PERFORMANCE OF GERBERA (Gerbera jamesonii L.) GENOTYPES MD … · Prof. Md. Ruhul Amin Co-supervisor Dr. Nazrul Islam Chairman PERFORMANCE OF GERBERA ( Gerbera jamesonii L.) GENOTYPES
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PERFORMANCE OF GERBERA (Gerbera jamesonii L.)
GENOTYPES
MD. HASANUZZAMAN
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE AND POSTHARVEST
TECHNOLOGY SHER-E-BANGLA AGRICULTURAL
UNIVERSITY
DHAKA-1207
JUNE-2006
Prof. Md. Ruhul Amin
Co-supervisor
Dr. Nazrul Islam
Chairman
PERFORMANCE OF GERBERA ( Gerbera jamesonii L.) GENOTYPES
BY
MI). HASANUZZAMAN
REGISTRATION NO. 25176/00309
A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture,
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka,
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS)
IN
HORTICULTURE
SEMESTER: JANUARY- JUNE 2006
Md. Sanaullah Mollah
Supervisor
Md. Sanaullah Mollah Supervisor
DECLARATION
This is to certify that the thesis entitled, ―Performance of gerbera (Gerbera
jamesonii) genotypes.‖ submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture, Sher -e-Bangia
Agricultural University, Dhaka, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN HORTICULTURE, embodies the result of a
piece of bonafide research work carried out by Md. Hasanuzzaman, Registration
No. 25176/00309 under my supervision and my guidance. No part of the thesis has been
submitted for any other degree in any institutes.
I further certify that any help or sources of information, received during the course of
this investigation have been duly acknowledged.
Dated:
Dhaka, Bangladesh
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
IV
Abbreviations Explanation
GJ Gerbera jamesonii
cv Cultivar
BARI Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute
HRC Horticultural Research Centre
et al And others (at elli)
DMRT Duncan‘s Multiple Range Test
TSP Triple Super Phosphate
M P Murate of Potash
V
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praises are due to the ‗Almighty Allah' the Omnipotent, Omnipresent and
Omniscient, who enabled the author to pursue for the successful completion of
this research work.
1 he author at first deems it a great pleasure and honour to express his heartfelt gratitude,
deepest sense of appreciation, best regards and profound indebtedness to his reverend
research supervisor, Md. Sanaullah Mollah, Chief Scientific Officer and Head,
Floriculture Division, FIRC, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur, under whose scholastic
guidance, continuous supervision, valuable suggestion and instructions, constructive
criticisms, constant encouragement and inspiration throughout the research work as well
as in preparing this manuscript.
The author highly indebted and grateful to his respective teacher and co-supervisor, Prof.
Md. Ruhul Amin, Department of Horticulture and Postharvest Technology, Sher-e-
Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, for his helpful comments and suggestions,
sincere encouragement, heartfelt and generous cooperation and inspiration in improving
the manuscript.
It is also a great pleasure for the author to express his sincere and deep sense of gratitude
to Dr. Md. Nazrul Islam, Associate Professor and Chairman, Department of Horticulture
and Postharvest Technology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, for his
encouragement and cooperation and for providing all the necessary facilities during
entire period of this programme.
The author respectfully acknowledges Md. Hasanuzzaman Akand, Assistant Professor,
Department of Horticulture and Postharvest Technology, Sher-e- Bangla Agricultural
University, Dhaka.
The author feels proud to express his sincere gratitude, grateful acknowledgement and
profound thanks to Dr. Kabita Anju-Man-Ara, Senior Scientific Officer, Floriculture
Division, HRC, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur, and his respectable teachers of the
Department of Horticulture and Postharvest Technology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural
University, Dhaka, for this continual encouragement, help and valuable suggestions
during period of study.
Finally, the author is grateful to his beloved parents, brothers and sisters for their
encouragement sacrifice and support to complete this study. The Author
LIST OF CONTENTS
VI
PAGE LIST OF TABLES IX
LIST OF PLATES X
LIST OF APPENDICES XI
CHAPTER! INTRODUCTION 1-3
CHAPTER-II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4-21
CHAPTER-III MATERIALS AND METHODS 22-34
3.1 Site 22
3.2 Soil of the experimental site 22
3.3 Climate 23
3.4 Treatments of the experiment 23
3.5 Experimental design and layout 23
3.6 Planting materials used for the experiment 24
3.7 Land preparation 24
3.8 Manures and fertilizers 24
3.9 Planting of suckers 25
3.10 Weeding 2.5
3.11 Irrigation 25
3.12 Disease and pest management 26
3.13 Harvesting of flowers 26
3.14 Collection data 26
3.14.1 Plant height (cm) 26
7
CONTENTS (Contd.)
3.14.2 Number leaves per plant
3.14.3 Plant spread (cm)
3.14.4 Number side shoot per hill
3.14.5 Number flower per plant
3.14.6 Flower size (cm2)
3.14.7 Stalk diameter (cm)
3.14.8 Vase life of gerbera
3.14.9 Days required to first spike initiation
3.14.10 Spike length (cm)
3.15 Statistical analysis
3.15.1 Estimation of genotypic and phenotypic
variance
3.15.2 Estimation of genotypic and phenotypic
coefficients of variation
3.15.3 Estimation of heritability
3.15.4 Estimation of genetic advance
3.15.5 Estimation of genotypic and phenotypic
covariance
3.15.6 Estimation of genotypic and phenotypic
correlation coefficients
3.15.7 Estimation of path coefficients
CONTENTS (Contd.)
CHAPTER-IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 35-57
Cl IAPTER-V SUMMARY 58-61
CHAPTER-VI CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS 62
LITERATURES CITED 63-69
CHAPTER-VII APPENDICES i-iii
LIST OF TABLES
IX
PAC.E
24
36
45
50
53
56
No. TITLE
1 Source name of gerbera genotypes
2 Qualitative traits gerbera genotypes
3 Vegetative and floral traits of gerbera genotypes
4 Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation, heritability,
genetic advance for different characters in gerbera genotypes
5 Genotypic and phenotypic correlation among different characters of
gerbera genotypes
6 Patli coefficient of different yield contributing characters on spike
length of gerbera genotypes
LIST OF PLATES
X
No. TITLE
1 Experimental field view under 50% shade net
2 Part of the experimental field view
3 Flower variability in different gerbera genotypes
4 Flower variability in different gerbera genotypes
5 Flower variability in different gerbera genotypes
6 Flower variability in different gerbera genotypes
7 Flower variability in different gerbera genotypes
LIST OF APPENDICES
11
No. TITLE
1 Analytical data of soil sample of experimental field
2 Monthly mean temperature, relative humidity and total
rain fall of the experimental site during the period from
September 2004 to March 2005
3 Mean square values of analysis variance of the data of
vegetative and floral traits gerbera genotypes
ABSTRACT
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of gerbera genotypes at Floriculture
Division, Horticulture Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur,
Gazipur during the period from September 2004 to March 2005. The experiment consisted of fifteen
different gerbera genotypes viz., GJ-01, GJ-02, GJ-03, GJ-04, GJ-05, GJ-06, GJ-07, GJ- 08, GJ-09,
GJ-10, GJ-11, GJ-12, GJ-013, GJ-14, and GJ-15 and laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design
(RCBD) with three replications. Vegetative and floral traits were significantly varied for all the
genotypes. Among the different genotypes, GJ-02, GJ-11 and GJ-13 were superior for their better
vegetative and floral characters to other genotypes. The characters plant height, number of side shoot
per hill, number of flower per plant, stalk diameter and vase life exhibited high heritability (90.37%,
74.58%, 65.71%, 93.94% and 83.66% respectively) accompanied by high genetic advance (44.10%,
53.21%, 48.43%, 92.61% and 46.88% respectively). These characters had also shown medium to high
genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation. Days to flower displayed the lowest heritability
(32.96%) and genetic advance (5.74%), genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were also
the lowest. In general, genotypic correlation coefficients were found to be high than their
corresponding phenotypic ones. The characters plant spread, number of side shoot per hill, number of
flower per plant, flower size, stalk diameter and vase life showed significant positive correlation with
spike length. Path coefficient analysis suggested that plant spread contributed maximum (0.84) to
spike length through positive direct effect. Number of leaves per plant, number of side shoot per hill,
flower size, stalk diameter and vase life had also positive direct effect (0.08, 0.70, 0.23, 0.69, and
0.009 respectively) on spike length.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.) is a herbaceous perennial flower crop with
long stalks and daisy-like flowers. A native of South Africa, it is a
popular cut flower grown throughout the world in a wide range of climatic
conditions. It is popularly known as ‗Barbeton daisy‘ or ‗Transvaal daisy‘.
The gerbera plant also is used in the preparation of traditional Chinese
medicine: tu-er-feng, derived from whole plants of gerbera, is used for
curing cold with cough and for rheumatism (Ye et ai, 1990). Gerbera
jamesonii belongs to the family Asteraceae. It grows well in the open in
tropical and subtropical regions, but in a temperate climate should be
protected from frost and cultivated in glasshouses. The genus Gerbera L.
consists of 30 species, which are of Asiatic and African origin. Among the
different species, Gerbera jamesonii is the only species under cultivation.
The development of Gerbera jamesonii as a floricultural crop is traced from
its cultivation as a novelty in South Africa to its establishment as a
commercial crop in the 1930s. The relative contribution of Gerbera
jamesonii and Gerbera viridifolia Sch.Bip. to the modern crop is unknown
but much of the cultivated germplasm can be traced back to material that
passed through the Cambridge Botanic Garden, UK and La Rosarie,
Antibes, France (Tourjee et al., 1994). It is a diploid species with the
somatic chromosome number 2n=50. The modern gerbera arose from
Gerbera jamesonii hybridized with Gerbera viridifolia and possibly other
species (Leffring, 1973). There is a wide range of variation available in
this crop.
Its magnificent inflorescence with a variety of colour has made it
attractive for use in garden decorations, such as herbaceous borders,
2
bedding, pots and for cut flowers as a long vase life (Bose et al., 2003).
The flower growers of Bangladesh are now cultivating the traditional
flower crops. In Bangladesh, gerbera was introduced recently and it is
gaining popularity. It has great potential for local as well as export
market. In Bangladesh, gerbera is mainly grown in the winter. It cannot
tolerate extreme high temperature, cold and heavy rainfall. Heavy rainfall
and water logging conditions are very much harmful for gerbera. It can be
grown on all types soil but loam soil with moist condition is better for its
desired development. There is no released variety of gerbera with high
yield potential and better quality in Bangladesh.
Though it is an important commercial flowering crop but limited a ttempt
had been made for genetic improvement (Ashwath and
Pathrasarathy,1984). An understanding of the nature and magnitude of
variability among the genetic stocks is the prime importance to the
breeder. A good knowledge of genetic wealth might at help in identifying
desirable genotypic for commercial cultivation. Because of its high cross -
pollination, hardly any genetically pure strain is available to the growers.
Lack of definite variety is one of the main constraints towards its
production. The Floriculture Division of HRC, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur
collected more than fifteen gerbera genotypes possessing wide
variabilities in respect of both vegetative and floral characteristics which
can be exploited for its improvement.
It is the touch -stone to a breeder to evolve high yielding varieties through
selection, either from the existing genotypes or from the segregates of a
cross. Hence, the genetic information on yield and its contributing
characters need to be properly assessed for its improvement..
Expression of different plant characters is controlled by genetic and
environmental factors. It is often difficult to know proportion the factors
of heritable and environmental variation. The progress of breeding
conditioned by magnitude, nature and interaction of genotypic and
environmental variations in the plant characters. So, the study of genetic
parameters is necessary for breeding programme. This will provide
valuable information on mode of inheritance of different characters that
would be useful in selecting plants with desirable characters to develop
new varieties or promising gerbera genotypes in the country.
Considering the above mentioned facts the present investigations were
undertaken with the following objectives:
i) To estimate the magnitude of some of the genetic parameters,
such as heritability, genetic advance and genotypic and
phenotypic co-efficient of variation etc.
ii) To understand the association pattern of different characters and
extent of direct and indirect influence of the component
characters (plant height, number of leaves, plant spread, number
of side shoot per hill, number flower per plant, flower size, stalk
diameter, vase life, days to flower) on yield.
iii) To identify superior gerbera genotype(s) under Bangladesh
condition for commercial production.
4
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) is a herbaceous perennial flower crop with long
leafless stalk and daisy like flowers. A native of South Africa, it is a popular
cut flower grown thought the world in a wide range of climatic conditions. A
few number of research works have been done all over the world by different
workers on the performance of gerbera genotypes and no information is
available under climatic conditions of Bangladesh. Nevertheless, some of the
important and informative works so far been done and abroad on these
aspects have been presented in this chapter.
The performance of 9 exotic cultivars of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) (Diablo,
Lyonella, Ornella, Sunset, Tara, Thalassa and Tiramisu, Twiggy and
Whitsun) was studied by Singh and Mandhar (2004) under fan and pad
cooled greenhouse environments at the Indian Institute of Horticulture
Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India from July 1998 to June 1999. The
greatest plant height (48.83 cm), and number of suckers (5.16) and leaves
(46.27) per plant were obtained with Tiramisu, Lyonella and Ornella,
respectively, while the lowest values of the aforementioned parameters were
recorded for Whitsun (47.88 cm), Sunset (3.82) and Tiramisu (26.74),
respectively. Flowering was earliest (47.88 and 57.47 days for 50 and 100%
flowering, respectively) in Whitsun and latest (83.10 and 88.30 days) in
Tiramisu. The greatest diameter of flower (10.70 cm) and length of flower
stalk (58.27 cm) were recorded for Tiramisu and Lyonella, respectively. The
thickest (0.70 cm diameter) and heaviest (22.20 g) flower stalks were
observed in Twiggy, whereas the thinnest (0.60 cm diameter) and lightest
(13.94 g) stalks were observed in Whitsun. The highest total number of
flowers produced per plot in a year,
5
and the mean number of flowers per plant and per month in a year were
obtained with Ornella (1058.00, 47.26 and 5.02, respectively), followed by
Thalassa (988.00, 44.52 and 4.61), whereas the lowest were obtained with
Tara (591.33, 29.48 and 2.82), followed by Sunset (600.00, 31.15 and 3.11).
The percentage of 1st grade flowers was highest in Lyonella (73.85), Sunset
(70.41) and Tiramisu (70.54), and lowest in Tara (47.16) and Thalassa
(47.87). The highest percentage of discard flowers was recorded for Thalassa
(37.30), followed by Whitsun (20.47). Based on the overall performance,
Lyonella, Ornella, Tiramisu and Twiggy are recommended for commercial
cultivation. The temperature inside the greenhouse could be controlled from
24.7 to 30.5 deg C when the ambient temperature varied from 27.4 to 35.5
deg C. The lowest temperatures of 8.0 and 6.7 deg C were recorded during
April and March, respectively. The RH in the greenhouse varied from 44 to
77%, while the outside RH ranged from 20 to 67% when the rate of
ventilation was 1018 cubic meter per minute.
Anuradha and Gowda (2000) studied the association of cut flower yield with
growth and floral characters in gerbera. In studies on 25 gerbera genotypes at
Bangalore, cut flower yield exhibited a high level of positive and significant
correlation with number of leaves per plant, weight of ray florets and days
taken to flower opening. Path analysis revealed that number of leaves per
plant had the greatest positive direct effect on flower yield.
Ozcelik et cil. (1999) conducted the use of different growing media in
greenhouse gerbera cut flower production. Perlite, peat, pumice and rockwool
were used either alone or in combination for cut gerbera cv. Conga
production in a greenhouse trial in Antalya, Turkey in 1994-95.
6
The effects of these growing media on flower yield and quality were
investigated. After 15 months, the highest total flower yield (59.31
flowers/plant) was obtained from the plants grown in peat + pumice (1:1,
v/v), followed by plants grown in peat (57.71 flowers/plant). Effects on
flower quality were generally less significant than effects on yield.
Labeke et al. (1999) observed the effect of minimum heating level on
production and quality of Gerbera. A greenhouse study was carried out in
Belgium to investigate the effects of heating on the growth of Gerbera cv.
Tiffany (small flowers) and cv. Optima (large flowers). Gerbera was
planted on 11 August 1998 on rock wool mats (6/m2 for cv. Tiffany and 4/m2
for cv. Optima). Two independent heating systems (above-ground and sub-
surface) were used. The day/night temperature regime was 20/18°C.
Treatments included the simultaneous use of both systems (control), and the
use of the above-ground system if the minimum heating level was not
reached with use of the sub-surface system alone (at 50°C). Data were
collected weekly (until June 1999) on the number of flowers/plant, stem
length, and weight and diameter of flowers. For cv. Optima, the sub -surface
heating regime resulted in a significant increase in the number of flowers/m 2
(145.8 compared with 117.6 in the control treatment), and significantly
shorter stems (between September and April). Non-significant differences in
flower production were found for cv. Tiffany (286.8 and 240 flowers/m2 for
the 2 regimes, respectively). However, stem length and weight were
significantly lower with the subsurface heating system.
7
Labeke et al. (1999) resulted that supplementary light in gerbera not always a
success. A greenhouse study was carried out in Belgium to investigate the
effects of supplementary light on gerbera cv. Tiffany (small flowers) and cv.
Optima (large flowers). Gerbera was planted on 11 August 1998 on rockwool
mats (6/m2 for cv. Tiffany and 4/m2 for cv. Optima). Supplementary light
(approx. 3000 lux) was used when natural light reached 150 W/m 2. Data were
collected weekly (until June 1999) on the number of flowers/plant, stem
length, weight and diameter of flowers. Supplementary light increased the
number of flowers/nr of cv. Optima significantly (by 33.5%), especially
between December and May (compared to the control). Supplementary light
also resulted in longer stems (between December and May) and heavier
flowers (between October and March). Supplementary light increased flower
production in cv. Tiffany slightly (by 6%). However, significant increases
were measured for flower diameter (between October and December), stem
length (between December and April), and stem weight (between October
and May).
The effects were studied by Benavente et al. (1998) of soil heating to 18°C in
6 gerbera cultivars growing in a sand : peat (3:1 v/v) substrate in an
experimental heated greenhouse in Madrid, Spain. Flowers were harvested
once or twice/week between August 1994 and March 1997. Overall results
(in heated and unheated soil) indicated that yields were highest in cv. Fame
(4.23 flowers/plant per month) and lowest in Impala (1.84 flowers/plant per
month). In a comparison of planting location within the greenhouse, yields
were higher in plants on the west side of the greenhouse compared with the
east side. The effects of soil heating on yields varied by cultivar and season.
Soil heating increased cut flower yields by 10-40% in cultivars Impala and
Cerise, had no significant effect
on yields of eultivars Avanti, Fame and Party, and lowered yields slightly in
cv. Olympic.
Huang and Harding (1998) studies quantitative analysis of correlations
among flower traits in Gerbera hybrida, Compositae. III. Genetic var iability
and structure of principal component traits. A sample of 36 flower traits
consisting of six morphological categories in the Davis population of gerbera
was restructured into phenotypic and genetic principal component traits. The
first 5 phenotypic principal component traits accounted for 62% of the total
phenotypic variance of the 36 traits and have moderate to high heritabilities.
The first 5 genetic principal component traits accounts for 97% of total
genetic variance and all have high heritabili ty. Morphological structure of
these component traits suggest an underlying process identified by the first
genetic principal component involving largely trans and disk floret traits. The
results of this study indicate that the quantitative genetic structu re of the
gerbera flower is controlled by a few independent components and that
principal component analysis is a useful tool to reveal variation in this
structure. These composite traits are heritable and are expected to respond to
selection.
Choudhury et al. (1998) earned out an experiment to observe performance of
some gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) eultivars under the agro-climatic condition
of Jorhat, Assam. Ten eultivars of gerbera were evaluated for growth and
flowering parameters at Jorhat during 1996-97. Cultivars Popular, Evening
Bells, Red Monarch and General Kaiser were promising under Jorhat
conditions.
9
Aswath et al. (1998) showed dry storage as an aid in selection for longevity
in gerbera. Flowers of 23 varieties of Gerbera hybrida were dry stored for 24
and 48 hours. The structural strength and turgor strength of the stem was
separately measured using parameters such as total voids, percentage inner
conduit, porosity and void ratio. The varieties were classified into three
groups based on magnitude of stem bend and recovery. A probable crossing
programme between genotypes of class I and II was suggested to achieve
structurally strong stems with high water absorption capacity. The character
percentage inner conduit was found to be governed by dominant and epistatic
genes. Water absorption is directly related to percentage inner conduit and is
thus considered an important character for selecting varieties for long
transportation periods. Correlation studies indicated that puncturing the stem,
cutting the stem and keeping the stem in warm water helped in high
absorption of water, which in turn allows the flower stalk to return to a
normal position after dry storage.
Mahanta et al. (1998) studies on variability and heritability of some
quantitative characters in gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii). Ten cultivars of
gerbera were evaluated for 14 characters in trials conducted at Assam
Agricultural University. For all these characters, data are tabulated on range,
mean, genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variability, heritability and
genetic advance. Plant height, vase life, flower size exhibited greater genetic
variability and high heritability coupled with high genetic advance. It is
suggested that these characters be used as selection criteria for the
improvement of gerbera. Broad-sense heritability estimates were very high
for all the characters except days to flower.
10
Aswath et al. (1998) carried out an experiment to trial role of biochemical
component in vase life of gerbera. In trials carried out in 1992-94 on 23
gerbera cultivars, the biochemical components (total sugars, reducing sugars,
non-reducing sugars, phenols and orthodihydric phenols) of the fresh stem
and exudates were analyzed. Total sugars and reducing sugars classified
based on their biochemical components. The presence of phenols was found
in greater quantities higher up the stem. The cultivars were differed among
cultivars while OD phenols were absent in exudates. A correlation was found
between total sugars of the fresh stem and vase l ife, indicating external
application of sugar may increase vase life.
Mahanta et al. (1998) conducted an experiment for correlation and path
coefficient analysis in gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii). Character association
analysis among 14 different characters in a set of 10 gerbera genotypes
revealed highly significant positive correlations with number of
flowers/clump and leaf area at both the phenotypic and genotypic level and
number of suckers at the genotypic level only. The path analysis revealed
that leaf area, girth of stalk and days to flower bud opening had high direct
effects. The significant positive correlation of leaf area with flower
number/clump could thus be attributed to the high positive direct effect of
the characters. The non-significant associations of plant height, number of
leaves, days to flower bud visibility, size of flower and shelf life with
number of flowers/clump were largely due to their high negative direct effect
on the dependent variable. Thus, the characters leaf area, girth of s talk and
days to flower bud opening could be considered for selection to improve
upon the number of flowers/clump, area, girth of stalk and days to flower bud
opening had high direct effects. The significant positive correlation of leaf
area with flower number/clump could thus be attributed to the high positive
direct effect of the characters.
11
The non-significant associations of plant height, number of leaves, days to
flower bud visibility, size of flower and shelf life with number of
flowers/clump were largely due to their high negative direct effect on the
dependent variable. Thus, the characters leaf area, girth of stalk and days
to flower bud opening could be considered for selection to improve upon
the number of flowers/clump.
Kaur et al. (1996) showed effect of modified environments on plant growth
and flowering production of gerbera. From 15 May 1991 to 15 October
1991, seedlings of Gerbera jamesonii were maintained under Rambo-plastic
nets permitting 85% and 75% natural light intensity. Plants grown under
plastic nets produced twice the number of leaves (37) and flowers (10)
with better stem length and flower diameter, as compared to plants grown
under natural light intensity. The chlorophyll content of leaves was
maximum (2.417 mg/g of fresh weight) from the plants grown under net
permitting 75% of natural light intensity and was minimum (1.551 mg/g of
fresh weight) from plants grown under natural conditions throughout the
growing period. It is concluded that increased rate of plant growth and
flower production is the result of reduced light intensity only, because air
temperature under nets did not differ from the open due to free movement
of air through nets. In the second experiment, seedlings were covered with
plastic (as complete cover, overhead cover, without cover for control)
from November 1990 to February, 1991. The highest number of flowers
(32/plant) was produced by the plants maintained under complete cover
but the difference in flower yield and flower quality was only numerically
significant.
Wernett et al. (1996) conducted an experiment of postharvest longevity of
cut-flower Gerbera. II. Heritability of vase life. Intensive selection to
improve vase life was performed on a sample population of Gerbera x
hybrida from a broad source of germplasm. Progeny of a 5 x 5 dial lei cross
yielded estimates of narrow sense heritability (lr = 0.28) and broad sense
heritability (H2 = 0.28) for vase life based on a mean of 1.96 measurements
per plant. Additive gene action is postulated to control this character since
the difference between total genotypic variance and additive genetic variance
components was small. Repeatability (r = 0.57) based on a single
measurement per plant was moderately high.
Wernett et al. (1996) studied the postharvest longevity of cut-flower gerbera
and response to selection for vase life components. A broad source of
Gerbera x hybrida germplasm was evaluated for vase life. Senescence mode,
i.e. bending or folding of stems or wilting of ligulae, was also recorded for
flowers evaluated. Intensive selection was practiced to improve vase life.
About 10% of the plants from a sample population were selected for having
flowers with long vase life. Progeny means for vase life resulting from a
topcross between these plants and cv. Appleblossom were used to select 5
plants (about 1.5% of the sample population) whose flowers had a long vase
life. A diallel cross using these 5 plants as parents resulted in a progeny
population with a mean vase life 3.4 days longer than that of the initial
sample population. Increases in vase life means for days to bending, folding
and wilting were 0.3, 3.5 and 1.2 days, respectively. Plants with flowers
which senesced due to wilting had the longest mean vase life before and after
breeding. Changes in the proportions of senescence modes in the diallel
generation, relative to the parental generation, were observed; bending
decreased, while folding and wilting increased. Frequencies of bending,
folding and
13
wilting were compared with vase life means for 10 progenies. The proportion
of bending generally decreased as vase life increased.
Maloupa et al. (1996) observed the effects of substrate and irrigation
frequency on growth, gas exchange and yield of gerbera cv. Fame. To
evaluate the performance of gerbera cv. Fame plants grown in bags
containing perlite, 1:1 peat : perlite or pumice at two irrigation frequencies
(8 or 16 times per day), plant growth, photosynthetic rate, stomatal
conductance, leaf transpiration, leaf water potential, evapotranspiration and
flower yield were measured 4-6 months from planting. Comparison was made
with plants grown in soil. The number of flowers produced per month was
highest in the peat + perlite medium and lowest on pumice. Irrigation
frequency had little effect on any of the parameters measured. Photosynthetic
rate was higher in plants grown on soil than in those grown on the other
media. Evapotranspiration was highest in plants grown on peat + perlite.
Wernett et al. (1996) carried out an experiment of post harvest longevity of
gerbera as a cut flower and heritability of its vase life. Intensive selection to
improve vase life was performed on a sample population of Gerbera x
hybrida from a broad source of germplasm. Progeny of a 5x5 diallel cross
yielded estimates of narrow sense heritability (h2 = 0.28) and broad sense
heritability (H2 = 0.28) for vase life based on a mean of 1.96 measurements
per plant. Additive gene action is postulated to control this character since
the difference between total genotypic variance and additive genet ic variance
components was small. Repeatability (r = 0.57) based on a single
measurement per plant was moderately high. Heritability ranged from 22 to
39%.
14
Tourjee et al. (1995) evaluated of complex segregation analysis of gerbera
flower colour. The distribution of hue (CIELAB colour notation) classes
among flowers of the Davis, California, USA population of gerbera
(Gerbera jamesonii) appears bimodal. This suggests that the genetic control
of hue is determined by the segregation of a gene with large effect
modified by additional genes with smaller effects. Complex segregation
analysis (CSA), routinely employed in human genetic epidemiology, was
used to study both qualitative and quantitative variation. CSA applies
pedigree analysis through the consideration of transmission probabilities
to optimize likelihood functions of various genetic models. Applying this
technique to study flower hue in a sample representing generations 14, 15
and 16 of the Davis population, allowed identification of a putative
dominant major gene with genotypic values for the dominant homozygote,
heterozygote and recessive homozygote of 32, 32 and 71 degrees,
respectively. This corresponds to the modes of the hue frequency
distribution for the population. The putative major gene represents 0.66 of
the total variation. The residual parent offspring correlation measures the
genetic contribution to the remainder of the variance.
Eck et al. (1995) observed the colours of florets of several gerbera
(<Gerbera jamesonii Bolis ex Adlam) cultivars measured with a
colorimeter. The colour variation between several gerbera cultivars were
analyzed with a tristimulus colorimeter. A pilot study with a three
cultivars (Joyce, Beauty and Marleen) showed that the flower colour
variation between cultivars and colour effects during the growing season
can be calculated quantitatively on the basis of data measured by the
colorimeter. On the basis of these results the colour differences between
16 gerbera cultivars were measured. A consistent number of cultiva rs
15
were distinct on the basis of colorimetric data and visual colour assessments.
The consequences of the use of a colorimeter for gerbera breeding and the
granting of plant breeders' rights are discussed.
Amariutei et al. (1995) conducted an experiment to observe physiological and
biochemical changes of cut gerbera inflorescences during vase life. Some
physiological and biochemical changes in cut Gerbera jamesonii cv. Red
Marleen inflorescences were evaluated during vase life in distilled water and
preservative solution (2.5% sucrose + 150 ppm 8-HQS + 200 ppm KC1).
Ligula cell membrane permeability measured as electrolyte leakage from
ligulas was 1.4 times greater in inflorescences held in distilled water than in
those held in preservative solution. Conductivity of the preservative solution
diminished during the first day of vase life and then increased. Conductivity
of the control (distilled water) increased by 334 (iS on day 7 of vase life
compared with t-hat observed on the day 1. The rate of respiration, fresh
weight and vase life of inflorescences held in preservative solution were
greater than in those held in distilled water. The colour of ligulas intensified
during vase life due to an increase in anthocyanin and carotenoid pigment
contents. After 5 days the colour'intensity was greater in inflorescences held
in water than in those held in preservative solution.
Fakhri et al. (1995) observed the effects of substrate and frequency of
irrigation on yield and quality of three Gerbera jamesonii cultivars. The
effects of substrate (perlite 1-5 mm, peat + perlite in a 1:1 mixture or washed
pumice 5-10 mm) irrigated 8 or 16 times/day for 1 min on yield and flower
quality of gerbera cultivars Fame, Rosabella and Sunspot were compared
during a 6-month growth period with plants grown in soil and drip-irrigated
for 10 min/day. Peat + perlite gave better or similar flower
16
yield and quality compared with soil; pumice gave the lowest performance,
though still satisfactory. Plant growth and yield were unaffected by i rrigation
frequency and the high frequency resulted the surplus nutrient solution being
lost in drainage. Fame (single yellow) gave the largest yield (5.96-6.20
flowers/plant in peat + perlite) and flower diameter (11.2-12.15 cm), whereas
Sunspot (single orange) had the lowest yield (3.42-5.46 flowers) and the
longest stems (57.8-70.1 cm).
Martinez et al. (1995) studied effects of substrate warming in soilless culture
on gerbera crop performance under seasonal variations. Gerbera cv. Fame
was grown in perlite (3-5 mm) or attapulgite [palygorskite] substrates which
were or were not heated to a minimum temperature of 19°C. After 2 years of
use, both materials monitored good stability and bulk density did not change
substantially with change in water status of the substrate. Air capacity was
high for both materials but decreased in attapulgite after 2 years with
heating. Easily available water and water buffer capacity were very limited,
especially for attapulgite. Substrate heating increased total water
consumption by 130-140% in attapulgite and 35%) in perlite. When no
heating was used perlite consumed 22% more water than attapulgite.
Increased water consumption by plants growing in heated substrates
continued after the winter and spring heating season had ended. .Seasonal
adaptation of plants was analyzed in terms of transpiration, stomatal
conductance and leaf water potential. Significant differences were found in
flower production between substrates at the end of the production cycle (7
May) - 35.3 and 26.1 flowers/plant in perlite and attapulgite and 36.6 and
26.1 flowers in heated and unheated substrates, respectively. Between
October and March yields were: perlite 25.3 flowers, attapulgite 19.0
flowers, heated substrate 25.9 flowers, unheated substrate 17.8 flowers/plant.
17
Doom et al. (1994) conducted an experiment to effect of dry storage on scape
bending in cut Gerbera jamesonii flowers. The effect of dry storage on scape
bending in cut flowers was investigated in 9 Gerbera jamesonii cultivars
(Cora, Donatella, Liesbeth, Mickey, Nikita, Regina, Rosamunde, Simonetta
and Terrafame). Freshly cut flowers placed in water for 14 days in summer or
winter showed no bending, except for cultivars Cora and Liesbeth. During
the summer, dry storage (4 days at 1°C) had no effect on most cultivars but
increased the curvature in cultivars Cora and Liesbeth, whereas in winter dry
storage increased bending in all cultivars tested. Amongst the cultivars
tested, no differences were found in water potential after dry storage nor in
the water balance during vase life. The scape curvature after dry storage in
winter was not correlated with FW of the flower head or the uppermost 12
cm of the scape, nor with scape diameter at 12 cm from the flower head. The
percentage DW of the scapes, however, was lowest in Cora and Liesbeth,
which may explain why they are apt to bend.
Early development of gerbera as a floricultural crop. The development of
Gerbera jamesonii as a floricultural crop is traced from its collection as a
novelty in South Africa to its establishment as a commercial crop in the
1930s. The origin of the cultivated germplasm, Gerbera jamesonii and Gerbera
viridifolia, is discussed, as is breeding work carried out following its
introduction to Europe, and later, the USA. Breeding for cold hardiness in
temperate climates was an early objective. The relative contribution of
Gerbera jamesonii and Gerbera viridifolia to the modern crop is unknown, but
much of the cultivated germplasm can be traced to material that passed
through the Cambridge Botanic Gardens, UK, and La Rosarie, Antibes,
France (Tourjee et al., 1994).
18
Wahi et al. (1991) studied a factor analysis in gerbera. Factor analysis was
performed using morphological traits in 31 genotypes of gerbera. Phenotypic
correlation matrices indicated that flower number/plant is increased by
selection for shoots/plants and leaves/plant. Results from genotypic
correlation matrices advocated selection for flower diameter, flower stalk
length, leaves/plant and number of days from flower bud appearance to
opening. Both correlation matrices showed leaf size to be related to flower
longevity.
A study was conducted by Dambre et al. (1990) to observe assimilation
lighting of gerbera on substrate. In a glasshouse trial with the gerbera
cultivars Rosamunde, Terra Fame and Beauty grown on rockwool on the
ebb-and-flow system, with a 16-hours day, assimilation lighting (10 W/m at
plant height) was applied or not from Oct. onwards. Data for both groups are
presented on the effects on average flower numbers/plant, and average
flower stalk length, flower diameter and weight, assessed at monthly
intervals from October to early February. Flower numbers/plant of
Rosamunde and Beauty were enhanced in December and January and flower
quality and weight of all cultivars were improved from November or
December onwards, compared with plants receiving no assimilation lighting.
Only with Beauty, however, were the additional costs of lighting justified by
the greater returns.
Thangaraj et al. (1990) studies on the vase life of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii
Bolus). Freshly cut flowers of 24 accessions, placed in glass tubes with no
water, were held at room temperature for 24 hours. Data are tabulated on
weight loss, flower stalk bending, petal drooping, petal necrosis and v ase
life. The following accessions were found suitable for use as cut flowers: GJ
8, GJ 10, GJ 16, GJ 18, GJ 23 and GJ 44. In these,
no flower stalk bending, petal drooping and petal necrosis were observed
after 24 hours.
Put et al. (1990) carried out an experiment of micro-organisms from freshly
harvested cut flower stems and developing during the vase life of
chrysanthemum, gerbera and rose cultivars. A wide variety of micro-
organisms, bacteria and fungi, was isolated from freshly harvested cut flower
stems and from vase contents of chrysanthemum cv. spider, gerbera cultivars
appelbloesem and fleur, and rose cv. sonia. fungal species were isolated
much more frequently than previously recorded. Bacterial genera, present on
the stems, were also present in the corresponding vase water. The dominant
initial stem microflora, Enterobacter, Bacillus spp. and fungi, lost their
dominance in the vase water, which after 3 days of vase life showed a
predominance of Pseudomonas spp. The longer the vase life, the greater were
the changes in the microflora of the vase water, which later again showed a
predominance of Enterobacter spp. and often also of Bacillus spp. After 10
days of vase life, fungal growth increased markedly in chrysanthemum and
gerbera vase water. The unique ecological conditions in the vase fluid and,
to a lesser extent, the antagonistic activities of many of the microbial species
of the mixed vase flora will have led to the initial predominance of
Pseudomonas spp. and to typical changes in the dominant flora during the
course of the flowers' vase life. The microbial load on stems of cut roses was
much lower than those of chrysanthemum and gerbera stems. The end of the
vase life of the rose flowers was characterized by normal senescence
symptoms or by weak wilting of leaves and flowers. In chrysanthemum and
gerbera, however, an extensive water stress developed.
20
Dufault et al. (1990) observed that nitrogen and potassium fertility and plant
populations influence field production of gerbera. Gerbera seedl ings (cv.
Florist Strain Yellow) were planted in the field in drip-irrigated beds
mulched with white-on-black plastic film (white side up) at plant densities of
24000, 36000 or 72000 plants/ha. N and K fertilizers were each applied at
55, 110 or 220 kg/ha. In the 1st year of a 2-year study, the number of
marketable flowers increased as both N and K rates increased up to 110
lcg/ha, but as the N rate was increased to 220 kg/ha cull flower production
increased. In the 2nd year, marketable and cull yields increased as N rate
increased but increasing K rate had no effect on yields. Marketable and cull
yields also increased as plant density increased from 24000 to 72000
plants/ha in both years. Flower size and quality were unaffected by planting
density. N and K rates had no effect on flower size, quality or vase life in
either year.
Gagnon and Dansereau (1990) reported that influence of light and
photoperiod on growth and development of gerbera. Gerbera jamesonii cv.
Happipot during autumn/winter 1987 and on Gerbera jamesonii cv. Tempo
during winter/spring 1988. Both cultivars were grown under 30, 50 or 90 µ
mol m-2 -1 with a 16-h photoperiod or 60µmol m-2s-1 with a 20-hours
photoperiod. Light treatments were provided by 400-W HPS lamps. Control
plants were kept under ambient light conditions. The growth, development
and flowering of Gerbera jamesonii cv. Happipot were significantly increased
under all light treatments compared with the control. Highest plant width,
height, shoot DW and number of buds and flowers and lowest number of
days to flowering were obtained under the 90µ. mol m-2 s-1 for 16 hours
treatment. Light treatments had no significant effect on plant width and
height for cv. Tempo. However shoot DW and leaf area were signific antly
higher under the 60 mol m-2 s-
i for 20 hours light treatment than in the control. The 60 mol m' 2 s-1 for 16
hours light treatment resulted in significantly higher flower number in cv.
Tempo than in the control. The 90 µmol m -2 s-1 for 16 hours light treatment
reduced the number of days to flowering (production time) by 23 days and 11
days for cv. Happipot and Tempo, respectively. The various light treatments
had more effect on plant growth, development and flowering in the autumn-
winter study than in the winter-spring study and this was probably due to
increased ambient light conditions during the winter -spring study.
Accati and Jona (1989) carried out an experiment to find out influencing
gerbera cut flower longevity. More than 300 gerbera cultivars exist and they
differ in weight, diameter and form of inflorescence which may be either
simple, semi-double or double. Stem diameter and weight differ from one
cultivar to another as do vase life and behaviour through senescence. The
influence of these parameters was investigated and none was found to be
critical in extending vase life. Because few experiments have been carried
out on the use of chemicals for extending gerbera vase life, this field was
investigated. A mixture of 300 p.p.m. 8- hydroxyquinoline sulphate, 300
p.p.m. BNA (sodium benzoate) 10-4 M AOA (aminooxyacetic acid), 10-4 M
3,4,5-T and 20 g/litre sucrose appeared to be the best lceeping-solution.
Furthermore, since various cultivars exhibit different osmotic pressures, this
character was related to longevity and osmotic pressure of the preservative
solution was adapted to the level of the stem osmotic pressure.
MATERIALS AND METHODS • ^
CHAPTER III
f* . <V*
22
CHAPTER III
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The field experiment was carried out at the Floriculture Division,
Horticulture Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute,
Joydebpur, Gazipur. The materials and method used in conducting the
experiment have been presented in this chapter under the following heads:
3.1 Site
The present experiment was carried out at Horticulture Research Centre,
Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur during the
period from September 2004 to March 2005 to investigate the performance
of 15 gerbera genotypes. The location of the site is at 24.09° N Latitude and
90.26° E Longitudes at an elevation of 8.4 meter from sea level (Anon.,
1995).
3.2 Soil of the experimental site
The soil of the experimental field was clay loam in texture having p" around
6.00. The soil belongs to the Chita soil series of red brown terrace
(Brammer, 1971 and Shaheed, 1984). The land was well drained with good
irrigation facilities that is good for gerbera production. Soil analyti cal data
have been presented in Appendix I.
3.3 Climate
The experimental site is situated under the sub-tropical climatic zone which
was characterized by heavy rainfall during the month of April to September
and scanty rainfall during the rest of the year . The meteorological data in
respect of monthly maximum and minimum air temperature, rainfall, relative
humidity as recorded by Metrological Department, BARI, Joydebpur,
Gazipur during the experimental period have been presented in Appendix II.
3.4 Treatments of the experiment
There was single factor in this experiment. The factor including fifteen
genotypes of gerbera which are as follows: GJ-01, GJ-02, GJ-03, GJ-04, GJ-
05, GJ-06, GJ-07, GJ-08, GJ-09, GJ-10, GJ-11, GJ-12, GJ-13, GJ-14 and GJ-
15.
3.5 Experimental design and layout
The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)
with three replications. The whole experimental area was 360 m 2 (30.0mx
12.0m) that was divided into 3 blocks. Each block was divided into fifteen
plots where 15 treatments were allotted at random. Thus there were
altogether 45 unit plots in the experiment. The size of the unit plot was 3mx
1,5m. The distance between the block was 1.0m and between the plots was
0.5m. The plots were raised up to 0.25 m.
24
3.6 Planting materials used for the experiment
In the experiment fifteen (15) gerbera genotypes were collected from
different sources. The sources of the gerbera genotypes are summarized in
Table 1.
The land of the experimental plot was first opened on last week of August
2004 with a Power tiller and then it was exposed to the sun for 7 days prior
to the next ploughing. Thereafter, the land was ploughed and cross ploughed
several times with a Power tiller to obtain a good tilth. After ploughing,
laddering was done for breaking up the large clods of the soil and for
levelling the surface of the land. All the weeds and stubbles were removed
from the land just after laddering. Special care was taken to remove the
rhizomes of mutha grass. The basal doses of manure (well decomposed cow
dung) and fertilizer were applied during the final land preparation and
incorporated into the soil.
Table 1. Source name of fifteen (15) gerbera genotypes Genotypes Source of collection
GJ-01 India
GJ-02 India
GJ-03 India
GJ-04 India
GJ-05 Thailand
GJ-06 Thailand
GJ-07 Thailand
GJ-08 Thailand
GJ-09 Thailand
GJ-10 Malaysia
GJ-11 Thailand
GJ-12 Malaysia
GJ-13 Malaysia
GJ-14 Malaysia
GJ-15 Malaysia
3.7 Land preparation
25
3.8 Manures and fertilizers
The total amount of well decomposed cow dung; TSP and MP were applied
during the final land preparation. Urea was applied in two equal installments
at 25 and 50 days after planting the sucker.
3.9 Planting of suckers
Suckers were planted at 7 cm depth in furrows on September following the
spacing 30 x 30 cm under 50% shade net. Total number of sucker per plot
was 50 and total number required suckers in the experiment were 2250.
3.10 Weeding
The field was weed when necessary.
Manures/fertilizers Dose/ha Dose/plot
Cow dung lOt 162 kg
TSP 225 kg 3.64 kg
MP 190 kg 3.07 kg
26
3.11 Irrigation
Gerbera needs irrigation when necessary at frequent intervals. However,
water logging should be avoided, as it is harmful to plants.
3.12 Disease and pest management
Diseases can be a major factor limiting gerbera production. The
experimental crop was infected by Powdery mildew during the early growing
stage. The disease was controlled by spraying Dithane M-45. The fungicide
was sprayed two times at 15 days interval.
The crop was also attacked by mites during the growing stage. The mite was
controlled by spraying Omite @ 1.5 ml/L. The insecticide was sprayed one
time after 7 days of planting of suckers.
3.13 Harvesting of flowers:
The spikes were harvested from 23 December 2004 (112.0 days after) when
the flower reached commercial stage (two whorls of ray florets open).
3.14 Collection of data
Data were collected from 10 plants selected at random from each unit plot.
Data were collected in respect of the following parameters:
3.14.1 Plant height (cm)
Plant height refers to the length of the plant from ground level up to shoot
apex. Height of 10 randomly selected plants of each unit plot was measured
and the mean was calculated. It was measured in cm.
27
3.14.2 Number of leaves per plant
Number of leaves per plant was recorded by counting all the leaves from 10
randomly selected plants of each unit plot and the mean was calculated.
3.14.3 Plant spread (cm)
The plant spread was measured by measuring scale in cross way.
3.14.4 Number of side shoot per hill
Number of side shoot per hill was recorded by counting which were
produced by per hill and then mean was calculated.
3.14.5 Number of flower per plant
Number of flowers producing per plant was counted and recorded.
3.14.6 Flower size
Flower size was measured by a measuring scale in cross way and then
mean was calculated.
3.14.7. Stalk diameter
Diameter of stalk was determined at base of stalk by slide calipers and
expressed in cm.
3.14.8 Vase life of gerbera
Two spikes were used from each plot. The flower spikes were harvested
when the flower reached commercial stage (two whorls of ray flo rets open).
The flower spikes were carried out to the Horticulture Research Centre
Laboratory, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur to study the vase life of gerbera
under distilled water. For recording vase life used plastic bucket with
distilled water. In laboratory the maximum temperature was 26.04°c and
minimum temperature was 13.45°c. The maximum relative humidity was
89.09% and minimum was 55.08%.
28
3.14.9 Days required to first spike initiation
It was recorded by counting the days from planting to first visible spike
initiation of plants from each unit plot.
3.14.10 Spike length
Length of spike was measured from spike base to the tip of the spike.
3.15 Statistical analysis
The collected data for various characters were statistically analyzed using
MSTAT-C computer package programme. The mean for all the treatments
was calculated and the analysis of variance for each of the characters was
performed by F (variance ratio) test. The difference between treatment
means were evaluated by Duncan‘s Multiple Range (DMRT) test (Gomez
and Gomez, 1984)..
3.15.1. Estimation of genotypic and phenotypic variances
Genotypic and phenotypic variances were estimate according to formula
given by Johnson et al. (1955).
MSV –MSe Genotypic variance (σ g) = — --- ----- L
r
Where,
MSV = Mean sum of squares for genotypes
MSe = Mean sum of squares for error
r = Number of replications
29
Phenotypic variance (σ2p) = σ2
g+ σ2c
Where,
σ2 g, = Genotypic variance
σ2 c = Mean square for error
3.15.2. Estimation of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of
variation
Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were calculated
according to the following formula given by Burton (1952):
Genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) = -w- x 100 X
Where,
o2 g = Genotypic variance
X = population mean
/ 2 Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) = —xl00
X
Where,
r 2
6― p = Phenotypic
variance X -Population
mean
3.15.3. Estimation of heritability
Heritability in broad sense (h b ) was estimated by the formula as
suggested by Johnson et al. (1955).
h\ (%) = —x 100 a―p
'2
Where,
30
o― g = Genotypic variance
o2 p = Phenotypic variance
3.15.4. Estimation of genctic advance
The expected genetic advance (GA) = h2b. k. op
Where, 2
h b = Heritability in broad sense k = Selection
intensity which is equal to 2. 06 at 5%
Op = Phenotypic standard deviation
Genetic advance in percentage of mean was calculated by the formula
given by Comstock and Robinson (1952) as follows:
GA GA (%)= -xl00 X
Where,
GA = Genetic advance X = Population mean
3.15.5. Estimation of genotypic and phenotypic
Genotypic and phenotypic covariance were calculated using the following
formula (Singh and Chaudhary, 1985):
, n MSPV - MSPC Genotypic covariance Covg(xy) = ------- ------- -
Where,
MSPV= Mean sum of products of characters x and y
MSPC= Mean sum of products due to error of characters x and y r =
Number of replication
Phenotypic covariance Covp(xy) = Covg(xy) + MSPC
31
Where,
Covv = Genotypic covariance
MSPC= Mean sum of products due to error of characters x and y
3.15.6. Estimation of genotypic and phenotypic correlation
coefficients
Genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients for different characters in all
possible combination were calculated with formula given by Miller et al. (1958).
Genotypic correlation coefficient (rg) =
Where,
Covg (xy) = Genotypic covariance between the characters x and y G~(g)x =
Genotypic variance of the character x a (g)y = Genotypic variance of the
character y
Phenotypic correlation coefficient rp = CT(p)y
Where,
CoVp(xy) = Phenotypic covariance between the characters x and y a2(P)x =
Phenotypic variance of the character x a2(p)y = Phenotypic variance of the
character y
The components of correlation coefficients of different yield attributes with spike
length per plant were partitioned into components of direct and indirect effects by
path coefficient analysis. Path coefficient analysis was done according to the
procedure stated by Sing and Chaudhary (1985) and Dabholkar (1992) which was
originally suggested by Dewey and Lu (1959).
32
In the present study, spike length was considered as resultant characters and the
nine yield attributes were considered as the causal factor. The following sets of
simultaneous equation were obtained depending upon the cause and effect
relationship.
liy = Piy + f 12P 2y + ij3P3y + r|4P4y + ri5P5y + r]6PCy + ri7P7y + r|8P8y+ ri9P9y
l*2y = 1*23? I y + ?2y + ^Psy + r25?4y + r26P5y + + r28P7y + ^Pgy + t*3()P9y
r.ly = r34P ly + r35P2y + ?3y + ^*36? 4y + ^37? 5y + r38P(;y + r39P7y + l'^Pgy + 1 Pyy r4y = r45P iy
+ r46P2y + r47P3y + P4y+ r48P5y + r49P6y + r50P7y+ r51P8y+ r52P9y +15y — ^56?ly ^*57P2y
^58P3y r59P4y + Psy + rf,oP6y J*6iP7y + lf>2P8y ^*63P9y+r6y = r67P,y + r68P2y
+ r69P3y + r70P4y+ r7lP5y + P6y +r72P7y + r72P8y+ i^Pyy r7y = r77P 1 y + r78P2y + r79P3y +
r80P4y+ r8jP5y + r82P6y + P?y+ rs3Psy+ r84P9y r8y = rS8P|y+ r89P2y+ r90P3y+ r9,P4y+
r92P5y+ r93P6y+ r94P7y+ P8y + r95P9y r9y = r99P|y+ I'iqqP2y” " 1" 101P3yr 102P4y ~
r103P5y^"
r104P6y^
rio5P7y+ P9y + 1106^'^
Where,
33
riy= Genotypic correlation coefficient between y and ith character (i= 1, 2,
3 ...... 9)
y = Spike length
Pjy = Path coefficient due to ith character (i = 1, 2, 3 ..................... 9)
1 = Plant height
2 = Number of leaves plant'1
3= Plant spread
4 = Number of side shoot hill"1
5 = Number of flower plant"1
6 =Flower size
7 = Stalk diameter
8 = Vase life
9 = Days to flower
Total genotypic correlation, between 1 and y, i. e. rly was thus partitioned as
follows:
P1y= The direct effect of 1 on y
r12 P1y= The indirect effect of 1 via 2 on y
r13 P3y = The indirect effect of 1 via 3 on y
r 14 P4y = The indirect effect of 1 via 4 on y
r15 P5y = The indirect effect of 1 via 5 on y
r16 P6y= The indirect effect of 1 via 6 on y
r 17 P7y = The indirect effect of 1 via 7 on y
r18P8y= The indirect effect of 1 via 8 on y
r19P9y = The indirect effect of 1 via 9 on y
After calculating the direct and indirect effects of the characters, residual effect
34
(R) was calculated by using the following formula (Singh and Chaudhary, 1985):
P2Ry= 1 - ∑Pjy riy
Where, P2Ry= R2
Pjy = Direct effect of the characters on yield
Rjy = Correlation coefficient of the characters with yield
Therefore,
Residual effect = -p2Ry
35
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter comprises the presentation and discussion of the results obtained
from the experiment. The study was conducted to find out the performance of
gerbera genotypes. The result of plant growth and different characters has been
presented in Tables 2-6 and Plates 3-7 and experimental field view in Plate 1-2.
The analysis of variance revealed significant variations for all the characters
studied suggesting of genetic variation among the genotypes presented in
Appendix III.
Performance of gerbera genotypes variation was observed in respect of flower
type and color (Table 2.). The data presented in Table-3 revealed significant
differences amongst the genotypes for all the vegetative and floral characteristics
studied. Plant height ranged from 20.00-41.30 cm among the genotypes. The
tallest plant (41.30cm) was recorded in GJ-01 followed by GJ-08 (41.00cm)
while GJ-03 and GJ-05 produced the shortest plants (20.00cm).
The character number of leaves ranged from 17.33-41.67. The highest number of
leaves was found in GJ-02 (41.67) followed by GJ-1 1 (37.67) and GJ-13 (36.00).
There were other genotypes such as GJ-08, GJ-10, GJ-07, GJ-14 and GJ-15 also
possessed higher leaves. In contrast, the GJ- 04 (17.33) and GJ-01 (19.00) had the
lowest number of leaves.
The character plant spread ranged from 24.00-40.00 cm. The maximum plant
spread was found in GJ-11 (40.00) followed by GJ-02 (37.67), GJ- 13 (37.67) and
GJ-12 (36.27). There were other genotypes such as GJ-01, GJ-04 and GJ-15 also
possessed more plant spread. The genotypes,
36
Table2. Qualitative traits of gerbera genotypes Genotypes Flower types Flower colour
GJ-01 Spider Pink
GJ-02 Decorative Red
GJ-03 ' Decorative Orange
GJ-04 Single Koreans Deep Orange
GJ-05 Decorative Light yellow
GJ-06 Single Koreans Pinkish Yellow
GJ-07 Double Koreans Lilac
GJ-08 Single Koreans White
GJ-09 Decorative Light pink
GJ-10 Spider Yellowish orange
GJ-11 Decorative Red
GJ-12 Spider Pinkish yellow
GJ-13 Decorative Deep yellow
GJ-14 Decorative Red
GJ-15 Decorative Blood red
37
GJ-03, GJ-06 and GJ-10 had minimum spread. Among these genotypes, GJ-03
(24.00) had the lowest plant spread.
Number of side shoots hill'1 varied from 3.00-8.67 and GJ-11 (8.67) produced the
highest number closely followed by GJ-02 (7.00) and GJ-13 (7.67). The other
genotypes like GJ-01, GJ-04, GJ-08 and GJ-09 also produced considerably higher
number of side shoot hill"1. The lowest number of side shoot hill"1 among the
genotypes was GJ-15 (3.00) and GJ-03 (3.33).
38
Platel. Experimental field view under 50% shade net
Plate2. Part of experimental field view
41
Plate 5:
GJ-09
Flower variability in different gerbera genotypes (GJ-07, GJ-08 and
X
42
GJ-10
GJ-12
Plate 6: Flower variability in different gerbera genotypes (GJ-10, GJ-11 and GJ-12)
GJ-11
GJ-13
43
GJ-15
Plate 7: Flower variability in different gerbera genotypes (GJ-13, GJ-14 and GJ-15)
44
Number of flower plant'1 ranged from 10.00-31.00. The maximum number of
flowers per plant was counted in GJ-11 (31) closely followed by GJ-02 (30) and
GJ-13 (30). This might be due to their higher number of sucker and good
adaptability under field conditions. The minimum number of flower per plant was
counted in GJ-03 (10). The present findings differ with the findings of Nanjan
(1994) where the number of flowers varied from 40-55.
Considering flower size, the range was from 6.30-13.00 cm. Among the
genotypes, GJ-11 (13.00), GJ-13 (12.88) and GJ-02 (12.00) produced significantly
the biggest flower size closely followed by GJ-15 (11.85) and GJ-12 (10.70). The
genotypes, GJ-02, GJ-11 and GJ-13 produced flowers are decorative type (Plate
3-7). On the other hand GJ-01 (6.5) and GJ-07 (6.30) had the lowest flower size.
The highest stalk diameter was observed in GJ-02, GJ-13, GJ-04, and GJ- 11, GJ-
15 (4.2, 4.0, 3.9, 3.8, and 3.8cm respectively), while GJ-05 and GJ-12 produced
the shortest stalk diameter 0.90 cm and 0.8 cm respectively. The difference of
stalk diameter form 0.80- 4.2-cm, which was in agreement with the findings of
Negi et al. (1983) where they found 0.7-4.5 cm stalk diameter among the
different genotypes.
The vase life differed significantly due to different genotypes of gerbera. Among
the genotypes, GJ-02, GJ-11 and GJ-13 exhibited the longest vase life, these were
12.00, 12.00 and 11.93 days respectively and closely similar with GJ-04 (10.17
days) and GJ-15 (10.00 days) at normal room temperature which might be due to
the compactness of the petals. On the contrary, the shortest duration (5.00 days)
was recorded in GJ-06 and GJ- 10 (6 days) which might be due to their loose
arrangement of petals. The present findings more or less agreed with
Bhattacharjee (1981) where he
45
Table 3. Vegetative and floral traits of gerbera genotypes Genotypes Plant
height (cm)
Number of
leaves Plant spread (cm)
Number of
side shoot
hill'1
Number of
flower plant’1
Flower size
(cm2)
Stalk diameter
(cm)
Vase life (days)
Days to
flower Spike length (cm)
GJ-01 41.30a 19.00ef 33.50a-e 6.00cd 14.00de 6.50g 2.83b 7.00de 130.0abc 39.00bcd
GJ-02 25.33fg 41.67a 37.67ab 7.00bc 30.00a 12.00ab 4.20a 12.00a - 115.0cd 45.00a
GJ-03 20.00h 28.00bcde 24.OOf 3.33fg L0.00e 9.00ef 3.10b 9.00bc 119.0bcd 35.00de GJ-04 25.00fg 17.33f 33.67a-e 5.67cde 27.00ab 9.50def 3.90a 10.17b 112.0d 40.00bc GJ-05 20.00h 30.0bcd 29.00c-f 4.00efg 10.Ole 8.00fg 0.90fg 7.00de 124.0a-d 34.00e
GJ-06 29.00ef 28.67bcde 24.08f 4.33d-g 25.00ab 9.20def 1.50de 5.OOf 127.0a-d 39.00bcd GJ-07 32.00de 30.67 bed 26.67ef 4.00efg 15.00cde 6.30g 2.30c 9.00bc 135.Oab 34.00e GJ-08 41.00a 32.67abc 31.00b-f 5.00def 20.00bcd 1 l.00bcd 1.40ef 7.00de 122.0a-d 37.00cde
GJ-09 36.00bc 26.33cdef 28.00def 5.00def 23.00abc L0.00cde 1.50de 7.00de 138.0a 25.00g GJ-10 29.00ef 31.3 bed 25,00f 4.67d-g 25.00ab 8.833ef 2.20c 6.00ef 125.0a-d 29.00f GJ-11 23.00gh 37.67ab 40.00a 8.67a 31.00a 13.00a 3.80a 12.00a 118.0cd 41 .00abc
GJ-12 37.00b 21.67 def 36.27abc 4.33d-g 24.00ab 10.70b-e 0.80g 8.01cd 126.0a-d 37.00cde GJ-13 27.OOf 36.00abc 37.67ab 7.67ab 30.00a 12.88a 4.00a 11.93a 113.3cd 43.00ab GJ-14 33.00cd 30.67 bed 26.00ef 4.00efg 24.00ab 10.70b-e 2.00cd 9.01bc 125.0a-d 34.00e GJ-15 29.00def 28.3 bede 35.00a-d 3-00g 27.00ab 11.85abc 3.80a 10.00b 115 .Ocd 41. 00abc
Level of
significance
** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * **
CV (%) 7.35 18.43 13.36 17.48 20.94 10.35 11.86 10.99 6.92 6.32
* Significant at 5% level ** Significant at 1% level
46
commended that gerbera flower remains in a good condition for 10-15 days.
The performance of gerbera genotypes for initiation of flower differed from 113-
138 days. The genotype GJ-04 was the earliest to flower (112 days) followed by
GJ-13 (113 days), GJ-02 (115 days) and GJ-11 (118 days) while GJ-09 was the
last to flower (138 days). The character spike length varied from 25.00-45.00 cm.
The longest spike was found in GJ-02 (45 cm) followed by GJ-13 (43 cm) and
GJ-11 (41 cm). There were other genotypes such as GJ-01 (36 cm) and GJ-06 (39
cm) also possessed longer spike. In contrast, the genotype GJ-09 had the shortest
spike (25 cm).
47
Variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield (spike length)
and contributing characters
The results of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation, heritability and
genetic advance for yield contributing characters are presented in Table 4.
From the results, it was observed that the phenotypic coefficient of variation was
generally higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation for all the characters,
but some cases the two values differed slightly. Among the different characters,
number of side shoot hill'1, number of flower plant'1 and'stalk diameter possessed
more than 30% variation at phenotypic level. At genotypic level, number of side
shoot hill'1, number of flower plant'1 and stalk diameter displayed more then 29%
variations and maximum variation (46.29%) was found for stalk diameter. Low
genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variations were found in days to flower.
It was observed that the phenotypic and genotypic coefficients variation for days
to flower was lower than the other characters. It might be contributed by
environment. The difference between phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of
variation were minimum for plant height, stalk diameter and vase life which
indicated that variations for these characters were primarily due to genetic effects.
The phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variations were found wide range
for number of leaves, number of flower plant'1 and days to flower. The highest
genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation for stalk diameter were 46.29
and 47.86 respectively. On the contrary, the lowest was for days to flower 4.85
and 8.45 such variations might be due to difference of genetic materials used and
also the differences of environments where the experiments were carried out.
Variation was observed in respect of stalk diameter, vase life, number of flower
plant'1, number of leaves plants'1 and flower size were highly heritable characters
among the gerbera genotypes. Mahanta et al. (1998) found plant height, vase life
and flower exhibited greater genetic variability and high heritability coupled with
48
high genetic advance. Their results support the findings of the present
experiment. It was found that the highest heritability for stalk diameter (93.94)
and the lowest was for days to flower (32.96). It might be due to differences in
genetic background of the genotypes and the growing environment.
The genetic advance were also studied for the characters and it was observed that
number of leaves plant'1, number of side shoot hill'1, plant height, number of
flower plant'1, stalk diameter and vase life displayed high genetic advance.
Among these stalk diameter, vase life as plant height had also high heritability
estimates and number of flower plant'1 had moderate heritability. High estimates
of genetic advance associated with high heritability for stalk diameter, vase life,
number of flower plant and number of leaves, suggested that these characters
could be of worthy of selection. Mahanta et al. (1998) observed plant height, vase
life, and flower size exhibited greater genetic variability and high heritability
coupled with high genetic advance which are in the agreement of the highest
genetic advance for stalk diameter (92.61) and the lowest for days to flower
(5.74).
High genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation was also observed for
number of flower plant'1, stalk diameter and vase life. High genotypic and
phenotypic coefficients of variation as well as moderate to high heritability with
high genetic advance for number of flower plant-1, stalk diameter, and vase life
indicated that selection of gerbera genotypes
49
based on these characters would be effective. On the other hand, flower size
(30.29) had moderate and days to flower (5.74) possessed low genetic advance.
Among these characters days to flower was poorly heritable (32.96) and flower
size was highly heritable (78.73). The low genetic advance for days to flower was
mainly due to its low estimates of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of
variation coupled with poor to medium heritability. Therefore, selection of
gerbera genotypes should not be effective based on this character.
Study of variability in gerbera genotypes indicated that the traits number of flower
plant stalk diameter, vase life and number of leaves were suitable for selection as
these traits possessed moderate to high variations, medium to high heritability
with high genetic advance. There fore, these characters may be of merit in
selecting for good performance genotypes.
50
Table4. Phenotypic and genotypic co-efficients of variation, heritability and genetic advance for different
characters in gerbera genotypes
Characters Genotypic co-
efficients of
variation
Phenotypic co-
efficient of
variation
Heritability (%)
Genetic advance
(% of mean)
Plant height (cm) 22.52 23.69 90.37 44.10
No. of leaves 19.77 27.03 53.48 29.78
Plant spread (cm) 15.67 20.63 57.99 24.65
No. of side shoot hill' 29.93 34.63 74.58 53.21
No. of flower plant‘1 29.01 35.77 65.71 48.43
Flower size (cm) 19.87 22.38 78.73 36.29
Stalk diameter (cm) 46.29 47.86 93.94 92.61
Vase life (day) 25.01 27.20 83.66 46.88
Days to flower 4.85 8.45 32.96 5.74
Spike length 13.81 15.19 82.66 25.86
51
Relationships between different characters
The relationships between different characters of gerbera genotypes were studied
through genotypic and phenotypic correlations and also path coefficient analysis.
The genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients between yield and
different yield attributes are presented in Table 5. In general, it was observed that
the magnitude of genotypic correlations was higher than that of phenotypic
correlations, indicating a fairly strong inherent relationship among the characters.
In many cases, the differences between genotypic and phenotypic correlations
were high, signifying the importance of environmental effects in estimating these
parameters.
It appeared from the results that, spike length was positively correlated with
number of leaves plant' , plant spread, number of side shoot hill"1, number of
flower plant-1 stalk diameter and vase life both at genotypic and phenotypic
levels. Among them, plant spread, stalk diameter and vase life positively high
significant with spike length. Misra et al. (1997) reported spike length was
significantly and positively associated with plant spread, vase life and, stalk
diameter in gladiolus.
The genotypic correlations of days to flower with spike length were negative but
its corresponding phenotypic correlations were positive. So, it was indicated that
this was due to the influence of environmental correlations among these traits for
getting positive phenotypic correlations.
It was observed that plant spread had the highest positive significant with spike
length in both genotypic and phenotypic number of flower plant'1 was positively
and significantly associated with flower size. Plant spread had a significant
positive correlation with number of side shoot hill"1 and number of flower plant-1
with flower size. So, plant spread would increase by the increasing of side shoot
hill-1.
52
Therefore, study of correlations among different characters suggested that number
of flower plant'1, stalk diameter, vase life and flower size were the most important
traits, which possessed significant positive association with spike length. So,
selection should be made for gerbera genotypes having long vase life, stalk
diameter, number of flower plant'1 and flower size.
53
Table 5. Genotypic and Phenotypic correlation coefficient among different characters of gerbera genotypes Characters No. of leaves
plant"1
Plant spread (cm)
No. of side
shoot hill No. of flower
plant'1
Flower size
(cm) Stalk diameter (cm)
Vase life (day)
Days to
flower
S 1 (
pike ength cm)
Plant height (cm) rg
rP
-0.39
-0.281
0.013
-0.014
-0.12
-0.052
-0.22
-0.041
-0.186
-0.165
-0.422*
-0.408*
-0.43*
-0.383*
0.732**
0.630
-0.241
-0.233
No. of leaves plant'1 rg
rP
0.172
0.213
0.471**
0.330
0.409*
0.072
0.623**
0.987**
0.334
0.189 0.507** '
0.078
-0.301
-0.221
0.271
0.231
Plant spread (cm) rg
rP
0.803**
0.567**
0.673**
0.404*
0.728**
0.462*
0.584**
0.446*
0.812**
0.557**
-0.735**
-0.355
0.760**
0.596**
No. of side shoot hill '* rg
rP
0.640**
0.431*
0.546**
0.373*
0.534**
0.492**
0.614**
0.485**
-0.461**
-0.218
0.501**
0.435*
No. of flower plant'1 rg
rP
0.866**
0.643**
0.527**
0.359
0.537**
0.402*
-0.743**
-0.185
0.469**
0.325
Flower size (cm) rg
rP
0.433*
0.361*
0.663**
0.529**
-0.831**
-0.429*
0.493**
0.385*
Stalk diameter (cm) rg
rP
0.834**
0.739**
-0.902**
-0.502**
0.663**
0.591**
Vase life (days) rg
rP
-0.919**
0.403*
0.679**
0.524**
Days to flower ra
rp
-0.987**
0.523**
* and ** Significant at 5% and 1% levels respectively; rg and»'P indicate genotypic and phenotypic correlation respective
54
The path coefficient analysis was performed using genotypic correlations to
determine direct and indirect influences of different yield contributing attributes
to spike length. Spike length being the complex of different characters was
considered as the resultant variable and plant height, number of leaves plant'1
plant spread, number of side shoot hill'1, number of flower plant'1, flower size,
stalk diameter, vase life and days to flower as causal variables. Estimates of direct
and indirect effect of nine yield contributing characters are shown in Table 6.
From this analysis, it was observed that plant spread had maximum direct positive
effect on spike length. The genotypic correlation of plant spread with spike length
was also high. Such high correlation with spike length was mainly due to the high
positive direct effect of plant spread and considerable positive indirect effects via
number of leaves plant'1, flower size, stalk diameter and days to flower. The other
traits like flower size, number of side shoot hill'1 and stalk diameter had also high
positive direct effects on spike length. These direct effects were the principal
components of their relationships with spike length. Anuradha and Gowda (2000)
studied on gerbera that the greatest positive direct effect was leaves plant'1 on
flower yield. So, the present experiment is dissimilar with the finding. Mahanta et
al. (1998) reported that the leaf area, girth of stalk, days to flower and bud
opening had high direct effects. So, this finding partially support the current
results.
Plant height had positive direct effect but its correlation with spike length was
negative. Such negative correlations might be due to the negative indirect effects
of plant height via number of leaves plant'1, number of side shoot hill'1 possessed
high positive direct effect on spike length. The genotypic correlation between
number of side shoot hill'1 and spike
55
length was also high. Such high correlation with spike length was mainly
due to the high positive direct effect on number of side shoot hill'1. Similarly,
vase life had also positive direct effect on spike length. The positive correlation
between number of side shoot hill'1 and spike length was mainly such positive direct
effect. Days to flower had negligible negative direct effect on spike length. It also
expressed negative genotypic correlation with spike length which was mainly through
the negative direct effect as well as negative indirect effects via leaves plant'1, number
of side shoot hill'1 and flower size.
56
Table 6. Path co-efficients of different yield contributing characters on spike length (yield) of gerbera genotypes
Characters Plant height (cm)
No. of
leaves
plant'1
Plant spread (cm)
No. of side
shoot hill ■‘ No. of
flower
plant*1
Flower size (cm)
Stalk
diamet er
(cm)
Vase life (days)
Days to flower
Total correlation on
spike length (yield)
Plant height (cm) 0.06 -0.02 -0.008 -0.15 0.04 0.07 0.4 0.004 0.001 0.3<
)1
No. of leaves plant'1 0.02 0.08 0.38 0.12 0.74 0.11 0.26 0.006 -0.008 1.708
Plant spread (cm) -.006 0.30 0.84 -0.33 -0.36 0.08 0.25 -0.003 0.0010 0.507
No. of side shoot hill '* 0.014 -0.01 0.40 -0.74 -0.36 0.09 0.37 0.006 0.007 -0.223
No. of flower plant'1 -0.003 0.08 0.44 -0.35 0.70 -0.08 0.24 -0.002 -0.003 1.217
Flower size (cm) 0.02 0.04 0.32 -0.29 0.26 0.23 -0.35 0.004 -0.004 0.2 3
Stalk diameter (cm) 0.04 0:03 0.32 -0.39 -0.26 -0.12 0.69 0.005 0.008 0.3:
23
Vase life (day) -0.002 0.05 -0.34 -0.55 0.16 0.09 0.41 0.009 0.75 0.577
Days to flower 0.005 -0.03 0.07 -0.26 0.13 -.05 0.3 0.34 -0.02 0.485
Bold figures indicate direct effect Residual effect = 0.32
Flower size had moderate direct effect with spike length. The positive correlation
with spike length was mainly due to positive direct effect accompanied by
positive indirect effects via plant height, number of leaves plant"1, plant spread,
number of flower plant'1 and vase life.
Therefore, path analysis revealed that plant spread, number of side shoot hill'1,
flower size and stalk diameter were related to spike length of gerbera genotypes
mainly through their direct effects. So, selection criteria including these
characters will give better response to the improvement of yield status of gerbera
genotypes.
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY
At experiment was carried out at the Floriculture Division, Horticulture Research
center of the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur
during the period from September 2004 to March 2005. The study was
undertaken with a view to evaluating the performances of 15 gerbera genotypes.
Study of the variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and its different
yield components characters and their interrelationship was made. The characters
as plant height, number of leaves plant‘1, plant spread, number of side shoot hill-1,
number of flower plant-1, flower size, stalk diameter, days to flower, spike length
and vase life.
The single factor experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design
(RCBD) with three replications. The size of the unit plot was 3m x 1.5m. Suckers
were planted on 2 September 2004 at a spacing of 30cm x 30cm. Form each plot
ten plants were randomly selected and marked for the collection of data. Data
were taken for number of leaves plant'1, plant spread, number of side shoot hill'1,
number of flower plant'1 flower size, stalk diameter, vase life, days to flower and
spike length. All collected data were statistically analyzed and the means were
evaluated by Duncan‘s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
It was indicated by the mean performance that different genotypes were superior
for different characters. The maximum plant height (41.30 cm) was recorded in
GJ-01. GJ-03 and GJ-05 were recorded as the shortest plant (20.00 cm).
59
The highest numbers of leaves were found in GJ-02 (41.67). The genotype GJ-04
possessed the lowest number of leaves plant'1 (17.23).
The maximum plant spread was observed in genotype GJ-11 (40.00), whereas the
lowest plant spread was recorded in genotype GJ-03 (24.00). Plant spread was
significantly influenced the spike length.
Number of side shoot hill'1 significantly influenced the spike length. The
maximum number of side shoot hill' was recorded in GJ-11 (8.66) whereas the
lowest number of side shoot hill'1 among the 15 genotypes was GJ-15 (3.00).
The result showed that the effect of number of flower plant'1 on spike length was
statistically increased. The maximum number of flower plant'1 was counted in
genotype GJ-11 (31.00) and the lowest was in genotype GJ-03 (10.00).
It was recorded that the biggest flower size of the genotype was GJ-11 (13.00
cm2), On the other hand, GJ-01 (6.5 cm2) and GJ-07 (6.3 cm2) had the lowest
flower size. Flower size significantly influenced the spike length (yield). The
highest stalk diameter was recorded in genotype GJ-2 (40.20 cm) and the shortest
stalk diameter was in genotype GJ-12 (0.8 cm).
The vase life differed significantly due to different genotypes of gerbera. Among
the genotypes GJ-02 (12.00 days) and GJ-11 (12.00 days) exhibited the longest
vase life and the shortest duration of vase life was observed in genotype GJ-05
(5.00 days).
The performance of gerbera genotypes for flower initiation significantly varied
for different genotypes. The genotype GJ-04 was the earliest to flower (112 days)
while GJ-09 was the last to flower (138 days). The longest spike was found in GJ-
02 (45.00cm). In contrast, the genotype GJ-09 had the shortest spike length
(25.00cm).
From the results, it was seen that high genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of
variation were found for number of side shoot hill'1, number of flower plant'1 and
stalk diameter. Low genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were
observed for days to flower.
Among the gerbera genotypes, it was observed that plant height, (90.37%),
number of side shoot hill'1 (74.58%), stalk diameter (93.94%), vase life (83.66%)
and spike length (82.66%) were highly heritable characters. Number of leaves
plant'1, plant spread and number of flower plant'1 had medium heritability
whereas days to flower had the lowest heritability (32.96%). Estimates of genetic
advance in percent of mean showed that plant height, number of side shoot hill'1,
number of flower plant'1, stalk diameter and vase life displayed high genetic
advance, days to flower showed the lowest genetic advance (5.74%).
It was observed that the magnitude of genotypic correlations was higher than that
of phenotypic correlations. Spike length was positively and significantly
correlated with plant spread, number of side shoot hill'1, number of flower plant'1,
flower size, stalk diameter and vase life. Among these positive correlations, plant
spread had the highest correlation with spike length both genotypic and
phenotypic level. Correlation at component level indicated that number of side
shoot hill1 was positively and significantly correlated with number of flower
plant'1 as well as spike length. Stalk diameter had positive and significant
correlations with vase life and spike length. Flower size had positive and
significant correlations with stalk diameter, vase life and spike length.
61
From path coefficient analysis, it was found that plant spread had maximum
positive direct effect on spike length. Number of side shoot hill -1 possessed high
positive direct effect on spike length. The genotypic correlation between number
of side shoot hill'1 and spike length was also high. Flower size and stalk diameter
had moderate to high direct effect. Vase life, plant height had low positive direct
effects on spike length. Days to flower had negligible negative direct effect on
spike length. Its genotypic correlation with spike length was negative which was
through negative indirect effects via number of leaves plant1, number of side
shoot hill' and flower size.
CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
The following conclusion have been made on the basis of findings of the present
investigation:
• Fifteen gerbera genotypes have shown wide range of variabilities among
them for different component characters. The genotypes GJ-02, GJ-11 and GJ-13
performed better.
• The findings as a whole showed that performance of gerbera genotypes
help to select better genotypes for cultivation in Bangladesh condition.
Recommendations
• Among the fifteen (15) genotypes, GJ-02, GJ-11 and GJ-13 were
superior for their better vegetative and floral characters than other genotypes that
may be selected for commercial production.
1. Further studies may be carried out for selecting better gerbera
genotypes for production, in different regions of Bangladesh.
* f' ~
tr- 3? ‘
REFERENCES
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longevity. Acta Hort., 261: 63-68.
Amariutei, A. C., Alexe, Burzo, I., Fjeld, T. (ed.) and Stromme, E. 1995.
Physiological and biochemical changes of cut gerbera inflorescences during
vase life. Sixth international symposium on postharvest physiology of
omam. plants, Oslo, Norway, 17-22 June. Acta Hort., 405.pp. 372-380.
Anonymous. 1995. Agro-climatological data. Agromet Division, Bangladesh
Metrological Department, Joydebpur, Gazipur. pp. 35- 65.
Anuradha, S. and Gowda, J. V. N. 2000. Association of cutflower yield with
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CHAPTER VII
APPENDICE
S
Appendix I: Analytical data of soil sample of the experimental field Soil variable Content
pH 6.4
Total N (%) 0.83
OM (%) 0.91
Ca (meq/l00g) 5.2
Mg (meq/l0g) 2.0
K (meq/l00g) 0.15
P (ppm) 11
S (ppm) 14
B (ppm) 0.29
Cu (ppm) 4
Mn (ppm) 14
Zn (ppm) 1
2.0
Source : Soil Science Division, BARI Joydebpur, Gazipur
Appendix II: Monthly average temperature, relative humidity and total rain fa! of the experimental
site during the period from September 2004 to March 2005
Air Temperature (°C) Relative Humidity (%) Rainfall
(mm)
Year Month Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum
September 29.55 24.55 90.65 78.35 562.20
2004 October 30.99 22.60 93.42 71.48 171.12
November 29.55 16.63 94.50 61.43 -
December 27.05 14.31 94.39 62.03 -
January • 12.33 24.04 92.26 66.84 -
2005 February 16.28 29.10 88.75 57.64 1.12
March 20.70 31.92 91.26 61.39 144.15
Source : Meterological Department, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur.
Appendix III. Mean square values of analysis variance of the data of vegetative and floral traits of gerbera genotypes
Source of
variation
Degree
of freedom (df)
Mean square values
Plant
height (cm)
Number of
leaves plant'1
Plant spread (cm)
Number of
side shoot
hill'1
Number of
flower plant'1
Flower size
(cm2)
Stalk
diameter (cm)
Vase life
(day) Days to
flower Spike length (cm)
Replication 2 78.254 4.467 10.088 0.156 108.970 27.342 0.054 0.70 47.272 139.31
7
Genotypes 14 140.163** 130.048** 89.182** 7.841** 147.679** 12.829** 4.276** 14.862** 179.232* 83.086
**
Error 28 4.814 29.229 17.343 0.798 21.878 1.063 0.091 0.908 72.422 5.429
* Significant at 5% level of probability ** Significant at 1% level of probability
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