Parts Of Speech And Sentence Structure Notes

Parts of Speech and Sentence Structure Notes

Parts of Speech Definitions

Nouns- name persons, places, or things; may performing different ways such as sentence subjects, verbals, objects,and so on; may be proper or common

Proper: Names (Atlanta, GA; Microsoft)Common: chair, table, she, girl, it

Pronouns

Substitutes for nouns, so they also name persons, places, and/or things (he, she, it, they, we, etc.

*Be careful– THEIR is a pronoun. There is not– it’s directional; They’re is not either, it’s a contraction for “they are.”

Verbs

Tell what the person, place or thing is doing in a sentence; may be action or non action (passive) in nature.

Active- run, jump, play, squeeze, give, assign

Passive includes state of being verbs such as am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had, be, been, etc.

Adjectives

Define or modify the meaning of a noun or prounoun; they tell what kind (brown eyes), which one, (that girl), or how many (dozen donuts)

Adverbs

Define or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs; they tell how (walked slowly), where (walked there), when (walked then), and to what extent (walked far). Adverbs often end in the suffix –ly (hurriedly, anxiously, eagerly, absolutely)

Prepositions

Related a noun or pronoun to some other word in a sentence; they also introduce phrases, and they may be singular or compound (of, under, over, on, to).

*Be careful- to is directional therefore it is a pronoun. Too is to an extent—not a pronoun. Two is a number therefore it can be a noun or an adjective.

Conjunctions

These are “connectors” or words that join one part of a sentence to another; these include coordinating conjunctions (fanboys), correlative conjunctions (either, or) and subordinating conjunctions (although, since, because)

Interjections

Express powerful emotions such as hate, disgust, happiness, grief, surprise, an thus are followed by an exclamation mark (Ugh!, Hurry!, Look Out!)

Helping Verbs

The following are helping verbs and can not be forgotten as the WHOLE VERB.

Am, are, can, could, do, does, did, has, have, had, be, been, being, is, may, might, must, shall, should, was, were, will, would10

State of being verbs

The following are “state of being” verbs and can stand alone as the verb itself.

Am, are, is, was, were, have, has, had, be, being, been

Example: The dog was in the house.

Sentence formula Key

S= subject(nouns/pronouns)

V= verb (action)I= independent clause (simple sentence)c= coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)D= dependent clause (phrase that can

not stand alone)

Simple Sentence

A sentence that has one independent clause.

Independent clause: a group of words that makes a statement and has a subject and a predicate

Subject: noun that the subject is aboutPredicate: shows the action or state of

being of the subject of the sentence

Simple sentence formulas

SV SSV

SVV

SSVV

The duck swam. Tom and Susan fight

a lot. Books are heavy and

cost quite a bit. Walls and windows

protect and give us structure.

Helping verbs

Am, are, can, could, do, does, did, has, have, had, be, being, been, is, may, might, shall, should, was, were, will, would

Review Assessment- What is the formula?

James is in his bedroom sleeping.Cut it out and paste it onto your paper.The colorful birds and the horses were put

away during the storm.Help me with my work.I need the camera and the zoom lens.Caroline and Cynthia made the basketball

team.

Check your answers!

James is in his bedroom sleeping. (sv)Cut it out and paste it onto your paper.

(svv)The colorful birds and the horses were put

away during the storm. (ssv)Help me with my work. (sv)I need the camera and the zoom lens.(sv)Caroline and Cynthia made the basketball

team. (ssv)

Independent practice

Please write a sentence for each of the formulas on your green sheet of paper.

Remember to keep the sentences simple.

Compound Sentence

Has two or more independent clauses.Coordinating conjunction: a word that is

used with a comma to join two independent clauses

Compound sentence formulas – I,cI and I;I

Coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS)

,for,and,nor,but,or,yet,so

Examples

I,cI: The students finished class, and they went

to lunch.Kevin did not want to hurt Kathy’s feelings,

so he said nothing about her mistake.I want to see my sister soon, for she has

been in Switzerland for two years

Examples, cont’d.

I;ISusan loves to swim; her brother likes to

dive.Jason was highly respected; he was

always such a responsible person.The meeting was over; it was already

midnight.

Review Assessment-What is the formula?

The artist was at the fair, but she did not bring her work to be sold.

The storm was near, yet we didn’t get any rain.

Please figure out what you’re ordering; the waiter is on his way over.

I’d like you to move, so please choose another seat.

Review Assessment Cont’d

The book is on the shelf; please get it for me.

I don’t want to go swimming, nor do I want to ride on the boat.

The campus is closed; you’ll have to get your binder tomorrow.

The Olympic hopefuls were practicing, for they wanted to be chosen to represent the United States.

Check your answers!

The artist was at the fair, but she did not bring her work to be sold.(I,cI)

The storm was near, yet we didn’t get any rain. (I,cI)

Please figure out what you’re ordering; the waiter is on his way over. (I;I)

I’d like you to move, so please choose another seat. (I,cI)

Check your answers!

The book is on the shelf; please get it for me. (I;I)

I don’t want to go swimming, nor do I want to ride on the boat. (I,cI)

The campus is closed; you’ll have to get your binder tomorrow. (I;I)

The Olympic hopefuls were practicing, for they wanted to be chosen to represent the United States. (I,cI)

Independent Practice

Please write a sentence for each of the formulas.

Complex Sentence

Has one dependent clause and one or more independent clauses as well as a subordinating conjunction

Dependent clause: is a group of words with a subject and a verb that can not stand alone.

Subordinating conjunctions: are words that show the relationship of the dependent clause to the independent clause.

List of Subordinating Conjunctions

After, although, as, as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, because, before, even if, even though, if, in order that, just as, like, once, provided, rather than

So that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, while

Choose your favorite five to memorize; highlight them in your notes!

Complex Sentence Formulas

D, IID

Complex Sentence Examples

D,IWhen I get to Phoenix, you will be

sleeping.After the players practiced, they went out

for pizza.Until the storm is over, we will not know

about the damage.

Complex Sentence Examples Cont’d

IDYou will be sleeping when I get to

Phoenix.The players went out for a pizza after they

practiced.We will not know about the damage until

the storm is over.

Review Assessment-What is the formula?

Provided you have done all of your work, you may use the computers for personal use.

You are looking at me as though you think I’m guilty.

Unless you comply with the laws of the road, you may possibly get a ticket.

Camping can be fun if you are prepared.

Review Assessment-What is the formula?

Since I’ve begun to clean the pool, there’s no way you can go swimming.

I’d like to go shopping whenever I get my refund check.

You may go to your friend’s house as long as there are parents home.

Even though you are talented, there’s no way you can win the competition.

Check your answers!

Provided you have done all of your work, you may use the computers for personal use. (D,I)

You are looking at me as though you think I’m guilty. (ID)

Unless you comply with the laws of the road, you may possibly get a ticket. (D,I)

Camping can be fun if you are prepared.(ID)

Check your answers, cont’d.

Since I’ve begun to clean the pool, there’s no way you can go swimming. (D,I)

I’d like to go shopping whenever I get my refund check. (ID)

You may go to your friend’s house as long as there are parents home. (ID)

Even though you are talented, there’s no way you can win the competition. (D,I)

Independent Practice

Please write a sentence for each formula.

Compound-Complex Sentences

Have two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

You are combining the idea of the compound sentence and adding a dependent clause to the sentence at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end.

Break the sentence out into parts; there should be three total.

Compound-Complex Formulas

D,I,cID,I;IID,cIID;II,cIDI;ID

Compound-Complex Sentence Examples

D,I,cI: When you are ready, I will call the store, and we can talk to Reed.

D,I;I: Before the trick-or-treaters came, Jill made candied apples; they were delicious.

ID,cI: Jean had a headache after the party was over, so Paul cleaned up the house.

ID;I: Jennifer calls Chris whenever she feels sad; he cheers her up.

Compound-Complex Examples, cont’d.

I,cID: Jean had a headache, so Paul cleaned up the house after the party was over.

I;ID: The move was entertaining; there were many special effects because it was directed by George Lucas.

Review Assessment-What is the formula?

Even if you were to sell your car, there’s no way you’ll be able to afford the house; it’s just too expensive.

Just as you were leaving the house, Susan called, and she said to pick her up at noon.

Stop at the store, and pick up bread because I used the last of it.

Review Assessment-What is the formula?

If you are afraid, you shouldn’t go on the roller coaster, but you meet up with us when we exit the ride.

I’d like to see your work because it’s always neat, and I would like to used it as an example of a quality assignment.

We went on the boat; it began to rain just as we started back to the dock.

Review Assessment-What is the formula?

While we were at the doctor’s office, I saw James; he broke his leg last week.

I need to talk to you;I’ll have to do it whenever I return from my meeting.

Provided you are unhappy, I’d like to help; would you like to see the guidance counselor?

Check your answers!

Even if you were to sell your car, there’s no way you’ll be able to afford the house; it’s just too expensive.(D,I;I)

Just as you were leaving the house, Susan called, and she said to pick her up at noon.(D,I,cI)

Stop at the store, and pick up bread because I used the last of it. (I,cID)

Check your answers, cont’d!

If you are afraid, you shouldn’t go on the roller coaster, but you meet up with us when we exit the ride.(D,I,cI)

I’d like to see your work because it’s always neat, and I would like to used it as an example of a quality assignment.(ID,cI)

We went on the boat; it began to rain just as we started back to the dock.(I;ID0

Check your answers, cont’d!

While we were at the doctor’s office, I saw James; he broke his leg last week. (D,I;I)

I need to talk to you; I’ll have to do it whenever I return from my meeting. (I;ID)

Provided you are unhappy, I’d like to help; would you like to see the guidance counselor?(D,I;I)

Independent practice

Please write a sentence for each of the formulas.

Independent Practice

Write a paragraph beginning with a simple sentence, add a compound sentence, then a complex sentence, and last a compound-complex sentence.

The topic is explain what you did during summer break.

Use your highligters– highlight the simple sentence in pink, the compound sentence in green, the complex sentence in blue, and the compound-complex sentence in yellow.