Transcript
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TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND
TREATMENT
PHARMACOLOGY
BLOCK OF CHEM 3
MEDICAL SCHOOL UNSOED
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Aluminum
Symptoms:
Acuteconstipation, nausea, anorexia, colic,gastrointestinal irritation, skin problems
Chronicmuscle twitching, numbness, paralysis,fatty degeneration of kidney and liver
May reduce absorption of Selenium andphosphorousosteomalacia?
Alzheimers and Parkinsons disease
Hyperactivity and learning disorders in children
Amounts:
Best measured by hair analysis
10-20ppm
High Risk Population:
Diets high in refined foods, flours, baked goods,processed cheeses and common table salt
Those using antacids, antiperspirants or cookwith aluminum foil or kitchenware
Treatment: Use chelation therapy (EDTA, desferrioxamine)
Support with Calcium, Magnesium and zinc
Prevention:
Avoid sources
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Arsenic
May be functional in humans in small amounts
Sources: Small amounts in food - Higher in filtering molusks
Environmental toxin from burning fuel oils and coals
Weed killers
Methods of toxicity:
May displace phosphorous and phosphates in somereactions in the body
Symptoms of toxicity:
Possiblyhair loss, dermatitis, diarrhoea, fatigue,
headaches, confusion, muscle pains, red and white
blood cell problems, neurologic symptoms, and liver
and kidney damage. Amounts:
7-10ppm in hair analysis
High risk population:
Miners, smelters and vineyard workers
Treatment: Dimercaprol (given 24 hours after exposure)
Can be supported with Vitamin C
Prevention:
Avoid sources
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Cadmium
Sources:
Cigarette smoke1 mcg/cigarette, 70% exhaled Refined foods and root vegetables
Water pipes - galvanised
Coffee and tea
Coal burning
Shellfish Ceramics, dental materials, storage batteries
Methods of toxicity:
Competes with zinc for binding sites
May catalyse oxidation reactions
Symptoms: Kidney damage (concentrated storage)
Hypertension and Kidney stones
Cardiac hypertrophy
Progressive atherosclerosis
Depressed immunity
Prostate enlargement
Bone deformities
Emphysema
Anemia
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Cadmium
Amounts leading to toxicity:
Relative to zinc status
2ppm in hair analysis
High risk population:
Industrial and metal workers, zinc miners,
smokers and passive smokers, coffee and tea
drinkers, diets with refined flours and sugars(white rice)
Treatment:
EDTA chelation
High intake of zinc and selenium will prevent
further absorption
Iron, copper, selenium and C will help elimination
Prevention
Minimise exposure
Ensure adequate zinc levels (15-30mg/day)
Strengthen kidney function
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Lead
Sources:
Batteries
Solder
Pottery
Pigments - cosmetics
Gasoline
Paint
Foodgrown near industrial areas
Methods of toxicity
Interferes with calcium, iron, copper, and zinc
Interrupts erythrocyte enzymes Inactivates metalloenzymes in brain
chemistry
Can react with cell membranes
Inactivates cysteine-containing enzymes
Immunosuppressant May have some affect on gastrointestinal
function
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Lead
Symptoms of toxicity:
Acuteheadache, fatigue, muscle pains,anorexia, constipation, vomiting, pallor, anemia.
Agitation, irritability, restlessness, memory loss,
poor coordination, vertigo and depression (lead
encephalopathy)
Low levelaffect intelligence, attention span,language and memory. Insomnia and
nightmares, hyperactivity and retardation, and
senility
Amounts:
0-30ppm may be normal High risk population:
Anyone working directly with lead
Work in zinc or vanadium mining
Childrenbetter absorption and smaller bodies
Pregnant women
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Lead
Treatment:
EDTA
Calcium and vitamin D and C supplementation
Cysteine and methionine250mg twice daily
Prevention:
Do not exercise along freeways or in heavy traffic
Do not allow children to play near busy streets
Do not store food in pottery
Avoid soldered cans
Evaluate for lead levels any questionable
substances (ie water)
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Mercury
Sources:
Fungicides and pesticides Cosmeticsantibacterial additive
Dental fillings
Medicines
Coal burning
Fish Methods of toxicity:
Affects the inherent protein structure
Inactivates enzymes
Damages cell membranes
Immunodepressant May interfere with selenium
Symptoms of toxicity:
Inhalation
Acutefever, chills, coughing, and chestpain
Chronicfatigue, headache, insomnia,nervousness, impaired judgement andcoordination, emotional lability, loss of sexdrive
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Mercury
Ingestionfatigue, insomnia, irritability, anorexia,
loss of sex drive, headache, forgetfulness or poormemory. Dizziness, tremors, uncoordination, and
depression.
May cause multiple sclerosis
Amounts leading to toxicity:
>5ppm hair levels High risk population:
Farmers
Those with amalgam fillings
Treatment:
Drinking milkmercury acts on protein in milk
Penicillamine (potentially toxic)
EDTA
Vitamin C, Selenium, pectin and alginates
Prevention: Avoiding contact
High fibre diet
Selenium 100-20mcg
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Caffeine
Sources
Effects on the Body
Benefits
Detoxification and Nutrients
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Sources of Caffeine
Coffee
Tea
Chocolate
Cocoa
Guarana root
Some soft drinks Kola nut
Diet supplements
OTC e.g. NoDoz, Awake
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Toxic Effects of Caffeine
Nervousness
Anxiety
Irritability and Agitation
Tremor/shakes
Insomnia
Depression Headache
GIT irritation
Bed wetting
Heart burn
Fatigue and dizziness
or irregular heart rate Elevated blood pressure
cholesterol Nutritional deficiencies
Poor concentration
Diarrhoea
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Negative Effects of Caffeine
1. Common side effects as before
2. Acid irritant to GIT and liver - hydrochloricacid which can irritate ulcers as well as causeulcers
3. Diuretic effectloss of potassium,magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, B vitaminsespecially B1, vitamin C etc
4. Relaxes the smooth muscle in the coloncausing a laxative effect
5. Fibrocystic breast disease & Oesteoporosis
6. Cardiovascular effects - Bp and cholesterol,risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease,
heart rhythm disturbance
6. Birth defects and spontaneous abortions
7. risk of certain cancers e.g. Bladder cancer,pancreatic cancer
8. risk of kidney stones9. Adrenal
exhaustion/stress/fatigue/hypoglyceamiasyndrome
10. Anxiety and panic disorders
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Caffeine Interferes With These
Substances
1. Lowers phenylalanine and tyrosine
levels2. Melatonin production
3. Testosterone levels
4. Absorption of calcium, iron,
magnesium, potassium. Phosphorous,zinc, vitamin C, B vitamins
5. Depletes biotin, inositol, vitamin A andvitamin B1
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Benefits of Caffeine
1. Hypochlorhydria
2. Diuretic effect
3. Improves athletic performanceadrenergiceffect, vasodilatation, BMR. Optimal level isconsidered 9mg/kg of body weight. (Careful ofbanned limit)
4. Can aid weight loss
5. Stimulates brain functionalertness and
concentration6. Boosts moodalleviates mind depression
7. Stimulates respiratory systemaids asthmasufferers
Rapidly absorbed when consumed orally fromintestines
Significant serum levels reached 30-45 mins after
ingestion Complete oral ingestion effect occurs in about 90mins
Peak plasma levels occurs in approximately 2 hours
Half life = 3-55 hours
Metabolised by the liver prior to excretion in thekidneys
Bioavailability of Caffeine
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Detoxification of Caffeine
Slow detoxification is recommended rather than cold
turkey to withdrawal effects Aim is to support the detox with a good diet and
adrenal support
Alkalising the diet is helpful in detoxification
Some people start by switching to lower caffeine
sources e.g. tea or trying coffee substitutes e.g Eco,
dandelion root
Withdrawal symptoms of Caffeine
Nutrient Dosage
B vitamins Complex 1-2 tabs / day
Magnesium 600mg/day
Calcium 800mg/day
Iron 10-20mg/day
Zinc 50mg/day
Vitamin C 2000-6000mg/day
Tyrosine 1000-2000mg/day
Potassium 600-1000mg/day
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Withdrawal Symptoms of Caffeine
Headache
Dizziness Cravings
Drowsiness
Irritability
Inability to concentrate
Insomnia Runny nose
Fatigue
Nausea
Depression
Vomiting Apathy
Cramps
Constipation
Ringing in ears
Anxiety
Feeling hot and cold
Nervousness
Tachycardia
Shakiness
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Tobacco
Toxic effects
Interference of Substances
Detoxification and Nutrients
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Toxic Effects of Tobacco
1. risk of atherosclerosis2. risk of abnormal blood clotting3. risk of CVD4. Can cause cerebral insufficiency
5. risk of hypertension6. risk of intermittent claudation7. risk of ischemic heart disease8. risk of stroke9. Can cause halitosis
10. Impairs hearing
11. risk of age-related macular degeneration12. risk of risk of cancers e.g. Lung, cervical,bladder, oesophagus etc13. Can cause leukoplakia (pre-cancerous lesions
in the mouth)
14. number of free radicals15. risk of oesteoporosis16. Can impair taste and mental function
17. Can cause coughs, bronchitis and emphysema
18. risk of infertility and genital problems
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Tobacco Interferes with these
Substances
1. Carotenoids
2. Testosterone
3. Calcium
4. Selenium
5. Vitamin A
6. Vitamin E
7. fibrinogen levels8. Can cause cross linking of DNA
mutations9. homocysteine10. cholesterol
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Symptoms Associated with Tobacco
Heart burn
Surgical complications
Allergies
Nutritional deficiencies
Angina pectoris
Stains on teeth and fingers
Hoarseness
pregnancy risk Coughs
caffeine use Headaches
alcohol use Memory loss
Higher insurance rates
Anxiety
Fatigue
Lowered immunity
Low sexuality
Cold hands and feet
Leg pains
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Cigarettes and Appetite
Cigarettes suppress appetite
Interferes with hunger response in brain
Supplementation with zinc required
especially if they suffer from eating
disorders as well
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Nutrients and Foods that help Decrease Damage from
Cigarettes
1. Arginineinhibits the adhesions of monocytes to
the endothelium2. Cysteineprecursor to glutathione which helpsprevent damage to the bronchial tubes
3. Seleniumcounteracts many toxic effects
4. Zincstrengthens the mucus membranes oflungs and boosts levels depleted from tobacco
5. Vitamin Astrengthens mucus membranes
6. Vitamin C - oxidation7. Vitamin Ecounteracts many toxic effects
8. B vitaminsaids nervous system
Aggressiveness
Anxiety
appetite
Poor concentration Impatience
Insomnia
Irritability
Cravings
Withdrawal symptoms of Tobacco
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Suggestions for Cessation of Smoking
Cut down on other addictive substances e.g.
Caffeine, sugar, alcohol Get a partner or another smoker to stop with them
Work on psychological factors first e.g. Dontsmoke at the normal times like after dinner sochange daily patterns
A smoker wont quit unless they definitely reallywant too
Learn stress management techniques
Start exercising or exercising more
Stay busy to prevent boredom
Set small goals along the way
Get plenty of rest Keep a positive attitude
Find oral substitutes
use quitting substitutes
When cravings arise, develop a behaviour to
counteract them
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Alcohol
Toxic effects on the Body
What it Interferes with
Detoxification Processes
Nutrients to assist Detoxification
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Alcohol Interferes with:
1. Amino acidsSAMe
2. Carbohydratestolerance to Galactose3. Carotenoids
4. Enzymesacetylcholine production and fatbreakdown
5. Hormonesi. hGH and prolactin
ii. melatonin and testosterone
6. Lipidsinterferes with the absorption of CetylMyristoleate (CMO)
7. Minerals:i. calcium
ii. magnesium
iii. Excretes potassiumiv. selenium
v. zinc
8. Neurotransmitters:i. Inhibits acetylcholine
ii. Reduces GABA receptor sites
iii. Inhibits Nitric Oxide
iv. Prevents vasopressin release
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Alcohol Interferes with:
9. Organic acids: lactic acid & uric acid10. Peptides - glutathione11. Polyphenols - rutin12. Quinones
13. Second messengerscyclic AMP
14. Sexual hormones - testosterone15. Micro-organisms: destroys gut bacteria
16. Vitaminsdecreases/destroysi. Biotin
ii. Choline
iii. Folic acid
iv. Inositol
v. PABA
vi. Vitamin Avii. Vitamin B1
viii. Vitamin B2
ix. Vitamin B6
x. Vitamin B12
xi. Vitamin C
xii. Vitamin D
xiii. Vitamin Exiv. Vitamin K
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Sugar Response and Alcohol
There is a theory that involves 3 parts:
1. Reactive blood sugar
2. Low serotonin
3. Low beta endorphins
These factors can be seen in alcoholics and siblings
of alcoholics. All can lead to cravings for
sugar, depression, mood swings and low
impulse control.
Sugar can act like a drugaddiction
Affects same area in brain as heroin and
morphine
Drug detox increases sugar cravings as it
gives them a similar high or feelingfills a gap
Withdrawal symptomsblood sugar drops so
they crave either the drug (e.g. alcohol) orsugar
Biochemistry of sugar sensitivity is very
similar to alcoholism
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Baby stepsDrugs & Sugar
Allow sugar for the first 2 days
After 2 days start to the amount of sugarconsumed
Suggestions:
1. Frozen yoghurt instead of ice-cream
2. Can still have Milo, drinking chocolate, Akta-Vite
3. Mineral water or natural cordial instead of softdrink
4. Use raw sugar
5. Helgas white bread, turkish bread,
bagels,wholemeal muffins etc6. No lollies/sweets
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Effects of Illegal Drugs on the Body
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Teenage Community Drug Abuse
Drug and Demographics 1995 1998
Users % Users
%
Tobacco males 14-19 14.5 16.3
Tobacco females 14-19 13.2 15.8
Regular alcohol male 14-24 55.1 48.7
Regular alcohol female 14-24 33.3 34.1
Marijuana male and female 14-24 32.8 37.9
Barbituates male and female 14-24 0.1 0.5
Heroin male and female 14-24 0.6 1.3
Amphetamines male and female 14 - 24 5.6 9.8
Cocaine male and female 14-24 1.8 1.9
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Toxic Effects of Amphetamines
Nervous System
1. Depression
2. Excessive stimulation of dopamine D2
receptors
3. Drug dependence
4. A decrease in intelligence
5. Impairs memory
Immune System
Interferes with thymus gland via norepinephrine
deficiency
Metabolism
Lack of energy, motivation and willpower.
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Amphetamines Interfere with:
1. Enzymes - tyrosine2. Neurotransmitters:
(I) Inhibits dopamine
(ii) norepinephrine and vasopressin3. Metabolismincreases it
4. Nervous system:
(I) Suppresses emotion(ii) Increases alertness temporarily
(iii) Used in ADD treatment
(iv) Alleviates fatigue temporarily
(v) Improves intelligence temporarily
(vi) Improves learning, attention span and memorytemporarily
Substances that Increase Potency
1. Amino acidstyrosine prolongs life of drug
2. Smart Drugs
Substances Counteracts the toxic Effects1. Tryptophan counteracts the cravings for
amphetamines
2. Tyrosine corrects norepinephrine deficiency
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Toxic Effects of Marijuana
Eyes/Vision
Can cause persistent blood shot eyes
Immune System
1. Can cause cancer e.g. long term use can causetesticular cancer
2. Suppresses T-lymphocytes
Respiratory System
Can cause emphysema-like changes in lung
Nervous System
1. Anxiety
2. Unpaired coordination
3. Hallucinations
4. Decreased learning abilities
Marijuana temporarily and reversibly causes:
1. Short-term memory loss2. Mental retardation in offspring
3. Paranoia
4. Can trigger or exacerbate psychotic episodes(trigger for schizophrenia)
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Toxic Effects of Marijuana
Sexual systems
Female: suppresses lactation (prolactin-blocker)Male: Infertility by decreasing sperm count and
testosterone
Marijuana interferes with:
1. Hormonestestosterone2. Neurotransmitterssuppresses vasopressin
3. Nucleic acidsinterferes with synthesis ofDNA and RNA
Digestive systemcan prevent vomiting fromchemotherapy
Eyes/Eyesightalleviates glaucoma by loweringintraocular eye pressure
Nervous systemstimulates the appetite, sedates theCNS and alleviates pain by influencing the painreceptors in the brain
Health Benefits of Marijuana
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Toxic Effects of Ecstacy
1. Excretory system: can cause urinary retention
2. Nervous system: produces amphetamine likefeelings of euphoria with fewer hallucinationsand less sense of disembodiment. Can causehyperpyrexia.
Ecstacy Interferes with:
Neurotransmitterscauses release of large amountsof serotonin so therefore subsequent depletion
Serotonin levels are significantly lower in animals giventhe equivalent quantity of ecstasy as that found inone pill of MDMA. This occurs because the cellsthat produce ecstasy are unable to keep up withdemand (as serotonin is released in large amountsby ecstasy). Ecstasy users have fewer serotoninreceptors compared to non-users.
Ecstasy. The happiest diet pill on earth?Romano, J. Muscular Development. 37(12):158-162, 2000
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Toxic Effects of LSD
Cardiovascular System
Increases blood pressure
Nervous System
1. Extreme anxiety (temporary)
2. Extreme confusion (temporary)
3. Impairs coordination4. Potent hallucinations
5. Inhibition of acetylcholineserotonin
6. Temporary panic disorder
Neurotransmitterscauses hallucinatory effects byfunctioning as a general 5-HT antagonist: blocksserotonin receptors, thereby inhibiting its function andallowing acetylcholine to cause excessive stimulation.
Also causes release and destruction of vasopressin.
Reduces Detrimental Effects: Vitamin B3
LSD interferes with:
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Toxic Effects of Inhalants
Long term Effect
The most toxic type of drugs that young people canabuse, as it can cause irreversible damage.
Nervous System
1. Brain damage resulting in movement disordersand possible intellectual impairment (esptoluene)
2. Peripheral nervous damage: arms and legstrembling uncontrollably, numbness, weaknessand muscle paralysis
3. Gasoline toxicitylead poisoning causingdementia and muscle paralysis
4. Tinnitus
Kidneys
1. Severe kidney damagekidney failure
2. Serious electrolyte imbalancesmuscleweakness, nausea, vomiting and mentalconfusion
3. Glomerulonephritis
Liver: Abnormal liver function
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Toxic Effects of Inhalants
Lungs
Lung inflammation Pneumonia and other infections
Asphyxia = death
Heart & Blood Vessels
1. Abnormal rhythms of the heart2. Sudden sniffing death syndromeif individual
exercises or gets excited
Bone Marrow & Blood
1. Benzenecan cause severe anemia andleukemia
2. Methylene chloride is converted to carbonmonoxide resulting in brain damage. Heartpatients and cigarette smokers have anincreased risk if use simultaneously.
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Aim of Nutrition in Detoxification of Drugs & Alcohol
Assist the body to detoxify the drug(s)
out of the body as quickly as possible
which lessens the severity and length of
withdrawal
Repair some of the damage done to their
body by the drugs, bad eating habits andlifestyle
Alkalise the body and reduce acidity
Educate people on proper nutrition
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Nutrients that counteract Drug
Dependence
1. SAMe (S-Adenosylmethionine)
counteracts anxiety and depression
2. Tryptophancounteracts cravings for
amphetamines, decreases physical
pain
3. Lipidsreduces withdrawal symptoms
4. Vitaminsvitamin C reduces
withdrawal symptoms
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Beneficial Foods for Alcohol & Drug
Detoxification
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Beneficial Foods for Alcohol and Drug
Detoxification
1. WaterEspecially filtered, helps to flush out
toxins2. Fibreaids in absorption and removal of
toxins
3. Fresh vegetable juicesalkalises the body,contains natural antioxidants and helps liverand kidney detox functions
4. Protein foodscontains tryptophan, tyrosine,glutamine, methionine, cysteine, and taurineetc. These are precursors to neurotransmittersand detox processes.
5. Fresh fruit and vegetablesexcellent form offibre, nutrients and help to alkalise the body
6. Whole grainscontain essential nutrients fordetox. Also required for serotonin production.
7. Garlicblood cleanser, lowers blood fats andis a natural antibiotic
8. Gingernatural anti-inflammatory, reducesnausea, stimulates circulation and sweating
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Beneficial Foods for Alcohol and Drug
Detoxification
9. Raw foodsincreases number of nutrients in
foods
10. Glutamine foodsassists alcohol withdrawale.g. GABA receptors, also heals mucousmembranes and decreases cravings for CHOand sugars.
11. Foods that assist kidney functione.g.asparagus, watermelon, parsley, wheat grass,beetroot, fennel etc
12. Foods that assist liver functionlemons,pears, grapes, cherries, wheat grass,
artichokes, dandelion tea, turmeric, broccolietc
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Essential Nutrients and Supplements
Glutamine Glutamine2-3 grams a day (empty
stomach)
Magnesium Magnesium600mg per day
B complex
(esp B3)
B complex - 1 tablet every 4 hours
Vitamin C Vitamin C250 mg every 3 hours
Alcohol
Acetaldehyde
Acetate
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
(B3 Dependant Enzyme)
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
(B3 Dependant Enzyme)
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Essential Nutrients and Supplements
Zinc 30mg a day
Essential fats EPA/DHA3g per day after food
Carnitine Carnitine & Acetyl-L-Carnitine400mg
1g per day
Lipotropenes Liver Tablets including taurine,methionine, choline, vitamins, St Marys
Thistle, Globe artichoke etc
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