Population. Life Expectancy: Average age a person from that country can expect to live Infant Mortality: the number of deaths for every 1000 births Birth.

Population

• Life Expectancy: Average age a person from that country can expect to live

• Infant Mortality: the number of deaths for every 1000 births

• Birth Rate: Number of babies born per 1000 people

• Death rate: number of deaths per 1000 people

• Natural increase: difference between birth rate and death rate

• Migration: The movement of people from place to place

• Population Density: The number of people per square mile or square kilometer

• Population growth: % growth rate per year

• Population distribution: Where do the people of the country live

• Literacy : % of people who can read

• Internet: % of people with the internet

World’s PopulationUpdated September 3, 2014

Over 7.19 billion

as of Sept. 5, 2014 According to the US Census Bureau estimate.

1 AD

• 300 million

1000

• 310 million

1800

• 1 billion

1927

• 2 billion

1960

• 3 billion

1974

• 4 billion

1987

• 5 billion

1999

• 6 billion

2050

• 9 billion

• World Clock

• Short clip on population

An overcrowded train leaves the rail

station at Bangladesh's 2007.

Population is Increasing

On an average year there are:

Over 131 million births

About 55 million deaths

A yearly gain of 76 million people

Breakdown of increase• Over 6 million each month

• Over 200,000 each day

• Over 8,000 each hour

• 145 each minute

• Over 2 each second

Further Breakdown• 1 billion people in 1804

• 2 billion in 1927 (123 years later)

• 3 billion in 1960 (33 years later)

• 4 billion in 1974 (14 years later)

• 5 billion in 1987 (13 years later)

• 6 billion in 1999 (12 years later)

• 7 billion in 2011 (12 years later)

What has led to population increases?

• Medical advances

• Vaccines

• Water purifications

• Antibiotics and other powerful drugs

• Reduced death rates

• New inventions in transportation and manufacturing

• Hybrid crops (more production)

• Better equipment

• Cattle and pigs bred to gain weight rapidly

Countries with the most people:

• 1. China 1.35 billion

• 2. India 1.23 billion

• 3. United States 318 million

Where people liveWhere people live

0

200000000

400000000

600000000

800000000

1000000000

1200000000

1400000000

China India USA

people

Relative population size

world71%

China14%

India12%

USA3%

Population per Square mile

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

India China USA

East

India: 331China: 135

USA: 30

Of the 50 largest cities in the world

• 3 are in the USA

• 6 are in India

• 11 are in China

Cities in China

Manali, India

Something to Ponder• If we could shrink the worlds

population down to 100

• 57 would be Asians

• 21 would be Europeans

• 8 would be Africans

• 4 would be Americans

• 70 would be unable to read

• 6 would hold 50% of the wealth

• Only 1 would have a college education

Who is growing the fastest?

• India: 20 born per 1000 people

• China: 12 born per 1000 people

• USA: 13 born per 1000 people

• Indian women average 2.5 children

• American women average 2 children

• Chinese women average 1.5 children

Birth Rate

Average age of mother at first child

• India: 20

• USA: 25

• China: ? (no data)

Why is India growing the fastest?

• Worldwide it is true that the more educated a woman is, the fewer children she will have in her lifetime.

• US Literacy Rate = 99%

• China Literacy Rate = 95%

• India Literacy Rate = 63%

• Women in India = 51%

In India• 49 % women can’t read or

write

• 2/3rds of girls don’t attend high school

• ½ women marry by age 18 and are mothers by 20

In China• Families are only allowed to have

one child• Heavy fines are given if the law is

broken• Forced late term abortions and

forced sterilization are also methods used.

Why should China worry? China has 20% of the world’s

population and only 7% of the world’s farmland.

How can population negatively effect the world?

• Spread of disease

• Not enough food

• More global conflicts

• Increased need for jobs

• Growing need for health care and education

Ecological Problems • Use up natural resources like water and

fossil fuels.

• Disappearing habitat and loss of diversity

• Heightened climate changes due to global warming

• Not enough land for people.

How can we avoid these problems?

More advanced farming

Advancements in Medicine

Replacement energy sources

Ocean or Space Colonization

What, if anything, can we do to stop the increase in population?

Education• Where women are poor and uneducated,

family size tends to be large and population growth rates are high.

• Population programs are more effective when they center on improving the education, rights, and status of women.

Put our life in perspective.

• With 4% of the world’s population the United States uses 25% of the world’s resources.

• Number of vehicles in the US is growing 3 times faster than the population.

According to the United Nations

• 2.6 billion people lack basic sanitation• 1.5 billion people have no access to

clean water• 1.1 billion lack adequate housing• 900 million have no access to modern

health care of any kind

Elements of Culture

What is culture?What is culture?

►the knowledge, language, values, the knowledge, language, values, customs, and physical objects that are customs, and physical objects that are passed from generation to generation passed from generation to generation among member of a group. among member of a group.

►The way of life of a group of people The way of life of a group of people who share similar beliefs and customswho share similar beliefs and customs

Cultural transmission depend heavily Cultural transmission depend heavily on the use of symbols and the most on the use of symbols and the most powerful symbols are those that powerful symbols are those that make up languagemake up language

SymbolSymbol: things that represent : things that represent something elsesomething else

►Confederate flag (dual meaning)Confederate flag (dual meaning)►Nike swooshNike swoosh►Clapping of handsClapping of hands

Beckon with index finger Beckon with index finger ►PhilippinesPhilippines – –

it’s a method of it’s a method of communication communication considered considered worthy only to worthy only to use on dogs, and use on dogs, and is actually is actually punishable by punishable by arrest. arrest.

O-KO-K

► BrazilBrazil, , GermanyGermany and a few and a few Mediterranean Mediterranean countriescountries: the : the circular shape of circular shape of the gesture gives it the gesture gives it the meaning of the meaning of “anus”“anus”, and is , and is therefore used to therefore used to call somebody an call somebody an “a--hole”, “a--hole”,

Thumbs upThumbs up

►Latin AmericaLatin America and and West AfricaWest Africa, , as well as as well as GreeceGreece, , RussiaRussia, , Sardinia Sardinia and the and the south of south of ItalyItaly, , the thumbs-up the thumbs-up basically means basically means the same as the the same as the middle finger middle finger

What words and phrases are What words and phrases are unique to our culture?unique to our culture?

►BaseballBaseball Can of corn, Texas Leaguer, bleeder, Can of corn, Texas Leaguer, bleeder,

gapper, long ball, dinger, knubber, gapper, long ball, dinger, knubber,

What is Culture?

• Language, religion, daily life, history, art, government and the economy are all characteristics of culture

• Ethnic group: People who share common language, history, place of origin, or a combination of these elements.

• Cultural Region: – Countries that have certain traits in common. – Similar economic systems, political systems

and social groups. Histories, religion and art may share similar influences.

• Cultural Diffusion: The process of spreading new knowledge from one culture to another.

• Trade, migration and war all are factors.

• Example: Baseball (Civil War Japan After WW 2)

• Cultural Hearth: Early centers of civilization whose ideas and practices spread to surrounding areas.

• The most influential cultural hearths originated in the areas where these modern countries now occupy– Egypt, Iraq, Pakistan, China, Mexico

World Religions

Judaism

• Total population: 14 million

• % of world’s population: .2%

• First Monotheistic religion

• Sacred Texts: – Torah (books of Moses)– Old Testament of the bible

History

• Jews followed Moses out of Egypt and wandered the desert for 40 years before reaching a land promised to them by their God. (Present day Israel)

• The land of Israel has been ruled by several different civilizations (Persians, Macedonians, Greeks, Syrians, and Romans)

• A rebellion by the Jewish people in 167 BC resulted in the independence of the Jewish nation. The festival of Hanukkah celebrates this.

• In 70 AD the Roman army destroyed Jerusalem and the Jews were forced out of the area and settled in Mediterranean countries and throughout Europe.

• 1948 the country of Israel was formed

Basic Beliefs of Judaism

• World was created by a single, all knowing god

• Believe in an immortal soul and a heaven and hell

• God’s will was handed down to Moses and the Israelites at Mount Sinai. (the Torah)

Western Wall

• The temple was built by king Solomon to unite the tribes of Israel in worship. The Temple also made Jerusalem the spiritual capital of the kingdom.

• The Babylonians destroyed the temple in 586 BC. It was later rebuilt and enlarged 70 years later but destroyed again by the Romans in 70 AD.

• The Western Wall is only part of the outer shell upon which the temple was built.

• It is a place of prayer and pilgrimage. Some Jews still slip prayers between the cracks in the immense stones.

The Western Wall

Western wall website

Cleaning out the prayers in preparation of the Jewish new year. The prayer messages will be buried in a special place. (USA Today, September 26, 2011)

Some Jewish Terms

• Hanukkah: feast that celebrates the victory in 167 BC over the Syrian king who tried to repress the religion.

• Sabbath: holy day

• Yom Kippur: Day of atonement (a day devoted to the confession of sins and the reconciliation with God)

• Synagogue: A Jewish church

Islam

• Total Population: 1.3 billion

• % of worlds population: 22%

History of Islam

• The history of Islam centers around one person, Muhammad (three different spellings). He was born around 570 AD

• As he grew up he became dissatisfied with polytheism and came to believe in one God: Allah.

Muslims believe…

• At about the age of 40 he began to have religious visions. He would receive messages from god. He would memorize them and teach them to his followers. These visions are now recorded in the Qur’an or Koran

• Muhammad’s new faith was not widely accepted in his hometown of Mecca. Therefore he and his followers moved to Medina. This movement marks the starting point in the Islamic calendar.

• for a while Jerusalem was the center of Islam. Muhammad became upset when the Christians and the Jews rejected his teachings and he decided to go back to Mecca. He conquered the city and Islam quickly spread throughout the area.

• Muhammad continued to receive visions until his death in 632 AD

• When he died he left no documents appointing a successor.

• According to Islamic tradition, the rock is the spot from where Muhammad ascended to Heaven accompanied by the angel Gabriel

Temple Mount or Dome of the Rock

Dome of the Rock

Branches of Islam

• Sunnis: – The largest group (over 90%)

• Shi’ites: (Shia)

Basic Beliefs

• They believe there is only one God (Allah) • The Koran (Qur’an) is the written scripture of

Muhammad and his disciples.• They believe there are many messengers of

God but including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad

• Muslim belief that Muhammad is the last and most perfect messenger of God.

• They believe in an afterlife with a heaven and a hell.

Five Pillars of the Islamic Faith

• Prayer must be done five times a day facing Mecca

• Fast during sunup to sunset during the month of Raamadan

• Make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lifetime.

Islamic Terms

• Jihad: a holy war. Men are required to go to war to defend or spread Islam. If killed they are guaranteed eternal life in paradise.

• Islam: submission to Allah

• Muslim: follower of Allah

• Mosque: Islamic place of worship

Islamic Holy Places

Pilgrimage to Mecca

Christianity

• Total population: 1.9 billion

• % of Worlds Population: 32%

History of Christianity

• Christianity is based upon the teachings of Jesus, a Jew who lived his life in the Roman province of Palestine. Roman communications networks enabled Christianity to spread quickly throughout the Roman empire

• The central figure in Christianity is Jesus, a Jew who is thought of by Christians as the son of God.

• His birth is celebrated at Christmas• During his lifetime Jesus preached his message.• -At the age of 33 the Romans executed Jesus on a cross

Basic Beliefs of Christianity

• A monotheistic religion

• Christians believe that Jesus rose from the dead after his execution on the cross. He told his followers that if they followed his teachings they would return and bring them to heaven.

• Believe in an afterlife with a heaven and a hell

• Bible is the holy book of the Christians which include the old and new testaments

• Bible: sacred text that records the lives of major figures of Christianity including Jesus. Contains both old and new Testament.

• Christmas: Celebration of the birth of Jesus (Dec 25)• Cross: Roman method of execution which took the life

of Jesus. Now a symbol for the Christian faith.• Easter: The celebration of Jesus’ return to life after

dying on the cross• Lent: the remembrance of the period of time leading up

to and including the death of Jesus on the cross

Three Branches of Christianity

Roman Catholic

• Established in Rome soon after the death of Jesus.

• The Pope is the spiritual leader.• Vatican City is a country

Eastern Orthodox

• They split away from the Catholic Church during the 4th century.

• The split was primarily a political one due to the division of the Roman Empire into western and eastern components.

Protestant:

• They Split form the Roman Catholicism during the Reformation in the 16th and 17th century.

• The Protestant movement eventually divided into many denominations like Lutheran, Methodist, and Baptist

Christian Holy

Places

Hindu

• Total Population: 900 million

• % of Worlds Population: 15%

History of Hinduism

• It is the oldest and most complex of the world’s religions. (Started about 1500 BC)

• There is no specific founder

• There isn’t a holy book

• There are many, many different interpretations.

Basic beliefs

• Hinduism is based on the concept that human and animal spirits Reincarnate, or come back to earth to live many times in different forms.

• They believe that what we did in a past life determines what lot we have in our current life.

• The higher a persons class the more the person is blessed.

• You are stuck in the caste you are born into and you cannot move up or down in this lifetime.

• Charity is rare because each person deserves to be in the class they were born into.

• Today, a Hindu can be polytheistic (more than one god) monotheistic (one god) agnostic (not sure if god exists) atheistic (no god).

• It is possible to reach Nirvana (the peaceful escape from the cycle of reincarnation) through rituals, self reflection, and devotion to the god that you choose to follow.

• The Ganges River is considered to be holy. Other rivers, lakes, and mountains are also considered to be holy.

Bathing in the Ganges River

Buddhism

• Total population: 360 million

• % of Worlds Population: 6%

History of Buddhism

• Buddhism is a religion, which is, based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, the son of a wealthy landowner born in northern India around 560 BC.

• In order to achieve spiritual knowledge, Gautma renounced his worldly advantages and became known as Buddha. Or the enlightened one.

• He preached his religious views his entire life throughout India.

• It is said that Buddha meditated under a fig tree for 7 days and was enlightened on truths that he would impart to the world until his death at age 80.

Basic Beliefs

• Buddhist believes in a constant cycle of life and you will be reborn again in one of 5 or 6 different existences including heaven and hell.

• Karma (the intentions behind the deeds) helps to determine where you will end up. Rebirth depends on how much progress is made there.

• Buddhist believes in a place known as Nirvana or deathless realm of existence.

• Depending on the type of Buddhism practiced, there are over 5000 sacred writings.

There are 5 precepts taught by Buddhism that all Buddhists should

follow:• Kill no living thing.

• Do no steal.

• Do not commit adultery.

• Tell no lies.

• Do not drink intoxicants or take drugs.

Other precepts apply only to monks and nuns.

• Eat moderately and only at the appointed time.

• Avoid that which excites the senses.

• Do not wear adornments.

• Do not sleep in luxurious beds.

• Accept no silver or gold.

Sikhism

• Total Population: 25 million

• 89% live in Punjab, India

History of Sikhism Sikhism

• Began in the mid 1500’s in Punjab (northwest India) rising from the religious experiences and teachings of Guru Nanak

• Sacred Text: Guru Granth Sahib

• The Sikh place of worship is called a Gurdwara

• The Golden Temple in the city of Amritsar is the most sacred Sikh shrine

• Sikhism is a monotheistic religion

• Sikhism stresses the importance of doing good actions rather than merely carrying out rituals

Golden Temple

POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

Government Structure

• Unitary system - central government makes decisions for the entire country.

• Federal - national government has some powers; others reserved for local governments.

Government Authority

• Autocracy – power an authority to rule belong to a single person. (dictator) people; military takeovers

• Monarchy – A king or queen have power in the country. The power is transferred to a family member when they die.

Three Types of Monarchies

• Absolute: Monarch have total power

• Limited: Monarch have a lot of power but there are some rights the people have that can’t be interfered with.

• Constitutional: The monarch is just a figurehead. The country has elected officials who actually run the country.

Oligarchy

• A system of government in which a small group hold power.

Democracy

• the people choose their leaders and set government policy

Two types of Democracies

• Direct Democracy–The people vote on all laws and

decisions

• Representative Democracy–The people elect someone to

represent them in government.

Which is best?

• Which type of government would be able to act the quickest?

• Which type of government would more likely protect the interests of the people?

• Which government is the best to live in? Why?

Types of Leaders

Dictator

Kim Jong-unNorth Korea

President

• Usually elected

• Part of the executive branch

Mexico, Philipe Calderon

Monarch

• King or Queen.

Abdullah, King of Saudi Arabia

Prime Minister

• Similar to president but chosen from legislative branch

Others

• Some countries have a combination

• Example: Russia and France are countries that have both a president and a prime minister

• Example: Great Britain has both a monarch and a prime minister

Types of government

Economic Systems

• Traditional economy - nearly all goods and services produced by people are consumed by their own families or villages.

• Market economy - an economy in which individuals and groups have a great deal of freedom, and decisions are influenced by the “laws of supply and demand.”

Supply and Demand

Supply and Demand

• When demand is higher than supply it leads to higher prices

• When supply is higher than demand it leads to lower prices

• Mixed Economy: One in which the government supports and regulates free enterprise through decisions that effect the marketplace

• Many countries, including the USA, has this.

Economic Systems

• Command economy - an economic system controlled by a central government, and decisions are made to achieve political/social goals.

• Communism: Strict government control of the entire country, including the economy

• Socialism: Allows a wider range of free enterprise

Developed Country

• Countries that have modern technology, industry, agriculture and have a high standard of living.

Developing Countries

• Countries that have less than modern agriculture, industry, and technology.

• Subsistence farming.

• Tariff: Tax put on imports to protect national industry

• Free Trade: Trade without tariffs. NAFTA is an example.

• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) the market value of all goods and services produced within a country for a given time.

• GDP per capita: the average amount of money people of a country make

• Inflation: the rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy

• Recession: general slowdown in economic activity

• Depression: a sustained, long-term downturn in economic activity