Part I: Research, Citations, and References. An essay in which you: Research a topic present your findings Used in university and business You.

REPORT WRITINGPart I: Research, Citations, and References

Report An essay in which you:

Research a topic present your findings

Used in university and business You will have to write many reports

But first, we’ll learn about research, citations, and references …

Definitions Research is how you find out the

information you need to write your report. Many sources of info, including books,

newspapers, magazines, academic journals, and the internet

We will only use the internet this year Citations and References are how you

tell your readers where your information came from.

RESEARCH

Three types of sources1. Primary:

original material such as letters, lab notes, diaries, etc.

2. Secondary: magazine and newspaper articles, books, etc.,

that get their info largely from primary sources.

3. Tertiary: wikis, encyclopedias, textbooks, etc., that

collect and distill information from primary and secondary sources.

- adapted from “Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Sources” http://www.lib.umd.edu/guides/primary-sources.html

Examples:Comparing Source Levels History

1. Letters by Mao Zedong2. Books about Mao Zedong’s writings 3. Wikipedia article on Mao Zedong

Psychology1. Notes taken by a clinical psychologist 2. Magazine article about a psychological condition 3. Textbook on clinical psychology

Your research will be:1. Secondary sources2. Taken from the internet 3. Websites that get their information from

primary sources

For example, you may use online: Newspapers

China Daily New York Times Financial Times

Magazines Time Beijing Review Business Week

TV websites: CCTV BBC NPR

Government websites

Reputable company websites

Academic journals

All sources must be in English!

You may not use: Wikis:

Wikipedia Wikihealth tustclass2010.

Blogs Forums Email lists

Tertiary sources Encyclopedias Textbooks

Search engines Google Baidu etc.

Why can’t you use wikis? Wikis have two problems:

They are community-based They are tertiary sources

Community-based Sources: Wikis, blogs, forums, email lists, etc.,

are community-based. That means anybody can write anything

and present it as fact.

It’s like our tustclass2010 wiki: anybody can write anything!

Tertiary Sources: Don’t use them in your report Too far removed from the primary

sources They are not necessarily reliable

(yes, your textbooks can have errors!) But you can use them to help your

research

Tertiary Sources: How to use Can’t use them in your report But, you can use wikis, textbooks,

encyclopedias, etc., to Find primary and secondary sources Give an overview of the topic Help organize your paper

Why You May Not Cite Search Engines Search engines, such as Google and Baidu,

are not sources. They just help you find sources.

Search engines have no information of their own have no opinion on the info they’ve

found for you Primary, secondary or tertiary? Reliable or unreliable?

You must determine the level and reliability

Secondary sources You must use them, but … Be careful, they may have bad

information Ask yourself:

Is the source reliable? Who is writing and why?

Stick with well-known, trusted web sites

CITATIONS andREFERENCES

Citation & Referencing Methods There are several different systems for

doing citations and references The program you are in at Southern

Cross University uses the Harvard system, so that’s what we’ll learn.

Other courses or programs may use other systems, so if in doubt, find out – before you write your papers.

CITATIONS

What are citations? They are the words in parentheses after

a quotation or paraphrase telling what reference you got your information from.

For example: Children and adults rarely eat together now, and thus get less opportunity to talk. (Knott 2008)

Citations are simple For internet sources, it’s just the

surname of the author and the year from you List of References in parentheses: (Knott 2008)

If there is no date, you just put n.d. for the date: (Smith n.d.)

If there is no author, you just put the sponsoring organization, etc: (Northwestern University 2006)

Citations are Not Simple Well, citations are not always that

simple. They get more complicated when there

are several authors, etc., but For right now, we’ll just do this much

Why Cite Sources? Required in academic writing Gives your writing credibility; it means that

the reader can trust you Lets readers evaluate your credibility Not citing sources is plagiarism.

When to Cite Sources “Whenever you quote, paraphrase,

summarize, or otherwise refer to the work of another, you are required to cite its source …”

- http://library.duke.edu/research/citing/

Whenever you present something as fact: “… 81.25% of the people in China …” “… economic growth in China is projected to slow

to about 6.5 percent this year.” The Titanic sank on April 15, 1912.

REFERENCES

References These are the words at the end of your

report that give exact details about your sources:

Knott, C 2008, ‘Turning Meal Time into Family Time’, Obesity Treatment, viewed 23 April 2011, <http://www.obesity-treatment.com/feature/turning-meal-time-family-time?page=2>

So …(Knott 2008)

Links to …

Knott, C 2008, ‘Turning Meal Time into Family Time’, Obesity Treatment, viewed 23 April 2011, <http://www.obesity-treatment.com/feature/turning-meal-time-family-time?page=2>

Which links to …

Citation

Reference

Sources on the internet

Reference List The reference list is at the end of your report.

In alphabetical order Each source you cite must appear in your

reference list. Each entry in the reference list must be cited in

the text at least once.

List of References

Knott, C 2008, ‘Turning Meal Time into Family Time’, Obesity Treatment, viewed 23 April 2011, <http://www.obesity-treatment.com/feature/turning-meal-time-family-time?page=2>

Northwestern University 2006, ‘Obesity In Middle Age Raises Heart Disease, Diabetes Risk In Older Age’, ScienceDaily, viewed 23 April 2011, <http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060112022352.htm>

Dates first date = year of publication

2008 n.d. = no publication date

n.d. viewed = the date you saw the article

on the internet viewed 23 April 2011

28

Citing a WebsiteList as much of the following information as possible

:Author/editor or compiler Year of the most recent version, Title, version number (if applicable), description of document (if applicable), name and place of the sponsor of the source, viewed Day Month Year, <URL either full location details or just the main site details>

Knott, C 2008, ‘Turning Meal Time into Family Time’, Obesity Treatment, viewed 23 April 2011, <http://www.obesity-treatment.com/feature/turning-meal-time-family-time?page=2>

Website with No Author: Use the organization as author If there is no date write n.d. Note: If there is no author, no organization and no

date be very careful about using this information!

Northwestern University 2006, ‘Obesity In Middle Age Raises Heart Disease, Diabetes Risk In Older Age’, ScienceDaily, viewed 23 April 2011, <http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060112022352.htm>

Basic Rules Authors' names are inverted (family

name first); give the family name and initials for all authors of a particular work.

Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author.

ASSIGNMENT

Assigment Write one paragraph with two quotes or

paraphrases from different sources. (You can take a paragraph from your

Cause and Effect essay and add citations and references.)

Make a citation for each quote, paraphrase or fact

and a List of References at the end.

Paragraph RubricDeadly Sins (-10 pts. each) Spelling, capitalization, etc. ___ TUST standards errors ___ Late: -10 for each day ___ Email accepted paragraph ___Content (20 pts.): Statements logical and relevant ___Citations (10 pts. each) Citation 1 ___ Citation 2 ___References (25 pts. each) Reference 1 ___ Reference 2 ___Mechanics (10 pts.): Grammar, usage, punctuation: ___

Due Dates Your first lesson of next week, after the

holiday: Tuesday: classes 41 and 43 Wednesday: classes 42 and 44

Important:Accepting the final draft I will check your paragraph before you

turn it in If I see errors I will not accept it.

You must fix them and submit the next day along with the version(s) that were rejected.

It will be counted late (Better 1-2 days late than lose many points

for errors) If I don’t see any errors, I will accept

your paragraph. Then, and only then, should you email it to me.

Email accepted paragraph Email accepted paragraph as a

Microsoft Word document attached to an email.

The subject line of your email must be:Para [Class] [English Name] Example: Para 43 Joe

Email to: bob.tust@gmail.com