
Circuit Vent
a group vent pipe which starts in front of the extreme (highest) fixture connection on a horizontal branch and connects to the vent stack.
a.k.a. ‘Loop Vent’
Serves a battery of fixtures
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
Looped Vent
a vertical vent connection on a horizontal soil or waste pipe branch at a point downstream of the last fixture connection and turning to a horizontal line above the highest overflow level of the highest fixture connected there
Used in spaces without partitions
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
Wet Vent
that portion of a vent pipe through which wastewater also flows through.
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
Local Vent
a pipe or shaft to convey foul airfrom a plumbing fixture or a roomto the outer air.
Dry Vent
a vent that does not carry liquid or water-borne wastes.
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
Vent Stack
the vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing circulation of air to and from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage system. The uppermost end above the roof has traditionally been referred to as Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR).
Stack Vent
the extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain connected to the stack.
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
Vents REQUIRED
Each trap shall be protected against siphonage and back-pressure through venting.
Vents NOT REQUIRED
on a primary settling tank interceptor which discharges through a horizontal indirect waste pipe into a secondary interceptor. The secondary interceptor shall be properly trapped and vented.
Traps serving sinks in an island bar counter. Such sink shall discharge by means of an approved indirect waste pipe into a floor sink or other approved type receptor.
REQUIREMENTS:
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS:
Trap Seal Loss
- Direct effect of the Minus & Plus Pressure inside the system due to inadequate ventilation of traps
- Attributed to the following conditions:
Siphonage- direct and momentum
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
Retardation of flow
Deterioration of the Materials
- Due to the effect of atmospheric pressure and/or gravity
Back Pressure
Evaporation- caused by extreme temperatures, idleness
Wind Effects- strong winds blow the trap seal
- Due to the formation of acids
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
Indirect Waste Pipe– is a pipe that does not connect directly with the drainage system but conveys liquid wastes by discharging into a plumbing fixture, interceptor or receptacle directly connected to the drainage system.
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
SEPTIC TANKSDefinition:
A watertight covered receptacle designed and constructed to
receive the discharge of sewage from a building sewer,
separate solids from the liquid, digest organic matter and
store digested solids through a period of detention, and allow
the clarified liquids to discharge for final disposal
SLUDGE- solid organic matter that are denser than water and settle at the bottom of the septic tank
SCUM- lighter organic material that rise to the surface of the
water
EFFLUENT- liquid content of sewage
DISPOSAL PHASE- the final stage of the plumbing process; where used water and water-carried wastes are brought to various disposal outlets
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
Bacteria in septic tank
to encourage decomposition:
Aerobic bacteria- relies on oxygen to survive
Anaerobic bacteria- can survive in places without
oxygen
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
Minimumdimensions-L= 1500mmW=900mmD=1200mm
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
have a minimum of 2 compartments:First compartment: not less than 2/3 capacity of the total capacity of tank; not less than 2 cum liquid capacity; shall be at least 0.9 m width and 1.5 m long; Liquid depth not less than 0.6 m nor more than 1.8 m.Secondary compartment: maximum capacity of 1/3 total capacity of tank; minimum of 1 cum liquid capacity
COMPARTMENTS:
In septic tanks having over 6 cum capacity, the secondary compartment should be not less than 1.5 m in length.
with at least two (2) manholes, 508 mm in min dimension; one over inlet, other over outlet. Wherever first compartment exceeds 3.7 m in length, an additional manhole required over the baffle wall.
MANHOLES:
maintain a slope of 1:10 at the bottom of the digestion chamber to collect the sludge and make it easily accessible from the manhole
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
Inlet and Outlet pipes – diameter size not less than the sewer pipe
SIZES OF PIPE INLET & OUTLET & THEIR VERTICAL LEGS:
Vertical legs of inlet and outlet pipes – diameter size not less than the sewer pipe nor less than 104.6 mm.
Shall extend 101.6 mm above and at least 304.8 mm below the water surface
LENGTH AND LOCATION OF INLET & OUTLET:
Invert of the inlet pipe shall be at a level not less than 50.8 mm above the invert of the outlet pipe.
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
Side walls shall extend 228.6 mm above liquid depth.
AIR SPACE:
Cover of septic tank shall be at least 50.8 mm above the back vent openings.
PARTITION (between compartments):
An inverted fitting equivalent in size to the tank inlet, but in no case less than 104.6 mm in diameter, shall be installed in the inlet compartment side of the baffle with the bottom of the fitting placed midway in the depth of the liquid. Wooden baffles are prohibited.
Shall be capable of supporting an earth load of not less than 14.4 kPa
STRUCTURE:
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
The capacity of septic tanks is determined by the number of bedrooms or apartment units in dwelling occupancies; by the estimated waste/sewage design flow rate for various building occupancies; or by the number of fixture units of all plumbing fixtures; whichever is greater.
CAPACITY:
The capacity of any one septic tank and its drainage system shall also be limited by the soil structure classification in its drainage field.
Should not be located underneath the house
LOCATION:
At least 15 meters from the water distribution system
P
LUMBING
Sanitary Drainage System
CLASSIFICATION OF SEWERS:
Combination Public Sewers
Storm Sewers
Oldest variety
Carries both storm & sanitary wastes
Sanitary Sewers
Carries regular sanitary wastes onlyTerminates in a modern sewage disposal plant for treatmentBuilt at a depth of 3 meters (tributaries)
STORM DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS
FLEA 2010 REVIEW
P
LUMBING
Storm Drainage System
The Independent System
a.k.a. ‘the Separate System’
3 Major Systems of
Collecting Storm Water:
Brings collected water directly to the water reservoirs
P
LUMBING
Storm Drainage System
The Combined System
Combines storm water with sanitary wastes
P
LUMBING
Storm Drainage System
The Natural System
Without using any roof gutters or downspouts
Also when rainwater is collected in cisterns
Storm Drain Locations
P
LUMBING
Storm Drainage System
The Gutter
Roofing Elements to
Collect Rainwater:
The Downspout
Usually located along the entire perimeter of the roof
Located every 8 to 10 meters& at every corner of the roof (but, to avoid clogging of pipes, it is best to locate them every 4 to 6 m)
P
LUMBING
Storm Drainage System
The Strainer or Roof Drain
The Shoe
Drain designed to receive water collecting on the surface of a roof and to discharge it into a downspout. Designed to prevent clogging.
At the bottom of the roof leader to direct rain-water towards the nearest catch basin
P
LUMBING
Storm Drainage System
The Storm Line
The Catch Basin
Downspouts should terminate in a catch basin (can serve more than one downspout)
Delivers water to the sewers in the street via gravity
Area-Drain-Catch-Basin: also collects surface water
Connects to each catch basin
END
FLEA 2010 REVIEW
top related