PLEASE IDENTIFY ONE PROBLEM

PLEASE IDENTIFY ONE PROBLEM

PLEASE WRITE IT DOWN IN A PIECE OF PAPER

DECISION- MAKING

DECISION-MAKING• the process of determining a course of

action• can be based on experience,

information, or structured reactions (i.e. clinical protocols, human resource procedures)

• a necessary step in problem solving• but decision-making can occur outside

the problem solving process. • In other words, making a decision does

not mean that you solved a problem.

The most common cause of failure to solve a problem is the improper identification

of the problem

• http://www.ceufast.com/courses/viewcourse.asp?id=12#sthash.fIjkWiD2.dpuf

•A Problem is part of a situation, that has some kind of barrier, so that it cannot complete its function or cannot reach its purpose

• (Shibata, 1998)

• A situation is just what a circumstance is; it is neither good nor bad.

• Situations need to be evaluated clearly, without identifying them as problems or non-problems.

• Until a situation is recognized objectively, the problem solver will be swayed by prejudice (Shibata, 1998). http://www.ceufast.com/courses/viewcourse.asp?id=12#sthash.Q3gbSEbx.dpuf

•a process that includes the components of critical thinking and decision-making.

• It tries to identify and correct the underlying problem in situations

The most common cause of failure to solve a problem is the improper identification

of the problem.

•Provides an overview of all the known causes and effects to an identified problem

PROBLEM

1. Settle on the core problem2. Identify the causes and effects3. Develop a solution tree4. Select the preferred intervention

•Should have specific problem•Broad problem will have too many causes and effects

•AKA Ishikawa Diagram•Herringbone diagram, cause-and –effect diagram

ITS ORIGINS• Popularized by Kaoru Ishikawa -1960’s• USES:1. Discover the root cause of a problem2. Uncover the bottlenecks in the process3. Identify where & why a process isn’t

working

1. Identify the problem• Write down the exact problem• Who’s involve, &/or where it occurred• Example: Uncooperative Student

2. Work Out the Major Factors InvolvedIdentify factors that maybe part of the problemExample:Classmates, teacher, subject, classroom, school, course

3. Identify Possible Causes• Brainstorm possible causes of the problem

that is related to the factorExample:Classmates (unruly) , teacher (not effective), subject (boring), classroom, school, course (not personal choice)

4. Analyze Diagram•Depending on the complexity and importance of the problem, you can now investigate the most likely causes further

Uncooperative Student

Teacher

Classmates

Course

Subjec

t

Classro

oms

Not 1 st choice

Bullies?

ineffective?

State of th

e art

borin

g

INTERLINKING RELATIONSHIPS OF FACTORS AFFECTING

HEALTH

FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH AND ILLNESS

PHYSICAL DIMENSION:• Genetic make-up, age, developmental level, race

and sex are all part of an individual’s physical dimension and strongly influence health status and health practices.

PHYSICAL DIMENSION: EXAMPLES• A young woman who has a family history of breast

cancer and diabetes and therefore is at a higher risk to develop these conditions

EMOTIONAL DIMENSION:• How the mind and body interact to affect body

function and to respond to body conditions also influences health. • Long term stress affects the body systems and

anxiety affects health habits; conversely, calm acceptance and relaxation can actually change body responses to illness.

EMOTIONAL DIMENSION: EXAMPLES• Prior to a test, a student always has diarrhea.• Using relaxation techniques, a young woman

reduces her pain during the delivery of her baby

INTELLECTUAL DIMENSION:• Encompasses cognitive abilities, educational

background and past experiences. These influence a client’s responses to teaching about health and reactions to health care during illness. They also play a major role in health behaviors.

INTELLECTUAL DIMENSION: EXAMPLES• A young college student with diabetes who follows

a diabetic diet but continues to drink beer and eat pizza with friends several times a week.

ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION:• The environment has many influences on

health and illness. Housing, sanitation, climate and pollution of air, food and water are aspects of environmental dimension.

ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION: example• Increased incidence of asthma and respiratory

problems in large cities with smog.

SOCIO-CULTURAL DIMENSION:• Health practices and beliefs are strongly

influenced by a person’s economic level, lifestyle, family and culture. Low-income groups are less likely to seek health care to prevent or treat illness; high-income groups are more prone to stress-related habits and illness. The family and the culture to which the person belongs determine patterns of livings and values, about health and illness that are often unalterable.

SOCIO-CULTURAL DIMENSION: example• The adolescent who sees nothing wrong with

smoking or drinking because his parents smoke and drink

• The person of Asian descent who uses herbal remedies and acupuncture to treat an illness

SPIRITUAL DIMENSION:

• Spiritual and religious beliefs are important components of the way the person behaves in health and illness

SPIRITUAL DIMENSION: examples

• Roman Catholics require baptism for both live births and stillborn babies

• Jehovah Witnesses’ are opposed to blood transfusions.

SPIRITUAL DIMENSION:

• Spiritual and religious beliefs are important components of the way the person behaves in health and illness

END