Plug-In Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Integration Scott Peterson -volt-concept-1/121574
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Plug-In Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Integration
Scott Petersonhttp://www.autobloggreen.com/photos/chevy-volt-concept-1/121574/
Suggested for
• Regulation• Spinning Reserves• Non-spinning reserves• Storage
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Interesting because
• Potentially huge amounts of storage available for the first time
• No ramp rate (effectively instantaneous)• Could lower emissions• Could allow greater percentage of non-
dispatchable renewables to be integrated
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Potential Problems
• Have to convince owners• Battery degradation • Loss of warranty coverage• Infrastructure
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Storage Capacity
• How many vehicles are parked?
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Storage Capacity
• Lower bound– 4kWh and 60% available– >0.5 kWh per PHEV available (125 GWh for fleet)
• Higher bound (24 kWh 90% available)– 4.3kWh per PHEV available (>1TWh for fleet)
• Neither includes cars being driven
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Storage Capacity (weekday)
• Cars that are driven can contribute• Possible amount depends on charging strategy• Probable amount depends on user behavior
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New load compared to capacity stored (weekday)
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Potential Problems: Cost
• Battery degradation
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Peterson, S.B., Whitacre, J.F., and Apt, J., 2010, "Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Degradation Resulting from Realistic Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Grid Utilization," Journal of Power Sources, 195(8), pp. 2385–2392.
Potential Problems: Cost
• Battery degradation cost
• Dependent on replacement cost
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Energy Arbitrage
• Possible, but unlikely
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PJM Profitable days in year
Peterson, S.B., Whitacre, J.F., and Apt, J., 2010, "The economics of using plug-in hybrid electric vehicle battery packs for grid storage," Journal of Power Sources, 195(8), pp. 2377–2384
Potential Problems: Loss of Warranty
• Why would auto manufacturers risk V2G?• If they act as arbitrage agent and skim profits
then it is possible, but is that what we want?• An analogue to a mileage warranty for a
battery should be based on Wh processed or a similar metric (magnuson-moss warranty act)
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Low hanging fruit
• If excess wind is being spilt it is possible that PHEVs could help avoid this (as long as congestion is not cause)
• Charging intelligently, if the battery is charged only then there is not a degradation cost being borne, nor warranty implications. V2G may not work now, but G2V will.
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What needs to happen
• Communication– possibility is built into J1772– Future standards will expand on this
• Consumer acceptance– start with smarter charging– expand to other areas (backup power)
• Warranty issues most likely need policy changes
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