Paul Sellin Detector Research at the University of Surrey Dr Paul Sellin Centre for Nuclear and Radiation Physics Department of Physics University of Surrey,
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Paul Sellin
Detector Research at the University of Surrey
Dr Paul Sellin
Centre for Nuclear and Radiation PhysicsDepartment of Physics
University of Surrey, Guildford
Paul Sellin
CdTe/CdZnTe are the most mature high-Z bulk materials for X-ray and gamma ray detectors:X-ray photon detection efficiency
Photon energy (keV)50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Det
ectio
n E
ffici
ency
(%
)
1
10
100
SiGaAsCdTeHgI2TlBr
Calculated for 500m thick material
High-Z materials for room temperature gamma ray detectors
single crystal HgI2
CdTe and CdZnTe offer good spectroscopic performance for X-rays and gammasFor higher photon energies very high-Z materials such as mercuiric iodide (HgI2) are actively being developed
www.realtimeradiography.com
Paul Sellin
Cadmium Zinc Telluride for X-ray/gamma spectroscopy
CdZnTe material quality has improved recently, with various new suppliers in the US/Canada, Europe and Japan:
wafers of large single-crystal areas are available, with excellent charge transport High resistivity =3x1011cm, and e=1.8x10-2 cm2/V
4x4 pixellated devices have shown very good resolution 1.35% FWHM at 662 keV
Paul Sellin
‘Hexitec’ Basic Technology project
Surrey is one of the major members of the recent Hexitec Basic Technology project – a £3M 4 year project
Project aim – development of CdZnTe pixel detectors for X-ray imaging
Manchester – detector applications Durham – CdZnTe material growth Surrey – Material and detector characterisation and prototyping CCLRC RAL – Pixel detector fabrication
Paul Sellin
Synthetic diamond for detector applications
Single-crystal natural diamonds have been studied in the past for detector applications – excellent electronic properties are seen in a tiny number of gem stones.
P. Bergonzo et al, Dia Rel Mat 10 (2001) 631-638
Paul Sellin
Single-crystal CVD diamond detectors
Specialist applications of diamond detectors: as tissue-equivalent rad-hard detectors, eg megavoltage therapy
beams, neutrons detectors for very high temperature, high radiation environments
True single-crystal material removes charge trapping associated with grain boundaries: 100% CCE demonstrated from alpha particles Extreme radiation hardness High mobility very fast signals (~10ps timing resolution)
silicon detector diamond detector
Ref: M. Pomorski et al, phys stat sol a 203 (2006) 3152-3160
Paul Sellin
Semiconducting polymer – a new radiation detector material?
Various candidate semiconducting polymers are of interest for radiation detection applications, eg:
Poly-acetylene PPV (poly-phenylene-vinylene)
These materials have the following properties: A ‘band gap’ energy low enough to give semiconducting properties
(eg. ~1.5 eV) High resistivity combined with reasonable charge transport:
Electron and hole mobilities are low Carrier concentrations are low (<1014cm-3) good depletion
thickness Sufficient radiation hardness
Potential Benefits: large area, low cost sensor technology fabrication onto flexible, complex geometry, substrates tissue equivalent for dosimetry applications
Paul Sellin
X-ray response from the PFO detector
X-ray response photocurrent was measured from the PFO device for dose rates up to 18.5 mGy/s
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
Applied Vo ltage (V)
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
Ph
oto
curr
ent
(nA
)
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
No Dose0.99 mGy/s1.92 mGy/s3.79 mGy/s7.52 mGy/s13.16 mGy/s18.5 mGy/s
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
Photocurrent vs bias voltage shows an approximately linear increaseDark current is ~0.8 nA @ -50V
Photocurrent vs dose rate gives the detector sensitivity. For a 10m thick device:~0.06 nC/mGy @ -10V~0.24 nC/mGy @ -50V
0 4 8 12 16 20X-ray Dose (mGy/s)
0
1
2
3
4
Co
rre
cte
d P
ho
toc
urr
en
t (n
A)
-50V
-10V
X-ray Dose Rate (mGy/s)
Paul Sellin
Other plastic dosimetry materials
Various organic and plastic bulk materials have been investigated since Fowler’s work in the 1950’s
Early measurements investigated X-ray induced photocurrents, and showed long time transients
Recent data at Surrey on newer material have studied dosimetry response of thick (~mm) plastic layers to 50 kV X-rays: signal-background ratio of ~500x ‘fast’ X-ray response of <100 ms
Paul Sellin
New MSc course in Radiation Detection and Instrumentation
A new MSc programme for September 2008 – exploring the operation, characterisation and development of radiation detectors and instrumentation
Application areas will include medical physics, dosimetry, particle physics, synchrotrons, space science and homeland security
Core programme modules: Radiation Physics and Laboratories Radiation Measurement Detector Instrumentation Interfacing and Signal Processing Imaging and Remote Sensing
Applications modules: Particle Physics Detector Technology Astronomy Detector Technology Radiation Protection Medical applications of Ionising Radiation
www.ph.surrey.ac.uk/msc/rdi
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