Transcript
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Forest Management and Sustained
Livelihood Strategies- With special reference totribals of Kerala.
Geo Basil Paul(2010-17-109)
Dept. of Forest Management and Utilization
Kerala Agricultural University
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Past System of management
Till 19th century, local communities used the forest lands as common huntingand food gathering ground
Ownership of the forest land was either communal or vested with vague
forms of sovereign rights
The forest management was highly decentralized among communities singleor groups of households usually controlled forests except in cases of huntingor food gathering areas
Traditional forest management systems in most part of the country endedwhen the Britishers in the mid 19th century declared forest lands as Govt.lands
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Changing relationship between community and natural resources
commercial exploitation and popularization of monoculture led tomassive deforestation
Majority of Indias rural population living in the forest rich regions are
poor
Sustainable management and proper utilization of forest resourcesheld great potential to alleviate their poverty
Govt. ownership and restrictions on the collection and use of forest
products have rendered these resources inaccessible to villagecommunities
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Decentralization and devolution are dominant themes in contemporary
discussion of forest policy and management
In 2004, world-wide 370million ha. of forests were being conserved byindigenous communities, with almost half of that are approx. 170 millionha. In Asia( molnar et al 2004)
India was a fore runner in developing policy for involving peoplesparticipation in forest management; Forest Policy of 1988
MoEF, Govt of India issued guidelines for the involvement of villagecommunities under PFM called Joint Forest Management
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Joint Forest Management
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In India, failure of social forestry in meeting the objectives of easing
pressure on forests led to the formation of JFM
Central government issued the first JFM guideline in ,1 June1990
JFM cell and the JFM unit were created under MoEF
In Kerala JFM was introduced in 1998 with a synonym of PFM, Ithas become mandatory as per the NFP to change the bureaucratic
FM system to local need oriented management
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VSS, (forest conservation society) the organization of the forestdependent community are instrumental in implementing the JFMapproach in Kerala
Various forms of JFM institutions apart from VSS like AVSS, EDC,ULO and HS are in operation by the state forest department atpresent
TVSS (Theerasamrakshana vanasamrakshana samithy in
collaboration with fisheries dept.) and JFMC (JFMC of AHADS) areinstitutions where forest dept. is involved in JFM
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The PFM program in Kerala consists of three models: Fringe model,NTFP model, separate model for Cardamom Hills Reserve
Difference between Fringe and NTFP models is- former involvespopulation outside forests while the latter is applied to the tribalminorities still living inside the forests and making their livelihood byNTFP collection.
Fringe Area
Reserved ForestSettlement of non tribal people
Settlement of tribal people
The area managed by VSS
Scheme of Fringe and NTFP model
NTFP Model
Fringe Model
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The outline of the fringe model :
The maximum area to be transferred to a VSS is 300 Ha. of
reserved forests
Each VSS is in charge of the core fund, credibility fund for officework, and operational fund for activities, which are provided by theKFD based on the allocated forest area and the number of VSSmembers, and will be in the custody of forest officers at a divisional
level
Each VSS can sell NTFP from the allocated reserve forest or fineforest offenders, and can add the revenue to the core fund, togetherwith other subsidies.
As per the guidelines of the JFM program, at least 33% of the totalexecutive members of the VSS must be women
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Organizational Structure of
JFM Institutions in Kerala
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Forest Development Agency (FDA)
Confederation of JFM committees and their representatives fromgeneral body, 33 FDAs
Objectives: To arrest and reverse the trend of forest degradation by making the
community responsible for monitoring removals from the forest
To provide sustainable employment opportunities to the tribals and otherweaker sections of the population
To create durable community assets which would contribute to overallvillage development
To involve the forest dependent community in the execution of the program
For the better implementation of various schemes of the MoEF
To liaison with other Govt. Dept. and agencies to develop and implementeco- friendly village development program
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Vana samrakshana Samithi (VSS)
Basic organisation instrumental for the implementation of JFM in territorialforest division of Kerala
These samithies are registered under charitable societies act andrecognized by the forest department
At present there are 277 VSS constituted throughout the Kerala
Maximum number of households in a VSS is 365
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Adivasi Vana Samrakshana Samithi (AVSS)
AVSS are constituted entirely of forestdependent tribal communities
These JFM committees have the rightto collect, process and market NTFP inaddition to the duties and rightsbestowed up on the Fringe VSS
The most important distinction withFringe VSS is that the area allotted isconsiderably larger covering all tractsfrequented for NTFP collection
At present there are 63 AVSSconstituted in the state
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Eco Development Committees (EDC)
EDC is a JFM institution created inprotected areas of the state
Major activities are eco tourism andserving as guides for visitors apartfrom the activities undertaken by theVSS and AVSS
Any forest dependent person can be amember
193 EDCs operating in the protectedareas of the state
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Unit Level Organizations (ULO)
Unit level organizations are basic JFM implementers in Cardamom hillreserve area
The cardamom tract in the High Ranges of Idukki District has a century oldhistory in cardamom cultivation
The Cardamom rules 1935 prescribed the rights and privileges, the dutiesand responsibilities of leaseholders towards cardamom cultivation andforest protection
At present there is complex tenure system existing , with land underrevenue, trees with forest Dept. and crops owned by farmers
Over the years these rules have been violated and forest cover hasextensively degenerated
The cardamom farmers have formed ULOs for checking deforestation andencouraging afforestation, 33 ULOs
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Haritha Samithies (HS)
Kerala Govt. started Participatory Habitat Management (PHM) to undertake
environmental protection and conservation outside forest areas throughpeoples participation
Designed for areas outside reserved / vested forests facing ecologicaldegradation
Micro level organizations under PHM are:
Grama Haritha Samithy : operating at village level
Panchayat Haritha samithy : Operating at grama panchayath level
Block Haritha Samithy : Operating at block panchayat level
District co-ordination committee : Operating at district level
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Haritha Theeram (Green Coast)
Haritha theeram is a program aimingat afforestation of coastal areas
This program is operationalisedthrough TSVS
These institutions are created alongthe coastal line Kerala with theobjectives of protection of naturalecosystem by establishing a bio shieldalong the coast and minimize coastalerosion
These institutions were created underthe Tsunami Rehabilitation program(TRH) of Kerala Govt. as a jointprogram of forest dept. and fisheriesdept.
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Role of Institutions of AHADS
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Attappady is the only tribal block in Kerala.
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AHADS started functioning in 2000 for the implementation of
Attappady waste land comprehensive environmental conservationproject
Objectives-
Ecological restoration of degraded wastelands of Attappady
Development of replicable models of participatory eco-restoration
Prevention of further degradation
Promotion of sustainable livelihood options in harmony with there
resource base and with special focus on tribals
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The project implementation wasplanned in such a way that theproject benefits directly reach thetribal community
The activities such as
Total Hamlet DevelopmentProgramme, EnvironmentalLiteracy Programme, and theconstruction of communityResource centers are exclusivelyfor the development of tribal
population
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Ooru Vikasana Samithi (OVS) (Hamlet Development Committee)
166 committees
13 members Executive committee(minimum- 6 Women)
These are exclusive tribal committees. Hamlet development committs are formed in166 out of 187 Hamlets of Attappady
Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMC)
9 members (minimum 3 women), priority given to SC/ST members
These committees are meant for taking up afforestation and protection works in thestate forestlands. There are 54 JFMCs under the project
Thaikula Sangam (TKS)
111 Groups
12 Members Executive Committee
These groups of tribal women have emerged as a result of their empowerment as asocial corrective force
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Income Generation Activity Group (IGA)
219 Groups
Groups with 12 to 15 members
These groups are meant to take up sustainable income generation activities throughpromotion of micro credit among members in the project area.
Association for Revitalization of Tribal Medicine in Attappady (ARTMA)
AHADS has organized the leading tribal healers of Attappady to form this association andprovided them space to function
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JFM Envisages Movement
From ToCentralized management Decentralized management
Production motives Sustainability
Large working plans Micro-plans
Unilateral decisionmaking Participatory decision making
Controlling people Facilitating people
Department Peoples institution
Achieving single, pre-set objective Fulfilling multiple, need basedobjectives
Timber production Multiple products combined withbio-diversity
Plantation as first option Low input management andregeneration
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Conclusion
JFM institutions can make impact on the livelihood of its members
Joint forest management activities can positively influence the attitudetowards forest department and forests
Kerala started JFM later than most of the states. However, the state hasevolved unique models like JFMC of AHADS, PHM, TSVS integrating forestmanagement with community development and total ecologicaldevelopment
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ReferenceChundamannil, M., 1993 history of forest management in Kerala, Kerala forest
research institute, Peechi, Kerala. 67pMaheshwar, D; Masuda, M and Mishra, J Implementation of participatory
forest management in Kerala. Graduate school of life science andenvironmental sciences, University of Taskuba
Molnar, A.Molnazr, Scherr,S.J. and Khare, A. 2004 who conserves the worlds
forests? Community Driven Strategies to Protect Forests and RespectsRights. Forest Trends.(http://www.foresttrends.org/documents/who%20conserves_final_rev.pdf accesses on 15/10/2007)
Santhoshkumar, A.V 2008. Joint forest management in Kerala- an analysis ofinstitutions, impact and constraints. Phd thesis, Forest Research InstituteUniversity, Dehra Dun, Uttaranchal
KFD (Kerala Forest Department). 2010 KFD home page (on line). Availablehttp://www.keralaforest.org (18 Nov. 2010)
Gupta K.H. 2006 Joint Forest Management Policy, Participation & Practices inIndiaIInternational Book Distributors, Dehra Dun
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