Postnatal growth and development of mandible
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GOOD MORNING
GOOD MORNING
POST-NATAL GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT OF MANDIBLE
CONTENTS
1. Introduction.
2. Anatomy of mandible.
3. Definitions.
4. Theories of growth.
5. Mechanisms of bone growth.
6. Skeletal units of mandible.
7. Main sites of growth of mandible.
8. Condyle and current concept.
9. Age changes in mandible.
10. Anomalies in growth.
11. Clinical Considerations.
12. Conclusion.
13. Questions.
14. References.
INTRODUCTION
• MANDIBLE (from Latin mandibula, "jawbone”)
largest and the strongest bone of the face
serves for the reception of the lower teeth.
consists of a curved, horizontal portion, the body and two perpendicular portions,
the rami, which unites with the ends of body nearly at right angles.
ANATOMY
Mandible
U-shaped body Ramus
Two Surfaces Two Borders
2 Surfaces
4 Borders
2 Processes
DEFINITIONS
• DEPOSITION: Process of addition of bone by osteoblastic activity.
• RESORPTION : Removal of bone by osteoclastic activity
• DRIFT : Relocation of bone by simultaneous deposition and resorption
processes on the opposing periosteal and endosteal surfaces.
DEFINITIONS
• DISPLACMENT: Movement away from a certain position or place.
• Primary displacement: Occurs in conjunction with own growth.
• Secondary Displacement: Caused by enlargement of adjacent bones or soft
tissues, but not of the bone itself.
DEFINITIONS
• REMODLING: Reshaping of the outline of the bone by selective
resorption and deposition in some areas.
• RELOCATION: Relative movement in space of bone due to deposition on
one side.
THEORIES OF GROWTH
1. Genetic theory- Brodie,1941
2. Scott’s hypothesis, 1953
3. Sutural dominance theory- Sicher,1955
4. Functional matrix theory- Moss, 1962
5. Van Limborgh’s theory- 1970
6. Servo System, Petrovic,1977
7. Enlow’s Expanding V Principle
8. Enlow’s Counterpart Principle
GENETIC THEORY
SCOTT’S HYPOTHESIS
SUTURAL DOMINANCE
FUNCTIONAL MATRIX THEORY
• The origin, form, function of all skeletal units are secondary, compensatory
and mechanically obligatory responses to chronologically and
morphologically prior events that occur in specifically related non-skeletal
tissues, organs or functioning spaces.
Cranial Component
Skeletal Unit
Micro Skeletal
Macro Skeletal
Functional Unit
Periosteal Capsular
VAN LIMBORGH’S THEORY
• Multifactorial
• Five factors controls growth:
1. Intrinsic genetic
2. Local epigenetic
3. General epigenetic
4. Local environmental
5. General environmental.
SERVO SYSTEM
• Condylar cartilage growth is integrated in an organized functional whole
that has the form of a servo system and is able to modulate the lengthening
of condyle so that the lower jaw adapts to the maxilla during growth.
ENLOW’S “V” PRINCIPLE
• Growth movement and
enlargement of many facial and
cranial bones or parts of bones
occur towards the wide ends of
“V”
• Bone deposition- inner and wide
end; ends of 2 arms of V
• Bone resorption-Outer surface
ENLOW’S COUNTERPART PRINCIPLE
• Growth of any given facial or cranial part relates specifically to other
structural and geometric “counterparts” in the face and cranium.
• Maxilla and mandible arches are mutual counterparts.
• Bony maxilla and corpus are mutual counterparts.
• Maxillary tuberosity and lingual tuberosity are counterparts.
Regional part Counter part
Balanced growth
FOOT AND SHOE PRINCIPLE
MECHANISMS OF BONE GROWTH
1. REMODELING
2. DISPLACEMENT:-
• Primary displacement
• Secondary displacement
GROWTH CENTERS V/S GROWTH SITES
• Growth Site: A site of growth is merely a location at which where growth
occurs.
• Growth Centre: A location at which is independent growth occurs.
• All centers are sites and the reverse is not true.
Sites in mandible : Condyle and Ramus
GROWTH TIMINGS
• Overall growth of mandible takes place at different stages.
• First there is increase in its
1. Width
2. Length
3. Height
MAIN SITES OF GROWTH OF MANDIBLE
• Principal growth sites are:-
1. Posterior surface of ramus
2. Condylar process
3. Coronoid process/ alveolar process
SKELETAL UNITS OF MANDIBLE
THE RAMUS
• Ramus remodels in posterio superiorly
Mandible gets displaced anteriorly and inferiorly
Allows posterior lengthening of the corpus of the dental arch.
• Lower part of ramus below coronoid process:-
Twisted contour:-
Buccal side – depository surface
Lingual side –resorptive surface
• Posterior margin :-
major site of remodeling.
It is one of the most active areas during mandibular growth in distance moved and amount
of histogenic activity.
• Mandibular foramen:-
It relocates backward and upwards by deposition on the anterior and resorption on
posterior part of its rim.
THE LINGUAL TUBEROSITY
• Counter part of the maxillary tuberosity.
• Marks effective boundary between the ramus and the corpus.
• Grows posterio-medially by deposits on posterior and medial
facing surface.
• Protrude tuberosity in lingual direction towards the midline.
• Periosteal resorption in the lingual fossa below and deposition on
medial facing surface
• Accentuates the prominence.
RAMUS TO CORPUS REMODELING
CONVERSION
Deposits on lingual side of ramus ,the part which is present
behind the lingual tuberosity.
Lingual shift of anterior part of ramus
Comes in line of corpus to join it
Former anterior ramal bone now posterior part of corpus
Corpus lengthening
THE CORONOID PROCESS
• It has propeller-like twist
Lingual side faces
Posteriorly superiorly medially
• Buccal surface :-
Has resorptive type of periosteal surface. This
surface faces away from combined superior,
medial, posterior directions of growth.
• Superior surface(lingual side):-
bone deposition growth superiorly increased vertical dimension
Enlarging V principle with V oriented Vertically
• Medial surface:-
same deposits of bone
carry base of coronoid process and anterior part of
ramus medially
Thus add to lengthening of corpus which lies well
medial to coronoid process
Thus early childhood ramus(1)
relocated and former location becomes posterior part of
corpus(2).
THE MANDIBULAR CONDYLE
• Regarded as a cornucopia from which the whole mandible itself pours forth.
. OLD THINKING:
Ultimate determinant of the amount , direction, rate
of growth, and overall mandibular size and shape.
Pacesetting “master center” with all other regional
growth fields subordinate to and dependent on it for
direct control.
• NEW THINKING:
• The condyle functions as a regional field of growth that provides an adaptation for its
own localized growth circumstances, just as all other fields accommodate.
• Thus the growth of mandible as a whole is the product of all the different regional
forces and regional functional agents of growth control acting on it.
Condylar Cartilage
• Special non vascular tissue.
• The intercellular matrix
hydrophilic
Turgid and Unyielding to surface
pressure.
• Functional significance:-
o An avascular and matrix-firm adaptation
for regional pressure
o Movable articulation
• Secondary type of cartilage ie. It does not
develop by differentiation from the primary
cartilages of fetal skull.
a)The condylar cartilage
b)Endochondral bony tissue in
medullary portion of condyle.
c)The enclosing bony
cortices.(tension related)
HISTOLOGY
• Capsular layer:-
poorly vascularized CT, covers articular surface of condyle,with age become
densly fibrous.
• Zone of growth:-
Prechondroblasts, site for cellular proliferation.
• Zone of maturation:-
functional and hypertrophied chondroblasts.
• Zone of erosion:-
degenerating chondroblasts.
• Zone of endochondral ossification
NECK OF THE CONDYLE
• Lingual and buccal surfaces resorptive
• Thus condyle is broad and neck narrow
• Endosteal deposition of new bone
along with periosteal resorption .
• V-shaped neck is moving
superoposteriorly .
SYMPHYSIS MENTI
• 4-12th month after birth, syndesmosis is converted to synostosis
• No widening after fusion
THE ADAPTIVE ROLE OF THE CONDYLE
• Random arrangement of condylar
prechondroblasts
• Is histogenetic adaptation of condylar
cartilage
• by selective proliferation of prechondroblasts
in some parts with retardation of cell divisions
in other parts around the periphery of the
condyle.
• Multidirectional growth potential
• Condylar growth is an active respondent, that
can adapt to the widely variable conditions
imposed on it.
• Mandibular condylar cartilage is the center of greatest growth in the
craniofacial complex, and is associated with maxillofacial skeleton
morphogenesis.
• This hybrid tissue may play an important role in regulating different rates
of bone formation in intramembranous and endochondral ossification,
allowing for highly diverse growth directions and condylar and
maxillofacial morphology.*
• *Growth of the mandible and biological characteristics of the mandibular
condylar cartilage, Japanese Dental Science Review (2013) 49, 139—150
HUMAN CHIN
• Man is one of the only two species having chin.(and elephant)
• Chin is one of the most variable areas in the entire mandible as seen among
the different basic facial types and patterns.
• Remodeling process:-
• During descend of maxillary arch and vertical drift of the
mandibular teeth
The anterior mandibular teeth simultaneously drift lingually
and superiorly.
Produces anterior overjet and overbite
• Same time:-
Bone deposition in the mandibular basal bone area including
mental protuberance(chin).
• This two-way growth process results- progressive enlarging
mental protuberance
THE MANDIBULAR BODY(CORPUS)
• Depositon :- outer surfaces on both buccal and
lingual sides.
• Resorption:-
- from endosteal surfaces.
- periosteal areas on labial surface of the incisor
region
- below lingual tuberosity
• Effects:- enlarges breadth of corpus.
• The buccal side remodels, to a slightly greater extent than lingual
because bony arch width increases slightly during post natal development,
but not much in comparison to maxillary arch width.
• Ventral border of corpus is also depository.
• Amount of upward alveolar growth greatly exceeds the extent of downward
enlargement by basal bone.
• Basal bone area has higher threshold of resistance to extrinsic forces than
alveolar bone(labile).
• However there no structural line separating basal bone from alveolar bone
rather this is more of physiologic than anatomic difference.
ALVEOLAR PROCESS
• Formation is influenced by dental eruption and it resorbs when teeth are exfoliated or extracted.
• It serves as a “buffer zone” -helps to maintain occlusal relationships during differential mandibular and midface growth.
• Vertical growth persists into adult life to compensate for the occlusal surfaces wear of teeth.
• Adaptive nature makes orthodontic tooth movements possible.
FACTORS AFFECTING MANDIBULAR GROWTH
• Systemic factors
1. Genetic
2. Hormonal
3. Nutritional
4. Illness
FACTORS AFFECTING MANDIBULAR
GROWTH
• Local factors
1. Ankylosis
2. Trauma
3. Birth injury
4. Ear infection
GROWTH MALFORMATIONS
• Pertti Pirttiniemi et al (EJO-2009) - Abnormal mandibular growth and the
condylar cartilage.
• Based on etiology and time of appearance:-
1) congenital malformations with associated growth disorders,
(2) primary growth disorders, and
(3) acquired diseases or trauma with associated growth disorders.
PRIMARY GROWTH DISORDERS
• 1) Condylar Hyperplasia
PRIMARY GROWTH DISORDERS
• 2) Condylar Hypoplasia
ACQUIRED DISEASES OR TRAUMA
WITH ASSOCIATED GROWTH
DISORDERS
• Juvenile idiopathic arthritis :- a chronic inflammatory disease of
unknown aetiology, which is present for longer than 6 weeks and starts
before the age of 16 years
• TMJ ankylosis
OTHER DISORDERS
• Paget’s disease: Caused by the excessive breakdown and formation of
bone, followed by disorganized bone remodeling.
• Achondroplasia: Achondroplasia is a common cause of dwarfism. It
occurs as a sporadic mutation in approximately 80% of cases (associated
with advanced paternal age)
• Condylar resorption* :Idiopathic condylar resorption, ICR, and
condylysis, is a disorder in which one or both of the mandibular condyles
are broken down in a bone resorption process. This disorder is nine times
more likely to be present in females than males, and is more common
among teenagers
* Wolford L. Idiopathic condylar resorption of the temporomandibular joint in teenage girls (cheerleaders syndrome) Proc (Bayl
Univ Med Cent) 2001;14(3):246–252.
OTHER DISORDERS
• Nager syndrome or acrofacial dysostosis - associated with condylar
ankylosis.
• Turner syndrome - short mandibular body and posterior rotation of the
mandible.
• Hemifacial atrophy or Parry-Romberg syndrome - affect mandibular
growth and lead to progressive facial asymmetry.
• Acromegaly - Oversized mandible.
• Proteus syndrome - shows unilateral condylar overgrowth causing
progressive craniofacial asymmetry.
AGE CHANGES IN MANDIBLE
AT BIRTH
• The body of the bone is a mere shell, containing the sockets of the two
incisor, the canine, and the two deciduous molar teeth, imperfectly
partitioned off from one another.
• The mandibular canal is of large size, and runs near the lower border of the
bone
• The mental foramen opens beneath the socket of the first deciduous molar
tooth.
• The angle is obtuse (175°)
• Condyloid portion is nearly in line with the body.
• The coronoid process is of comparatively large size, and projects above the
level of the condyle.
AGE CHANGES IN MANDIBLE
AFTER BIRTH
the two segments of the bone become joined at the symphysis, from below
upward, in the first year;
but a trace of separation may be visible in the beginning of the second year,
near the alveolar margin.
The body becomes elongated in its whole length, but more especially
behind the mental foramen, to provide space for the three additional teeth
developed in this part.
AGE CHANGES IN MANDIBLE
The depth of the body increases owing to increased growth of the alveolar
part, to afford room for the roots of the teeth, and by thickening of the
subdental portion which enables the jaw to withstand the powerful action of
the masticatory muscles;
The alveolar portion is the deeper of the two, and, consequently, the chief
part of the body lies above the oblique line.
The mandibular canal, after the second dentition, is situated just above the
level of the mylohyoid line;
The mental foramen occupies the position usual to it in the adult. The angle
becomes less obtuse, owing to the separation of the jaws by the teeth; about
the fourth year it is 140°.
AGE CHANGES IN MANDIBLE
IN THE ADULT
The alveolar and subdental portions of the body are usually of equal depth.
The mental foramen opens midway between the upper and lower borders of
the bone, and the mandibular canal runs nearly parallel with the mylohyoid
line.
The ramus is almost vertical in direction, the angle measuring
from 110° to 120°.
AGE CHANGES IN MANDIBLE
IN OLD AGE
The bone becomes greatly reduced in size, for with the loss of the teeth the
alveolar process is resorbed, and, consequently, the chief part of the bone is
below the oblique line.
The mandibular canal, with the mental foramen opening from it, is close to
the alveolar border.
The ramus is oblique in direction, the angle measures about 140°, and the
neck of the condyle is more or less bent backward.
PRIMARY CARTILAGE VS SECONDARY
CARTILAGE
• The two types of cartilages show differences in histological organization
and in the pattern of cell proliferation (Delatte et al. 2004).
• In primary cartilages, interstitial cell proliferation occurs in chondrocytes,
whereas secondary cartilage shows appositional proliferation (Durkin,
1972; Copray et al. 1986).
• During development, primary cartilage reacts primarily to systemic growth
stimuli such as hormones. By contrast, the secondary cartilage only
secondarily follows these overall stimuli after additional modulation by
local growth factors (Enlow, 1992; Sperber, 2001).
• The primary and secondary cartilages have different embryonic origins.
Primary cartilages are considered to be part of the primary skeletal
cartilage.
• Secondary cartilages appear later in embryonic development and are
independent of the primary skeletal cartilage.
GROWTH BY SECONDARY CARTILAGE.
• It occurs mainly by secondary cartilages (mainly condylar cartilage), this
helps in:
• Increase in height of the mandibular ramus
• Increase in the overall length of the mandible
• Increase of the inter condylar distance
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
• Pattern of growth of mandible follows the general body growth with
increase during puberty.
• Vertical height and length of mandible –
Girls- 9-13 years
Boys- 11-17 years
Mandibular growth completes by- 17 years of age in girls.
DVELOPMENT OF OCCLUSION AND
MANDIBULAR GROWTH
• Primary Dentition: Mandibular incisors erupt at about 6-7months.
Vertical growth of the alveolar process is rapid
during tooth eruption
• Mixed Dentition Phase: Differential forward growth of the mandible
increase in the length of the corpus
EFFECT OF FUNCTIONAL APPLIANCES
• Effect on functional appliances on mandibular growth on skeletal Class Ⅱmalocclusion: A systematic review
• Objective: To examine the hypothesis that functional appliances enhance
mandibular growth in the treatment of skeletal Class Ⅱ malocclusion
• Conclusion: Functional appliances can enhance mandibular growth in
treatment of skeletal Class Ⅱ malocclusion. This mainly dues to the growth
of the ramus instead of changes of mandibular body length.
EFFECT OF FUNCTIONAL APPLIANCES
• Mandibular changes produced by functional appliances in Class II
malocclusion: a systematic review
• Aim: review of the literature was to assess the scientific evidence on the
efficiency of functional appliances in enhancing mandibular growth in
Class II subjects.
• Conclusion: Herbst appliance showed the highest coefficient of efficiency
(0.28 mm per month) followed by the Twin-block (0.23 mm per month).
EFFECT OF FUNCTIONAL APPLIANCES
• Mandibular changes during functional appliance treatment
• AIM: To determine the changes in position and size of the mandible in
children treated with either the Fränkel function regulator or Harvold
activator
• CONCLUSION:Main effects of both appliances were to allow vertical
development of the mandibular molars and increase the height of the face.
The Harvold appliance also proclined the lower incisors and increased
mandibular arch length.
PLANNING OF ORTHOGNATHIC
SURGERY
• Orthognathic surgery has little inhibitory effect on facial growth.
• Some authors suggest an early operation maybe beneficial altering the
remaining growth.
• Precious and colleagues reported:
more than 69% of growing patients who had an early Orthognathic surgery
had CLASS II malocclusion.
• Several reports on stability of mandibular advancements during childhood
and its effect on growth.
PLANNING OF ORTHOGNATHIC
SURGERY
• Freihofer reported a series :
patients under 17 yrs
BSSO surgery
mandible grew another 1.5-2 degrees post operatively.
• Wolford et al reported that
post-operatively growth occurred in vertical direction
patients who under went BSSO
age range of 8-16 years
Consensus in literature: Mandibular advancement in children can be performed
safely with no adverse effect on lower jaw development.
PLANNING OF ORTHOGNATHIC
SURGERY
• In growing children developing teeth and inferior nerve closely
approximate the inferior border.
Genioplasty delayed until 12 years of age or older.
Augmentation genioplasty with alloplastic implants performed at an earlier age
MANDIBULAR GROWTH AND TRAUMA
• The management is different from adults. Differs in
Anatomic variation
Rapidity of healing
Patient co-operation
Potential changes
• In Lund’s study of mandibular growth after condylar fracture-
Results: The fractured ramus which initially shorter had a greater
incremental growth rate
Conclusion: Lund defined 3 types of growth rates:
Compensatory growth with out over growth-fractured side grows more than normal side. End it remains somewhat shorter . Clinically –facial asymmetry
Compensatory growth with overgrowth –fractured side grows longer than normal side
Dysplastic growth- fractured side grows less than equal rate to normal side so that the difference in length is accentuated with time.
• Lund investigated condylar remodelling after fracture-
• Other authors have reported partial resorption and remodeling of the
condylar region.
Incomplete remodeling
Condyle was irregular
Displacement remained at fracture site
Complete remodeling
INFLUENCE OF CLEFT PALATE ON
MANDIBULAR GROWTH
• Mandibular growth in patients with cleft lip and/or cleft palate—the
influence of cleft type
• Conclusion:
The mandible in the cleft groups displayed shorter mandibular ramus and
body length.
Mandibular position relative to cranial base was similar in the cleft groups
with involvement of the palate.
Palatal clefts induce a significant downward and backward rotation of the
mandible associated with a more obtuse gonial angle.
Thus a small mandible is a structural characteristic of all cleft types
studied. However, mandibular shape and spatial position are strongly
influenced in clefts that involve the palate.
CONCLUSION
• “The human mandible has no one design for life. Rather, it adapts and remodels
through the seven stages of life, from the slim arbiter of things to come in the
infant, through a powerful dentate machine and even weapon in the full flesh of
maturity, to the pencil-thin, porcelain like problem that we struggle to repair in the
adversity of old age.”
D. E. Poswillo
REFERENCES
1. Essential of facial growth- Donald H. Enlow
2. Craniofacial Development- Geoffrey H. Sperber
3. Human anatomy for Dental students - B D Chaurasia
4. Shafers Oral Pathology
5. Current principles and techniques- Graber
6. Human Embryology- Inderbir Singh
7. Pertti Pirttiniemi et al (EJO-2009) - Abnormal mandibular growth and the
condylar cartilage.
REFERENCES
8. Growth of the mandible and biological characteristics of the mandibular
condylar cartilage, Japanese Dental Science Review (2013) 49, 139—150
9. Wolford L. Idiopathic condylar resorption of the temporomandibular joint
in teenage girls (cheerleaders syndrome) Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)
2001;14(3):246–252.
10. Pediatric oral and maxillofacial surgery
11. Effect on functional appliances on mandibular growth on skeletal Class Ⅱmalocclusion: A systematic review
12. Grey’s anatomy
13. Effect on functional appliances on mandibular growth on skeletal Class Ⅱmalocclusion: A systematic review
14. Mandibular growth in patients with cleft lip and/or cleft palate—the
influence of cleft type
QUESTIONS
• Describe the development and congenital anomalies of mandible-
20marks (may-2010)
• Define growth and development. Describe in detail pre and post natal
development of the mandible- 20 marks (april-2008)
• Describe the various theories of growth emphasizing on the growth of
mandible-20marks(march-2003)
THANK YOU
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