Polymeric Grids RM~presentation
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REINFORCED MASONRY
WITH POLYMER GRIDSMasonry Buildings without RC Members
Prof. Daniel STOICA
Great Natural Catastrophes
Number of Great Natural Catastrophes
Great Natural Catastrophes
Economic losses in billion dollars
Great Natural Catastrophes
Dynamics of the number and economic losses
along five decades of the last century
Great Natural Catastrophes
Number and economic losses in 2000
Great Natural Catastrophes
Long term effects of catastrophes
European Macroseismic Scale EMS-98
Grade 5: Destruction
Grade 1: Slight damage
Grade 2: Moderate damage
Grade 3: Heavy damage
Grade 4:
Very heavy damage
HISTORY OF SCIENCE9,000 years ago - PALESTINE: Brick Masonry
MASONRY: Brittle Brick + Ductile Mortar
Question:
How and Why masonry as a construction material
was lasting so long?
Theory of Dislocation
The two models: one for force as vector (Newton) and another for stress as tensor (Pascal)
Theory of Dislocation
Concentration of stresses around a fault
Theory of Dislocation
Variation of stress with area for a constant force:
Bernoulli’s Hyperbola
EUROCODE 2: Ductility
Typical stress-strain curve for steel reinforcement
Answer:
Due to its ductility masonry is endowed with the capacity of self-protection by adaptation in time
CEMENT – the first discover of
Industrial Revolution
against masonryCORED BRICKS – the second
discovery of Industrial Revolution against masonry
HISTORY OF SCIENCE
Question:
Shall the factories producing cement
and cored bricks
be closed?
Eurocode 8 Provisions :
1. Reinforcing with steel reinforcement embeded in cement mortars
2.Confining with RC structural members
MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF PLASTICITY
a. Vertical force P b. Horizontal force Q
Prandtl’s Model - 1923
Limit state of tangential stresses
Shear compression diagram
P
Relation between compression and shear ,
where k is the maximum value of tangential stress
Final solution of the state of stresses in the mortar layer
MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF PLASTICITY
Normal stress σx in x direction for y = 0
Normal stress σx in x direction for y = ±b
Normal stress σy in x direction
MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF PLASTICITY
Variation of stresses on the thickness of mortar layer
Force of expulsion and prevention measure
Bed joint reinforced with polymer grid Reinforcement layout
Answer: No
By reinforcing masonry with polymer grids its
original capacity of self-protection is entirely restored
BASIC CONCEPT OF REINFORCING MASONRY
Isometric view of masonry structural member reinforced in horizontal layers
TENSAR®
Polymer Grids of high Strength and Density
with
Integrated Joints
Tensar® process
Performances of TENSAR grids - Bucharest 2001
dANA
fA
N
Bernoulli’s equilateral hyperbola
A f= constant
p = bf = constant
Performances of TENSAR grids - Bucharest 2001
Congruence of Bernoulli’s hyperbola
Geometry of mono-axial grids Geometry of biaxial grids
Performances of TENSAR grids - Bucharest 2001
Performances of TENSAR grids - Bucharest 2001
Mechanism of stress transfer around integrated joints
Shear forces developed around integrated joints
Performances of TENSAR grids - Bucharest 2001
Geometric Characteristics of Tensar SS Grids
Stress – Strain Diagrams
Performances of TENSAR grids - Bucharest 2001
STATIC TESTS
on 1D models of
Short Columns
and 2D models of
Wall PanelsEC Peco Project 1994/96
EQ Engineering Laboratory of INCERC Iasi
Short columns of plain and reinforced masonry
EQ Engineering Laboratory of INCERC Iasi
Wall panels of plain and reinforced masonry/plaster submitted to axial compression
EQ Engineering Laboratory of INCERC Iasi
Wall panels of plain and reinforced masonry/plaster submitted to diagonal tension
EQ Engineering Laboratory of INCERC Iasi
Short columns of reinforced and confined masonry submitted to axial compression
EQ Engineering Laboratory of INCERC Iasi
Wall panels of confined masonry submitted to axial compression and diagonal tension
EC Peco Project 1994/96
SEISMIC TESTS
on 3D models of
Masonry Buildings
without RC members
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
3D model of a masonry building without RC members before and after testing
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
3D model of a masonry building without RC members confined by two belts of reinforced plaster
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Test on the shaking table at 14 dB
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Seismic response of the model before and after repair
E U R O Q U A K EEC Inco Copernicus Project 1997/99
PSEUDO-DYNAMIC TESTS on 2D models
of Masonry Infills
without RC members
Reaction Wall of ELSA – JRC Ispra (Varese), Italy
Set up infill models of wall panels without openings
Reaction Wall of ELSA – JRC Ispra (Varese), Italy
Layout of reinforced masonry infill without openings
Reaction Wall of ELSA – JRC Ispra (Varese), Italy
The wall panel without openings prepared for testing
Reaction Wall of ELSA – JRC Ispra (Varese), Italy
Damage pattern in the plain masonry infill without openings after occurring the failure mechanism
Reaction Wall of ELSA – JRC Ispra (Varese), Italy
Pseudo-dynamic test with a frequency of 5 Hz
Reaction Wall of ELSA – JRC Ispra (Varese), Italy
Damage pattern in the reinforced masonry infill without openings after the failure mechanism
Reaction Wall of ELSA – JRC Ispra (Varese), Italy
Comparative hysteretic diagrams for wall panels without openings of plain and reinforced masonry
Reaction Wall of ELSA – JRC Ispra (Varese), Italy
Envelope curves for the wall panels without openings
Reaction Wall of ELSA – JRC Ispra (Varese), Italy
Set up infill models of wall panels with two openings
Reaction Wall of ELSA – JRC Ispra (Varese), Italy
Layout of reinforced masonry infill with two openings
Reaction Wall of ELSA – JRC Ispra (Varese), Italy
Vertically perforated bricks and the polymer grid used as reinforcement in the testing program
Reaction Wall of ELSA – JRC Ispra (Varese), Italy
Reinforced masonry wall panel with openings confined with polymer grids Tensar SS30 before plastering
Reaction Wall of ELSA – JRC Ispra (Varese), Italy
Pseudo-dynamic test with a frequency of 5 Hz
Reaction Wall of ELSA – JRC Ispra (Varese), Italy
Damage pattern in the plain masonry infill with openings after occurring the failure mechanism
Reaction Wall of ELSA – JRC Ispra (Varese), Italy
Damage pattern in the reinforced masonry infill with openings after occurring the failure mechanism
Reaction Wall of ELSA – JRC Ispra (Varese), Italy
Comparative hysteretic diagrams for wall panels with openings of plain and reinforced masonry
Reaction Wall of ELSA – JRC Ispra (Varese), Italy
Envelope curves for the wall panels with two openings
E U R O Q U A K EEC Inco Copernicus Project 1997/99
SEISMIC TESTS on 3D Models of Buildings
with RC frames and
Masonry infills
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Masonry infill reinforced in bed layers with polymer grids Tensar SS20
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
3D model of a RC frame with masonry infills reinforced in bed layers before testing
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
3D model of a RC frame with masonry infills reinforced in bed layers before testing
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Test on the shaking table at 8 dB
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Ground floor infill without openings
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Cracks in the lower joint of RC frame
No X cracks in the reinforced masonry
infill
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Cracks in the middle joint of RC frame
No X cracks in the reinforced masonry
infill
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Cracks in the upper joint of RC frame
No X cracks in the reinforced masonry
infill
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Deepening the bed joints
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Plastic tubes for the fixing devices
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Masonry wall prepared for installing the grids
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Installing the grids over masonry infill and RC frame
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Details of installed grids
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
The wall after installing the grids
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Wrapping around the grids
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Manual Plastering
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
3D model of a RC frame with masonry infills after confining and before the second series of tests
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Test on the shaking table at 0 dB
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Cracks in the middle joint of RC frame; no X cracks
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Cracks in the upper joint of RC frame; no X cracks
Comparative Analysis – SAP 2000
NUMERICAL VALIDATION
of the Tests on Physical Models
Comparative analysis –SAP 2000
Reference model
Comparative analysis – SAP 2000
The three models considered in comparative analysis
Comparative analysis –SAP 2000
Corresponding drifts and overturning moments
Maximum response displacements
Maximum response velocities and accelerations
Comparative analysis – SAP 2000
Time history of displacements at the first level of reference model
Time history of velocities at the first level of reference model
Time history of accelerations at the first level of reference model
Comparative analysis – SAP 2000
Time history of kinetic energy at the first level of reference model
Time history of dissipated energy at the first level of reference model
Time history of potential energy at the first level of reference model
Comparative analysis – SAP 2000
Influence of synthetic reinforcement on lateral deformation (a) and drift (b)
Inelastic response spectra of displacements for PGA=0.20 and r = QYB/QEB
Inelastic response spectra of accelerations for PGA=0.20 and r = QYB/QEB
Comparative analysis –SAP 2000
Inelastic response spectra of velocities for PGA=0.20 and r = QYB/QEB
Inelastic response spectra of input energy for PGA=0.20 and r = QYB/QEB
Inelastic response spectra of kinetic energy for PGA=0.20 and r = QYB/QEB
ECOLEADER - Seriate 2001
SEISMIC TESTS
on 3D models of
Masonry Buildings
without RC members
The model of cored brick masonry with a curved
wall without openings and covered with a RC slab
without belt
Plan of the shaking table and basic steel frame
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Plan of the model at levels 0.00 and 2480 mm
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Plan of the model at level 510 mm
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Plan of the model at the level 1500 mm
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Coordinates of the three centers of reference
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Center of Table:
CT (x=-140; y=0.00; z= -300)
Center of Gravity:CG (x=0.00; y=61.0; z=1665)
Center of Rotation:CR (x=0.00; y=1305; z=2000)
Shaking Table of
ISMES Bergamo,
Italy
Installing the model of cored brick
masonry reinforced in bed layers on the
shaking table
The model of cored brick masonry prepared for testing program
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Testing program of the model of cored brick masonryreinforced only in bed layers
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Shaking Table of
ISMES Bergamo,
Italy
The curved wall of the model after test
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
The model after the first series of tests
Map of cracks on Western Front: outside-left; inside-right
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Map of cracks on Southern Front: outside-left; inside-right
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Map of cracks on Northern Front: outside-left; inside-right
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Map of cracks on Eastern Front: outside-left; inside-right
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
The model of cored brick masonry after confining
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Testing program of the model of cored brick masonryafter confining
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
The model of cored brick masonry after confining prepared for testing program
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Map of cracks on Western Front: outside-left; inside-right
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Map of cracks on Southern Front: outside-left; inside-right
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Map of cracks on Northern Front: outside-left; inside-right
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Map of cracks on Eastern Front: outside-left; inside-right
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Cracks on the outer walls of model
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Cracks around the inner corner of curved wall
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Crush of the cored bricks during tests while the polymer grids remained integer
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
The model of solid brick masonry with vaulted openings and covered with a wooden slab without any RC belt
Plan of the shaking table and basic steel frame
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Plan of the model at levels 0.00 and 2480 mm
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Plan of the model at level 390 mm
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Plan of the model at level 840 mm
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Coordinates of the three centers of reference
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Center of Table:
CT (x=-160; y= 140; z= -300)
Center of Gravity:CG (x= 417; y=0.00; z= 1450)
Center of Rotation:CR (x=1485; y=0.00; z= 870)
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
The model of solid brick masonry prepared for testing program
Testing program of the model of solid brick masonryreinforced only in bed layers
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
The model after the first series of tests
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Map of the outside cracks on Western Front
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Map of the outside cracks on Southern-left and Northern-right Fronts
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Map of the outside cracks on Eastern Front
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Installing the model of solid brick masonry
after confiningon the shaking table
Shaking Table of ISMES
Bergamo, Italy
Testing program of the model of solid brick masonryafter confining
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
The model of solid brick masonry after confining prepared for testing program
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Map of cracks on Western Front: outside-left; inside-right
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Map of cracks on Southern Front: outside-left; inside-right
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Map of cracks on Northern Front: outside-left; inside-right
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Map of cracks on Eastern Front: outside-left; inside-right
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
The model after the second series of tests
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
The model after the second series of tests
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
The model after the second series of tests
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Failure pattern in Tensar SS20 after 18 dB = 1.96 g
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
Comparative Analysis – SAP 2000
NUMERICAL VALIDATION
of the Tests on Physical Models
July 2001
Model of cored brick masonry reinforced only in bed layers
Model of cored brick masonry reinforced only in bed layers:First mode of vibration
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
S11 (11) –Front wall, Sidewall and Back wall
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
[kPa]
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Model of cored brick masonry reinforced only in bed layers: Second mode of vibration
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
[kPa]
S22 (22) –Front wall, Sidewall and Back wall
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Model of cored brick masonry reinforced only in bed layers: Third mode of vibration
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
[kPa]
S33 (33) –Front wall, Sidewall and Back wall
November 2001
Model of cored brick masonry reinforced in
bed layers and confined
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Model of cored brick masonry reinforced in bed layers and confined: First mode of vibration
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
[kPa]
S11 (11) –Front wall, Sidewall and Back wall
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Model of cored brick masonry reinforced in bed layers and confined: Second mode of vibration
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
[kPa]
S22 (22) –Front wall, Sidewall and Back wall
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Model of cored brick masonry reinforced in bed layers and confined: Third mode of vibration
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
[kPa]
S33 (33) –Front wall, Sidewall and Back wall
July 2001
Model of solid brick masonry reinforced only in bed layers
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Model of solid brick masonry reinforced only in bed layers: First mode of vibration
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
[kPa]
S11 (11) –Front wall, Sidewall and Back wall
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Model of solid brick masonry reinforced only in bed layers: Second mode of vibration
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
[kPa]S22 (22) –Front wall, Sidewall; Back wall
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Model of solid brick masonry reinforced only in bed layers: Third mode of vibration
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
[kPa]
S33 (22) –Front wall, Sidewall and Back wall
November 2001
Model of solid brick masonry reinforced in
bed layers and confined
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Model of solid brick masonry reinforced in bed layers and confined: First mode of vibration
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
[kPa]
S11 (11) –Front wall, Sidewall; Back wall
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Model of cored brick masonry reinforced in bed layers and confined: Second mode of vibration
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
[kPa]
S22 (22) –Front wall, Sidewall; Back wall
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Model of cored brick masonry reinforced in bed layers and confined: Third mode of vibration
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
[kPa]
S33 (33) –Front wall, Sidewall; Back wall
Dissipated Energy
during
Seismic Excitation
Model of cored brick masonry reinforced only in bed layers: Mass Damping Energy
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Model of cored brick masonry reinforced in bed layers and confined: Mass Damping Energy
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Model of solid brick masonry reinforced only in bed layers: Mass Damping Energy
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Model of solid brick masonry reinforced in bed layers and confined: Mass Damping Energy
Model of cored brick masonry: increase of dissipation capacity after confining
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Model of solid brick masonry: increase of dissipation capacity after confining
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Study Cases
Romanian Ministry of Public Works
TECHNICAL AGREEMENT008 – 01/017 - 1999
Based on decision Nr. 908016 / 8.12.1999
September 1999
First Application:
Nuci, Ilfov County
Retrofitting a two story building with RC frames
built in 1929
Preparing the surfaces on
the front side
First Application1999
Preparing the surfaces
Preparing the surfaces on the lateral side
Installing the grids on the walls of ground floor
with special care for inner corner
First Application1999
Installing the grids on the walls of ground floor
with special care for inner corner
First Application1999
Reinforcing the wall under the opening for window
July 2001
Second Application:
BucharestStr. Av. Gh. Stalpeanu 21
Retrofitting a two story building without RC built in 1934
Preparing the surfaces for installing the grids
Preparing the surfaces for
installing the grids
Second Application
2001
Preparing the surfaces for
installing the grids
Second Application
2001
Preparing the surfaces for installing the grids
Preparing the surfaces for
installing the grids
Second Application
2001
Installing the grids over the round corner
Installing the grids over the round
corner
Second Application
2001
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