Transcript
CHILD LABOURREVIEW I
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE PROJECT
By M.V.Raam VigneshG.Sreenivasan
• Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful.
• It is the work that exceeds a minimum number of hours depending on the age of a child and on the type of work.
• Economically active children are involved in any kind of work, legal or illegal, paid or unpaid.
• For example, a 15-year-old who delivers papers is not a child labour (but is economically active) but a 14-year-old working in a factory for more than 14 hours a week is a child labour.
•Poverty
•Parental illiteracy
•Tradition of making children learn the family skills
•Absence of universal compulsory Primary education
•Social apathy and tolerance of child labor
•Ignorance of the parents about the adverse consequences of Child
labor
•Ineffective enforcement of the legal provisions pertaining to child labor
•Non-availability of and non-accessibility to schools
•Irrelevant and non-attractive school curriculum
•Employers prefer children as they constitute cheap labor and they are
not able to organize themselves against exploitation.
• 61% in Asia, 32% in Africa, and 7% in Latin America, 1% in US, Canada, Europe and other wealthy nations.
• In Asia, 22% of the workforce is children. In Latin America, 17% of the workforce is children.
• 246 million child workers aged 5 and 17 were involved in child labor.
• Out of which 171 million were involved in work that by its nature is hazardous
Grey -No dataCream - 0,01 to 10% children at workGreen - 10 to 20% children at workOrange - 20 to 30% children at workRed - 30 to 40% children at workBlack - More than 40% children at work
1948: The Factories Act raised the minimum age for employment in factories to 14 years. 1949: The Employment of Children (Amendment) Act. 1949 Raised the minimum age to 14 years for employment in establishments governed by that act. 1951: The Employment of Children (Amendment) Act. 1951 Prohibited the employment of children between 15 and 17 years at night in railways and ports and also provided for requirement of maintaining register for children under 17 years. 1951: The Plantations Labour Act, 1951 Prohibited the employment of children under 12 years in plantations. 1952: The Mines Act 1952 Prohibited the employment of children under 15 years in mines. The act stipulates two conditions for underground work. (i) Requirement to have completed 16 years of age and (ii) Required to obtain a certificate of physical fitness from a surgeon.
1954: The Factories (Amendment) Act, 1954 Included the prohibition of the employment of persons under 17 years between of 10 p.m. and 7.a.m. 1958: The Merchant Shipping Act, 1958 Prohibits children under 15 to be engaged to work in any capacity in any ship except in certain specified cases. 1961: The Motor Transport Workers Act, 1961 Prohibits the employment of children under 15 years in any motor transport undertaking. 1961: The Apprentices Act, 1961 Prohibits the apprenticeship/ training of a person under 14 years 1966: The Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Work) Act, 1966 Prohibits a) the employment of children under 14 years in beedi and cigar making b) persons between 14 and 18 years to work at night between 7 p.m and 6 p.m1978: Employment of Children( Amendment ) Act, 1978 Prohibits the employment of children below 15 years in occupations in railway premises such as cinder-picking or clearing of ash pit or building operations, in catering establishment nd in any other work which is carried on in close proximity to or between the railway lines.
RankIndia/State/Union Territory
Literacy Rate (%) -2011 Census
Literacy Rate (%) -2001 Census
Decadal Difference (%)
India 74.04 64.83 9.21
1 Kerala 93.91 90.86 3.05
2 Lakshadweep 92.28 86.66 5.62
3 Mizoram 91.58 88.80 2.78
4 Tripura 87.75 73.19 14.56
5 Goa 87.40 82.01 5.39
6 Daman & Diu 87.07 78.18 8.89
7 Puducherry 86.55 81.24 5.31
8 Chandigarh 86.43 81.94 4.49
9 Delhi 86.34 81.67 4.67
10Andaman & Nicobar Islands
86.27 81.30 4.97
11 Himachal Pradesh 83.78 76.48 7.30
12 Maharashtra 82.91 76.88 6.03
13 Sikkim 82.20 68.81 13.39
14 Tamil Nadu 80.33 73.45 6.88
15 Nagaland 80.11 66.59 13.52
16 Manipur 79.85 69.93 9.92
17 Uttarakhand 79.63 71.62 8.01
18 Gujarat 79.31 69.14 10.17
19 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 77.65 57.63 20.02
20 West Bengal 77.08 68.64 8.44
21 Punjab 76.68 69.65 7.03
22 Haryana 76.64 67.91 8.73
23 Karnataka 75.60 66.64 8.96
24 Meghalaya 75.48 62.56 12.92
25 Odisha 73.45 63.08 10.37
26 Assam 73.18 63.25 9.93
27 Chhatisgarh 71.04 64.66 6.38
28 Madhya Pradesh 70.63 63.74 6.89
29 Uttar Pradesh 69.72 56.27 13.45
30 Jammu & Kashmir 68.74 55.52 13.22
31 Andhra Pradesh 67.66 60.47 7.19
32 Jharkhand 67.63 53.56 14.07
33 Rajasthan 67.06 60.41 6.65
34 Arunachal Pradesh 66.95 54.34 12.61
35 Bihar 63.82 47.00 16.82
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