PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.3 - 1
Systems Analysis Systems Analysis and Design, and Design, 22ndnd Edition Edition
Alan Dennis and Barbara Haley WixomJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Slides by Roberta M. Roth University of Northern Iowa
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.3 - 2
Project ManagementProject ManagementChapter 3
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Key DefinitionsProject management is the process of planning and controlling the development of a system within a specified timeframe at a minimum cost with the right functionality.A project manager has the primary responsibility for managing the hundreds of tasks and roles that need to be carefully coordinated.
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Four Key Steps in Managing Projects
Identifying project sizeCreating and managing the workplanStaffing the projectCoordinating project activities
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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IDENTIFYING PROJECT IDENTIFYING PROJECT SIZESIZE
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Project Manager’s Balancing Act
Project Management involvesmaking trade-offs…
Project Size
Project Cost
Proj
ect T
ime
Modifying one elementrequires adjusting the others
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Project Estimation
The process of assigning projected values for time and effortSources of estimates
Methodology in useActual previous projectsExperienced developers
Estimates begin as a range and become more specific as the project progresses
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Project Estimates Based on Industry Standard Percentages
Planning Analysis Design Implementation
IndustryStandardFor Web 15% 20% 35% 30%Applications
TimeRequired 4 5.33 9.33 8in PersonMonths
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Project Estimation Using a More Complex Approach – Function Points
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Function Point EstimationStep One – System Size
System Elements and their Complexity
Description Low Medium High Total
Inputs __x 3 __x 4 __x 6 ____
Outputs __x 4 __x 5 __x 7 ____
Queries __x 3 __x 4 __x 6 ____
Files __x 7 __x 10 __x 15 ____
Program __x 5 __x 7 __x 10 ____Interfaces
TOTAL UNADJUSTED FUNCTION POINTS ____
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Function Point Estimation Adjustments for Overall System Complexity
Scale of 1 to 5
Data Communications _____Heavy Use Configuration _____Transaction Rate _____End-User efficiency _____Complex Processing _____Installation Ease _____Multiple sites _____Performance _____Distributed functions _____On-line data entry _____On-line update _____Reusability _____Operational Ease _____Extensibility _____
Project Complexity (PC) _____
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Function Point Estimation Adjusting the Function Points
Processing Complexity (PC): ________(From Step 2)
Adjusted Processing Complexity (PCA) = 0.65 + (0.001 * ____ )
Total Adjusted Function Points: _____ * ____ = (TUFP -- From Step 1)
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Function Points Estimation
Review of Adjustments
Adjusted Project Complexity
= .065 + (0.01 * Project Complexity)
Total Adjusted Function Points
=
Adjusted Project Complexity * TUFP
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Converting Function Points to Lines of Code
Source: Capers Jones, Software Productivity Research
Language LOC/Function Code PointCCOBOLJAVAC++
Turbo PascalVisual BasicPowerBuilderHTMLPackages (e.g., Access, Excel)
130110 55 50 50 30 15 1510-40
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Function Point Estimation Step Two - Effort
Function of size and production rateCOCOMO modelEffort = 1.4 * thousands-of-
(in Person- lines-of-codeMonths)Example:
If LOC = 10000 Then...Effort = (1.4 * 10) = 14 Person
Months
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Function Point Estimation Step Three - Schedule Time
Rule of thumb for estimation
Schedule Time (months)
=
3.0 * person-months1/3
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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CREATING THE WORK CREATING THE WORK PLANPLAN
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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A Workplan ExampleWork Plan Information Example
Name of task Perform economic feasibilityStart date ` Jan 05, 2003Completion date Jan 19, 2003Person assigned Mary Smith, sponsorDeliverable(s) Cost-benefit analysisCompletion status OpenPriority HighResources needed SpreadsheetEstimated time 16 hoursActual time 14.5 hours
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Identifying Tasks
MethodologyUsing standard list of tasks
Top-down approachIdentify highest level tasksBreak them into increasingly smaller unitsOrganize into work breakdown structure
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Project Workplan
List of all tasks in the work breakdown structure, plus
Duration of taskCurrent task statusTask dependenciesKey milestone dates
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Tracking Project Tasks
Gantt ChartBar chart formatUseful to monitor project status at any point in time
PERT ChartFlowchart formatIllustrate task dependencies and critical path
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Tracking Tasks Using Gantt Chart
Go to Library
Go to Bookstore
Select and Purchase Book
Skim Book
Write Phase One
Read Book Carefully
Write Phase Two
Task Week 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Tracking Tasks Using PERT Chart
Go to Library4 weeks
Select and purchase book
1 weekGo to Bookstore4 weeks
Skim book3 weeks
Write Phase One2 weeks
Read book carefully3 weeks
Write Phase Two3 weeks
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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The Hurricane Model
Project StageTime
Plan
ning Anal
ysis
Desig
n
Impl
emen
tatio
n
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Margins of Error in Cost and Time Estimates
Typical margins of Error for
Well-done Estimates
Phase Deliverable Cost (%)time (%)
Planning System Request 400 60Project Plan 100 25
Analysis System Proposal 5015
Design System Specification 25 10
Source: Boehm et al. (1995)
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Managing ScopeScope creepJAD and prototypingFormal change approvalDefer additional requirements as future system enhancements
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Timeboxing
Fixed deadlineReduced functionality, if necessaryFewer “finishing touches”
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Timeboxing Steps1. Set delivery date
Deadline should not be impossibleShould be set by development group
2. Prioritize features by importance3. Build the system core4. Postpone unfinished functionality5. Deliver the system with core
functionality6. Repeat steps 3-5 to add refinements and
enhancements
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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STAFFING THE PROJECTSTAFFING THE PROJECT
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Staffing AttributesStaffing levels will change over a project’s lifetimeAdding staff may add more overhead than additional laborUsing teams of 8-10 reporting in a hierarchical structure can reduce complexity
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Increasing Complexity with Larger Teams
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Your TurnHow do you know how many people to assign to a project?
How do you know what special skills will be needed for completion of the project?
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Key DefinitionsThe staffing plan describes the kinds of people working on the projectThe project charter describes the project’s objectives and rulesA functional lead manages a group of analystsA technical lead oversees progress of programmers and technical staff members
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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MotivationUse monetary rewards cautiouslyUse intrinsic rewards
RecognitionAchievementThe work itselfResponsibilityAdvancementChance to learn new skills
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Conflict Avoidance Strategies
Clearly define project plansRecognize project importance to organizationProject charter listing norms and groundrulesDevelop schedule commitments ahead of timeForecast other priorities and their possible impact on the project
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CONTROLLING PROJECT CONTROLLING PROJECT ACTIVITIESACTIVITIES
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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CASE Tools
Planning Analysis Design Implementation
Upper CASE Lower CASE
Integrated CASE (I-CASE)
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Procedural MetadataLogic
Diagrams ScreenDesigns
CASE Repository
CASE Components
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Standards
ExamplesFormal rules for naming filesForms indicating goals reachedProgramming guidelines
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Documentation
Project binderTable of contentsContinual updating
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Managing Risk
Risk assessmentActions to reduce riskRevised assessment
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Classic MistakesOverly optimistic scheduleFailing to monitor scheduleFailing to update scheduleAdding people to a late project
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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SummaryProject management is critical to successful development of new systemsProject management involves planning, controlling and reporting on time, labor, and costs.
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for redistribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.
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