Particulate matter (PM) emission form Small Combustion ...
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Silesian University of Technology Department of Chemical and Processing Apparatus Construction
Particulate matter (PM) emission form Small Combustion Installations (SCIs) – the secondary abatement measures
Dr inż. Robert Kubica
Brussels, 27th of June2013
Dust emission
Natural TSP surces (volacanos, deserts, roads, soil etc.. (low abatement potential)
Anthropogenic TSP sources:
• termo-chemical conversion of fuels,
– over 75% of Nox and SO2, about 70% of CO, over 75% of dust and over 90% of CO2
• mining and transportation of crude materials,
• the processes of chemical, petroleum, metallurgical and cement industries,
• storage of crude materials and by-products,
• transportation.
Particulate matter emissions from small combustion installations
Brussels, 27th of June2013
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
SO2 NOx PM10
Shar
e in
to
tal E
uro
pe
an e
mis
sio
ns,
%
LCP
Industial SCIs
Non-Industial SCIs
• Recognised, significant share of SCIs in the total emissions
Particulate matter emissions from small combustion installations
Dust emission
Source: KCIE Pye S., Jones G., Stewart R., Woodfield M., Kubica K., Kubica R., Pacyna J.; “Costs and environmental effectiveness of options for reducing mercury
emissions..”; AEAT/ED48706/Final report v2, January 2006
Fig.1.
Brussels, 27th of June2013
• Recognised, significant share of solid fuels in the total emissions
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
2000 2010 2020
gaz
płynne
węgiel
biomasa
PM
10, M
g/a
Particulate matter emissions from small combustion installations
Dust emission
Source: KCIE Pye S., Jones G., Stewart R., Woodfield M., Kubica K., Kubica R., Pacyna J.; “Costs and environmental effectiveness of options for reducing mercury
emissions..”; AEAT/ED48706/Final report v2, January 2006
Fig.2.
Gas
Liquid
Coal
Biomass
Brussels, 27th of June2013
• Residential sector is a key field
• Stricter air quality requirements, lower allowable emisssions for SCIs used by residential sector
Particulate matter emissions from small combustion installations
Dust emission
Brussels, 27th of June2013
11%
46%11%
6%
6%
7%3% 4% 5% 1%
procesy spalania w sektorze produkcji i transformacji energiisektor bytowo-komunalnyspalanie paliw w przemyśleprocesy produkcyjnewydobycie i dystrybucja paliw kopalnychtransport drogowyinne źródła mobilneodpadyrolnictwoinne
Cobustion in energy sector
Combustion in domestic sector
Combustion in the industry
Production
Mining and distribution of fossil fuels
Road transportation
Other mobile sources
Wastes
Agriculture
OtherFig.3.
Source: KCIE Pye S., Jones G., Stewart R., Woodfield M., Kubica K., Kubica R., Pacyna J.; “Costs and environmental effectiveness of options for reducing mercury
emissions..”; AEAT/ED48706/Final report v2, January 2006
Particulate matter emissions from small combustion installations
Brussels, 27th of June2013
Drivers and pressures
„A right to breathe a clean air”
Particulate matter emissions from small combustion installations
Emission abatement measures
Environmental performance
Combustion technique Best practice Abatement option
Partial load
Maintenance
Process control
Catalyst afterburners
Fabric filters
High efficient cyclones*
Fuel quality Air distribution/staging Electrostatic precipitators
Fig.4.
Brussels, 27th of June2013
• How to tackle/solve the problem of PM emission
Centrifugal deduster with baffles for coal boilers of 200 kW nomnal power
output
Emission abatement measures – a prototype centrifugal deduster
Rys.5.
Particulate matter emissions from small combustion installations
Rys.6.
Laboratory scale research carried out for 25kW
boiler
Overall efficiency h ~ 50%
Dust conc. At the outlet ~ 50 mg/m3u
Brussels, 27th of June2013
Emission abatement measures – a prototype centrifugal deduster
Rys.7.
Particulate matter emissions from small combustion installations
Pilot scale testing, coal boiler of 200 kW nimnal power output
Dust concentration at reference oxygen O2 level of 6%
Dedusting efficiency
Pressure drop
Cin, mg/m3 cout, mg/m3 h p, Pa
Coal 1032,6 93,3 91 800
Coal dust 100,6 51,9 46 780
Brussels, 27th of June2013
Tab.1.
Emission abatement measures – a prototype centrifugal deduster
Particulate matter emissions from small combustion installations
Comercial application, 2 coal boilers 1MW each
Rys.8.
Brussels, 27th of June2013
Emission abatement measures – a prototype centrifugal deduster
Particulate matter emissions from small combustion installations
Requirements; Emission Limit Values (ELVs) of 100 mg/m3 at 6% reference oxygen level
Comercial application, coal boilers 2x1MW each
Pollutant
concentration in
flue gases at
reference
oxygen O2
conncentration
of 6 %
Dust mg/m3 96,2 99,1 97,65 9,43 PN-Z-04030-7
SO2 mg/m3 687,9 810,8 749,35 26,56
PN-ISO 10396:2001
NOx mg/m3 369,4 387,4 378,40 19,48
PN-EN 14792:2006
CO mg/m3 277,4 214,9 246,15 13,56
PN-ISO 10396:2001
Brussels, 27th of June2013
Tab.2.
Emission abatement measures – fabric filters
Particulate matter emissions from small combustion installations
Coal blend with molding dust; reduction of dust concentration above 98%
Pilot scale testing, coal boilers of 50 kW, with 1 stage of dedusting by cyclone type deduster with baffles
Brussels, 27th of June2013
Rys.9.
Emission abatement measures – electrostatic precipitator ESP
Dust concentration iat the outlet <30 mg/m3 (at 6%O2 )
Particulate matter emissions from small combustion installations
Rys.10.
A protoptype ESP for combustion apliaces up to 25 kW
Brussels, 27th of June2013
Particulate matter emissions from small combustion installations
Rys.12.
New appliances
Existing appliances
„retrofitting”
Rys.5.
Rys.11.
Automatic
cleaning
Brussels, 27th of June2013
Emission abatement measures –ESP
Particulate matter emissions from small combustion installations
Rys.13.
Brussels, 27th of June2013
Voltage 20kV Electricity consumption 20kWh
Rys.14.
Emission abatement measures – ESP
End of the pipe ESPs
Particulate matter emissions from small combustion installations
ESPs for heating appliances up to 100 kW, including biomass fuelled
Rys.15.
Brussels, 27th of June2013
Emission abatement measures –ESP
Primary abatement measures
Particulate matter emissions from small combustion installations
Primary measures – limitting cause not the outcomes
Tab.3.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Pro
duk
t
Kom
inek
zam
knię
ty
Pie
c
Pie
cokuch
nia
Pie
c kaf
low
y
Pie
c pel
leto
wy
Koci
oł
pel
leto
wy
Koci
oł
zgaz
ow
ują
cy
(dre
wno)
Koci
oł
węg
low
y a
uto
mat
.
Koci
oł
na
zręb
ki
Sp
raw
ność
I e
mis
je
Moc kW 7 7 8 15 7 25 20 25 160
Sprawność % 78
(82) 79
(84) 78
(79) 82
(84) 90
(94) 92
(94) 90
(92) 88
(89) 91
(92)
Sprawność średniroczna
% 75 76 75 79 87 75 74 72 75
ECO
mg/m3
1500 1400 2000 1000 300 150 100 90 170
EPył 60 50 90 60 30 25 40 40 30
EOGC 100 90 110 100 30 30 10 10 10
Brussels, 27th of June2013
Particulate matter emissions from small combustion installations
Brussels, 27th of June2013
Primary vs. secondary abatement techniques
• Imprvement potential Best Not yet Available Techniques (BNAT) - UleWIN,
• Best Available Techniques BAT • Almost „zero emission” emerging technologies (tripple combustion
chamber, expensive, prolonged time frame – over 4 years)
Source: Jürgen Brandt, WINDHAGER, EU-UltraLowDust – 1st Workshop of the Mirror Group 28th November 2012, Brussels, Belgium
Advantages of primary measures – cost effectiveness Secondary measures - Retrofitting of existing systems Tab.4.
PM secondary abatement mesaures
Particulate matter emissions from small combustion installations
Technical means for abatement of PM emission available
Rys.16.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
em
isja
PM
[mg/
m3]
prz
y 10
%O
2
moc kW
PM[mg/m3]
klasa 3 EN 303-5:2012klasa 4 EN 303-5:2012klasa 5 EN 303-5:2012wymagania
Ecodesign
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
em
isja
PM
[mg/
m3 ]
prz
y 10
%O
2
moc kW
PM (retorta) [mg/m3]
PM (tłok)[mg/m3]
klasa 3 EN 303-5:2012
klasa 4 EN 303-5:2012
klasa 5 EN 303-5:2012
wymagania Ecodesign
protokół LRTAP
Combination of primary and secondary techniques - low emission combustion fo solid fuels
Dust concentration in outlet flue <<20 mg/m3 (at 6%O2 )
Brussels, 27th of June2013
Pellet
Coal
Particulate matter emissions from small combustion installations
Emission Limit Values LRTAP, 303-5, EcoDesign
technical means to fulfill them
• The Best Available Techniques of combustion installation below 1MW (BATs),
commercially available, guarantee performacne at the lowest required ELVs
releavnt for dust emission.
• The use of certified fuels is required – appropriate quality of coal and biomass.
• Reaching the lowest ELVs by non BATs new appliances, and existing systems
requires secondary abatement measures – dedusting apparatus.
• Highest performance is deliverd by fabric filters and electrostatic
precipitators, however the latest offer ease of use and maintenance as well as
low operating costs.
Brussels, 27th of June2013
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