Pre Colonial Period
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PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Pre-Colonial Period
Arts & Letters
University of Santo TomasManila
Prepared by:
Mr. Ernie Ronel T. Mabahague
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Pre-Colonial Philippines
A. Society1. Mode of Dressing
2. Ornaments
3. Houses
4. Social Classes
5. Status of Women
6. Marriage customs
7. Mixed Marriages, Inheritance and
Succession
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Pre-Colonial Philippines
B. Politics1. Government
2. Laws
3. Legislation
4. Judicial Process
5. Trial by Ordeal
C. Religion1. Religious
Beliefs
2. Burial3. Divination
and Magic
Charms
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Pre-Colonial Philippines
D. Economic Life1. Agriculture
2. Livestock
3. Fishing4. Mining
5. Lumbering and
Shipbuilding6. Weaving
7. Trade
E. Culture1. Languages
2. System of
Writing3. Literature
4. Music and
Dance5. Art
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Long before the Spaniards came to the
Philippines, Filipinos had a civilization of
their own. This civilization partly came
from the Malay settlers and partly from
their response to the new environment.
Many of these customs and traditions,
government and way of life, have comedown to the present day, despite the
changes brought about by westernization
and modernization. This is why it is
possible to know about our distant past by
simply observing some customs and
practices that have resisted change and
modernization.
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SocietyPhilippine pre-colonial society is both
different and the same as in the present.
Some aspects of the pre-colonial period
have survived into our time. The followingis a description of the way of life of pre-
colonial Filipinos.
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Mode of Dressing male attire was composed of the
kanggan(sleeveless jacket) andbahag(loincloth)
the color of the kangganindicatesrankred for the chief, black orblue for the commoners
men also wear a turban calledputong, which also tell the socialstatus/achievement of theindividual wearing it
female attire consisted of baroorcamisa (jacket with sleeves) andsayaorpatadyong (a long skirt);some women wore a piece of redor white cloth on top of their skirt
called tapis
Bogobo man & woman
Kalinga & subuanon women
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Bogobo man
putong
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Ornaments
men and women wore ornaments tolook attractive
both wear kalumbiga, pendants,
bracelets, and leglets
these ornaments were made of gold some wore gold fillings between the
teeth
tattoos were also fashionable for some
pre-colonial Filipinos; they also exhibit
a mans war record
Islas del Pintadosterm coined by the
Spaniards for the Visayans
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Houses built to suit the tropical
climate
called bahay kubo,made of
wood, bamboo, and nipa
palm; it was built on stilts and
can be entered through
ladders that can be drawn up
some Filipinos, such as the
Kalingas, Mandayas and
Bagobos built their houses
on treetops
others, such as the Badjaos,
built their houses on boats
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Social Classes
the society was made up ofthree classes: nobles
(made up of the datu and
their families), mahadlikaormaharlika(freemen) and
the alipin(dependents)
members of the nobility
were addressed with thetitle Gator Lakanamong
the Tagalogs
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alipinor dependents acquired their status by
inheritance, captivity, purchase, failure to settle
debts, or by committing a crime there were two kinds of dependents: aliping
namamahayand aliping sagigilid
in the Visayas,
dependents
were of three
kinds : tumataban,tumarampok, and
the ayueyMaguindanao Sultan, nobles &
Alipins
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Status of Women
women in pre-colonial Philippine societyhad the right to inherit property, engage in
trade and industry, and succeed to the
chieftainship of the barangay in the
absence of a male heir
had the exclusive right to name their
children
men walked behind them as a sign of
respect
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Marriage customs
men were in general, monogamous; while their wives are
called asawa, while concubines are called friends in order to win the hand of his lady, the man has to show
his patience and dedication to both the lady and herparents
courtship usually begins withpaninilbihan
if the man wins the trust of the parents, he does notimmediately marry the woman, but he has to satisfyseveral conditions:
- give a dowry or bigay-kaya
- pay thepanghihimuyat- pay the wet nurse
- pay the parents himaraw
- bribe for the relatives called sambon (among theZambals)
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once he had settled all of the above
requirements, he brings his parents to meet with
the bride-to-bes parents to haggle and make
the final arrangements; this is called
pamamalaeorpamamanhikan or
pamumulungan
the wedding ceremonies vary depending on thestatus of the couple; but normally, those from
the upper class, a go-between was employed
weddings are officiated by the priestess orbabaylan
uncooked rice is thrown on the couple after the
wedding ceremony
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Marriage ceremony - eating rice
Tausog wedding
ceremony
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Muslim Filipinos have similar marriage customs; the
first stage was calledpananalangunior bethrothal; it
was followed by the consultation with the girls parents,
who relays their decision to the village chief, who inturn informed the suitors parents of the decision
dowry was also settled by the chief (pedsungud). This
was of seven kinds: 1. kawasateg, money given to the
brides close relatives; 2. siwaka, brassware given tothose who helped arrange the wedding; 3. enduatuan,
brassware or animals for the village chief; 4.
pangatulian, jewelry given to the brides mother and
aunts; 5. tatas, blade given to the girls uncle; 6.langkad, money given to the girls parents as fine for
having bypassed the girls elder sister if she had any;
and 7.lekat, amount of money given to the girls
attendant.
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once everything is settled, thepegkawing, or the
wedding ceremony follows
the wedding ceremony is officiated by the hadji
six days of festivities followed, and only on the
seventh day could the couple sleep together
Muslim
wedding
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Mixed Marriages, Inheritance and Succession
mixed marriages were allowed in pre-colonial
society
the status of children were dependent upon the
status of the parents
often, the status of children in mixed marriagesis divided evenly between the parents
legitimate children inherited their parents
property even without any written will and was
divided equally among the children
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natural children inherited only a third of theinheritance of legitimate children
nearest relatives inherit the property ofchildless couples
in succession, the first son of the barangaychieftain inherits his fathers position; if thefirst son dies, the second son succeedstheir father; in the absence of male heirs, itis the eldest daughter that becomes the
chieftain
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Politics
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Government
unit of government was the barangay,which consisted of from 30 to 100 families.The term came from the Malay wordbalangay, meaning boat
barangays were headed by chieftainscalled datu
the subjects served their chieftain during
wars, voyages, planting and harvest, andwhen his house needs to be built orrepaired; they also paid tributes calledbuwis
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balangay
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the chief or datu was the chief executive, the
legislator, and the judge; he was also the
supreme commander in times of war
alliances among barangays were common and
these were formalized in a ritual called
sangduguan
conflicts between oramong barangays
were settled by
violence; those who
win by force is
always right
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Laws were either customary (handed down from
generation to generation orally) or written(promulgated from time to time as necessityarose)
dealt with various subjects such as inheritance,property rights, divorce, usury, family relations,divorce, adoption, loans, etc.
those found guilty of crimes were punished eitherby fine or by death; some punishments can beconsidered as torture by modern standards
however, it must be noted that ancients did notbelieve in endangering society by letting loose agang of thieves of recidivists who are incapableof reform
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Legislation
before laws are made, the chief consultswith a council of elders who approved of
his plan
they are not immediately enforced until thenew legislation is announced to the village
by the umalohokan, who also explains the
law to everyone
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Judicial Process disputes between individuals were settled by a
court made up of the village chief and thecouncil of elders; between barangays, a boardmade up of elders from neutral barangays actedas arbiter
the accused and the accuser faced each other infront of the court with their respectivewitnesses
both took an oath to tell the truth; most of thetime, the one who presents the most witnesses
wins the case if the losing party contests the decision, he is
bound to lose in the end because the chiefalways take the side of the winner
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Trial by Ordeal
to determine the innocence of an accused,he is made to go through a number ofordeals which he must pass
examples include dipping ones hand in
boiling water, holding a lighted candle thatmust not be extinguished, plunging into ariver and staying underwater for as long aspossible, chewing uncooked rice andspitting, etc.
among the Ifugaos, ordeal by combat wascommon, i.e. bultong(wrestling), alaw(duel)
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bultong
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Religion
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Religious Beliefs
pre-colonial Filipinos believed in the immortalityof the soul and in life after death
they also believed in the existence of a number
of gods whom they worship and made offerings
to according to rank i.e. Bathalang Maykapal(Creator), Idinayale
(god of agriculture), Sidapa(god of death),
Balangaw(rainbow god), Mandarangan(war
god),Agni(fire god) Lalahon(goddess of
harvest), Siginarugan(god of hell), Diyan
Masalanta(goddess of love), etc.
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Agni (India)
Bathala
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also showed respect for animals and
plants like the crocodile, crow,
tigmamanukin; some trees were not alsocut because they were thought to be
divine
diseases were thought to be caused bythe temper of the environmental spirits
Filipinos also venerated the dead by
keeping alive their memory by carving
idols of stone, gold or ivory called likhaor
larawan; food, wine and other things were
also shared with the dead
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adored idols called anitosor diwatas to
whom they made offerings
some anitoswere considered bad;however, they made offerings to them too
in order to appease them or placate their
anger priestesses such as the babaylan/ baylana
or katalonaacted as mediums to
communicate with these spirits
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Burial
the dead was placed in a wooden coffinand buried under the house complete with
cloth, gold and other valuable things
upon the death of the person, fires weremade under the house and armed men
acted as sentinels to guard the corpse
from sorcerers
professional mourners were hired to
accentuate the depth of mourning
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ti th l ti f th d d
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sometimes, the relatives of the dead worerattan bands around their arms, legs andnecks and they abstained from eating
meat and drinking wine the ancients distinguished mourning for a
woman from that of a manmorotal(for
women) and maglahi(for men) mourning for a dead chief is called laraw,
and this was accompanied by certainprohibitions like engaging in petty quarrels,
wars, carrying daggers with hilts in thenormal position, singing in boats comingfrom the sea or river, and wearing loud
clothes
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some ancients fasted and limited their
nutrition to vegetables; among the
Tagalogs, this is called sipa relatives of the dead who was murdered
would not end their mourning until they
have exacted vengeance or balata the celebration held on the ninth night after
the death of the person is calledpasiyam,
in which a play called tibawis staged to
honor the dead
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Divination and Magic Charms
ancient Filipinos are quite superstitiousand put much stock into auguries, andmagic charms
they interpreted signs in nature like the
flight of birds, the barking of dogs, thesinging of lizards, and the like, as good orbad omens depending on thecircumstances
they also consulted with thepangatauhan,or soothsayers, to tell their fortunes
there was also a belief in the existence of
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there was also a belief in the existence ofthe aswang, mangkukulam,manggagaway, tiyanak, and the tikbalang
amulets and charms were also used bythe ancients like the anting-anting,gayuma, odomor tagabulag, wigaor
sagabe, and tagahupa these beliefs were not eradicated with the
coming of Western civilization and most ofthem were practiced behind the backs of
the Christian missionaries the result was a blending of pagan and
Christian beliefs that made Filipino
Catholicism unique
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Economic
Life
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Agriculture
main source of livelihood rice, coconuts, sugar cane, cotton, hemp,bananas, oranges, and many species offruits and vegetables were grown
done in two ways : kainginsystem (slashand burn) and tillage
when the Spaniards came to the
Philippines, they noted that Cebu andPalawan were abundant in manyagricultural foodstuffs
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agricultural productivity was enhanced
by use of irrigation ditches like those
found in the Ifugao Rice Terraces
landholding was either public (less
arable land that could be tilled freely
by anyone) and private (rich and
cultivated lands belonging to nobles
and datus)
some rented land and paid in gold or in
kind
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th d il f i t d f i d b il d
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the daily fare consisted of rice and boiled
fish, or sometimes pork or venison,
carabao or wild buffalo meat fermented the sap of palm trees and drank
it as liquor called tuba
Livestock
Pre-colonial Filipinos raised chickens,pigs, goats, carabaos, and small nativeponies
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Fishing Was a thriving industry for those who live
in the coast or near rivers and lakes
Various tools for fishing such as nets, bow
and arrow, spear, wicker basket, hooks
and lines, corrals and fish poisons wereused.
Pearls fisheries also abound in Sulu.
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Mining Comparatively developed before the coming of the
Spaniards. The ancients mined gold in many parts of the
archipelago and were traded throughout the country andwith other countries.
Fishing
with bow
& arrow
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Lumbering and Shipbuilding
were flourishing
industries
Filipinos were said to be
proficient in building
ocean-going vessels all kinds of boats or
ships were built, which
the Spaniards later call
banca, balangay, lapis,
caracoa, virey, vintaand
prau
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Weaving
home industrythat was
dominated
by women
using crude
wooden looms,
textiles such as
sinamay from hemp, medrinaque from
banana, cotton, linen, and silk, were woven
T d
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Trade
was conducted between or among barangays,
or even among the islands
there was trade too with other countries such as
China, Siam, Japan, Cambodia, Borneo,
Sumatra, Java, and other islands of old Malaysia did not use any currency but conducted trade
through barter
sometimes, goods were priced in terms of gold
or metal gongs
Chinese traders noted that Filipinos were very
honest in their commercial transactions
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Philippine pre-colonial culture was basicallyMalayan in structure and form. They hadwritten language which was used not just
for communication but also for literary
expression. They also had music anddances for almost all occasions and a widevariety of musical instruments that shows
their ingenuity.
Culture
L
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Languages
there are more than one hundredlanguages in the Philippines, eight of
which are considered major languages.
They are: Tagalog, Iloko, Pangasinan,
Pampangan, Sugbuhanon, Hiligaynon,Samarnon or Samar-Leyte, and
Magindanao
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th l d d d f
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these languages are descended from
Austronesian or Malayo-Polynesian
language the differences might be accounted for the
need to forming new words and phrases to
fit the new environment many of the words or terms in Filipino
languages were derived from Malayan
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System of Writing
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System of Writing
before the arrival of the Spaniards,Filipinos used a syllabary which wasprobably of Sanskrit or Arabic provenance
the syllabary consisted of seventeen
symbols, of which three were vowels andfourteen consonants
no one is certain about the direction of
writing Fr. Pedro Chirinos theory is that theancients wrote from top to bottom and
from left to right
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pre-colonial Filipinos wrote on bark of
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pre colonial Filipinos wrote on bark oftrees, on leaves and bamboo tubes, usingtheir knives and daggers, pointed sticks or
iron as pens and the colored saps of treesas ink
only a few of this writings survive into the
present because early Spanishmissionaries destroyed many manuscriptson the ground that they are the work of theDevil himself
some pieces of literature, however, havebeen handed down to us orally
Laguna Copperplate Inscription
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By Hector Santoshttp://isanghamahal.blogspot.com/2006_03_01_archive.html
Antoon Postma, a Dutch national who has lived most of his life among the Mangyans
in the Philippines and the director of the Mangyan Assistance & Research Center in
Panaytayan, Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro, was able to translate the writing. His effort
is all the more remarkable when you consider that the text was in a language similar
to four languages (Sanskrit, Old Tagalog, Old Javanese, and Old Malay) mixed
together
The text was written in Kavi, a mysterious script which does not look like the ancient
Tagalog script known as baybayin or alibata. Neither does it look similar to other
Philippine scripts still used today by isolated ethnic minorities like the Hanunos and
the Buhids of Mindoro, and the Tagbanwas of Palawan. It is the first artifact of pre-
Hispanic origin found in the Philippines that had writing on copper material
Postma's translation provides a lot of exciting surprises. Like most other copperplate
documents, it gives a very precise date from the Sanskrit calendar which
corresponds to 900 A.D. in our system. It contains placenames that still exist aroundthe Manila area today. It also lists the names of the chiefs of the places mentioned.
The placenames mentioned prove the Philippine connection of the LCI. The names
are still recognizable today although almost eleven centuries have passed since the
document was issued. The placenames are Pailah (Paila), Tundun (Tundo), Puliran
(Pulilan), Binwangan (Binwangan), Dewata (Diwata), and Medang (Medang)
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Laguna copperplate inscription
Literature
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Literature pre-colonial literature may be classified into :
floating or oral and written literature Tagalogs have the bugtong(riddle), suliranin
and indulanin(street songs), sabi(maxim),sawikain(saying), talindaw(boat songs), diyuna
(song of revelry), kumintang(war song whichevolved into a love song), dalitand umbay(dirge), tagumpay, balikungkong, dupayinin andhiliraw(war songs), uyayiand hele(lullabies),
ihiman (bridal song), tagulaylay(mournful song),tigpasin(rowing song), tingad(household song),and kutang-kutang(couplets usually chanted bythe blind)
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songs, dance and the drama probably
developed simultaneously
most of the pre-colonial drama was held inthe sambahanor places of worship
these dealt with various subjects including
love, war, legends, the memory of thedeceased, and war heroes
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dramas developed into different forms
such as thepagbati, karagatan, tagayan,
pananapatan, sabalan, and tibaw the karagatanwas a debate in verse in
which a problem is resolved; it developed
into the duploduring the Spanish periodand then into the balagtasan in 1924
during the American period
tibawon the other hand is perform duringthepasiyam
M lit t i i d b I l
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Maranaw literature, inspired by Islam,consisted of tutul (folk tale), tubad-tubad
(short love poems),pananaro-on (sayingsand proverbs), sowa-sowa-i(drama),antoka(riddle or puzzle), and darangan(epic poetry)
Ilocano literature, for its part, has manykinds of songs sung on differentoccasions; this include dal-ot(song during
baptismal party, wedding, or a feast),badeng (love song sung in a serenade),and dung-aw(dirge)
Fili i f d f i i
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Filipinos were fond of composing epic
poetry, which is why the country is unique
for having more than twenty epic poems.Examples of this are Hudhud andAlim
(Ifugao), Biag ni Lam-Ang (The Life of Lam-
Ang / Ilocano), Bantugan, Indarapatra at
Sulayman, and
Bidasari
(Moslems)Igorots
reciting
Hudhud
Princess
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Princess Bidasari story is like Snow Whites
Princess
Lanawen
to be won
by PrinceBantugan
Indarapata &
Sulayman
Music and Dance
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Music and Dance
Filipinos are naturally fond of both musicand dance, and usually, whenever
music is played, it is accompanied by
dance
some examples of pre-colonial musical
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p pinstruments include kudyapi (Tagalog), bansicor a cane with four holesandgangsaor a small
guitar (Negritos of Luzon), abafiia Malay musicinstrument (Igorots), gongs, Jews harp, bambooflute, kutibeng or a guitar
with five strings (Ilocano),
kalalengor a nose flute
and diwdiw-as or pan
pipe made of seven
bamboos reeds(Tinguians)
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examples of the native dances, which
depict different events include Potato
Dance, Torture Dance, Duel Dance,Lovers Dance (Negritos); macasladance
(Tagbanua), kinnotanor ants dance and
the kinnallogongor hat dance (Ilocano);balitawand dandansoy(Visayan);
balatong, dalit, hiliraw, kutang-kutang,
lulay, indulanin, kumintang, salampati,
tagulaylay, subli, barimbaw,and tagayan
(Tagalog)
this shows that Filipinos
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p
have songs and dances for
almost all occasions and
because of their frequentassociation, their social
organization was more well-
knit than it is today
Art
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Art first glimpse can be seen in primitive tools
and weapons that were polished along thelines of leaves and petals of flowers
can also be seen in beads, amulets,
bracelets, and other ornaments made ofjade, red cornelian, and other stones
dyed and ornamented their barkcloth with
designs of attractive colors
i th I A id f l t
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in the Iron Age, aside from armlets,
bracelets, rings, and headbands, tattoos
also became fashionable; metals andglass also came into use; weaving
became a preoccupation for women;
weapons were manufactured with designson their handles; pottery with incised
designs were made; and carvings made of
wood, bone, ivory or horn were also done
not only for the use of the living but also of
the dead
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utensils
gangsa
Sarimanok
the ig ag designs on ancient lime t bes
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the zigzag designs on ancient lime tubes
and the ornamental carvings on combs
reflect Negrito influence Indonesian influence can be seen in the
apparel of the Kalingas, Maranaos,
Manobos and Bagobos Malay influence can be traced to the wood
carvings found in utensils, boats, and
wooden shields of the people of Sulu,Mindanao and Mountain Province
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Igorot
shields
Islamic influence can be gleaned from the
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Islamic influence can be gleaned from the
ornamental and decorative art of the
Lanao Muslims; most represent geometricand plant designs because Islam is
iconoclastic
Ifugao art deals with human and animalrepresentations but not fish and plant
forms; Ifugao art is functional
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Igorot
bamboo
art
S
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tribo.org
apat-na-alon-tribe.com
aenet.org
elaput.org
filipiniana.net
veimages.gsfc.nasa.gov
phivolcs.dost.gov.ph
kheper.net
msuiit.edu.ph
seasite.niu.edu
philippines.hvu.nl
kabayancentral.com
filipinoheritage.com
malignosrealm.netfirms.com
sinemamalaysia.com.my
sacred-texts.com/hin/iml/iml07.htm
reflectionsofasia.com/anting_anting.htm
gutenberg.org/files/12849/12849-h/12849-h.htm
isanghamahal.blogspot.com/2006_03_01_archive.html
geocities.com/sanduguan/maharlika/maharlika.htm
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