Transcript
Founders and Founders and ContributorsContributors
• Edmund Husserl
• Alfred Schutz
• Leo Strauss
• Binswanger
• Martin Heidegger
• Max Scheler
• Karl Jaspers
• Brentano
•Merleau-Ponty
•Immanuel Kant
•Hwa Yol Jung
•Harold Garfinkel
•Don Zimmerman
•David Sudnow
•Leveque-Lopman
Founders and Founders and ContributorsContributors
• Moynihan
• McLane
• Kockelmans
• Casey
• Clifton
• Heritage
• Castaneda
•Davis
•Fischer
•Laing
•Ihde
•Seamon
•Mugerauer
•Sartre
The Philosophers...The Philosophers...• Edmund Husserl is know to be the founder of Phenomenology
• Influenced and trained Max Scheler, Eugene Fink, Alexander Pfander, Alfred Schutz, and Martin Heidegger Studied psychology but found it only describes how we think but not why we think a certain way
• Believed epistemology was the real starting point for all philosophical reflection
• Interested in the subjective experience
• Came up with the notion of intentionality and wanted to study inner experiences as if they were objects of consciousness
• Developed the notion of lifeworlds and how we all have our own experiences of internal reality
• Hoped Heidegger would carry on the phenomenological perspective but he did not
• (Burston & Frie, 2006)
• Martin Heidegger
• Influenced by Jaspers, Husserl, Leibniz, Kant, Bultmann, Hartmann, Natorp, and more
• Fundamentally impacted the development of theory and practice in psychotherapy
• Provided the foundations for phenomenology in his famous “Letter on Humanism”
• Member of the Nazi party and highly involved in politics leading to much critic of his theories
• Studied the relation of language and Being
• (Burston & Frie, 2006)
• Max Scheler
• “the first in a long series of existential phenomenological thinkers who subjected Freud’s ideas to sustained and sympathetic scrutiny, creating a fertile climate of discussion at the interstices of philosophy and psychotherapy.” (p.130)
• Influenced by Dilthey, Freud, Nietzsche, and Henri Bergson
• Started exploring mental illness from a phenomenological frame but later strayed into a more biological approach
• (Burston & Frie, 2006)
• Karl Jaspers
• Influenced by Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Dilthey, Husserl, Heggel, Scheler, Weber, Freud, Kant, Heidegger and more
• Approach to psychotherapy was based on human freedom and responsibility
• Studied human experience and saw it as being transcendent
• (Burston & Frie, 2006)
• Alfred Schutz
• Influenced by Husserl’s notion of the lifeworld and expanded on this
• Analyzed the structures of people’s lifeworlds and discussed the multiple realities that exist within humans
• Developed the notion called the we-relationship to describe the relationships we share with others and how they change overtime
• (Bentz & Shapiro, 1998)
• Leo Strauss
• Expanded on the phenomenological critique from a political science viewpoint
• Harold Garfinkel
• Developed the notion of Ethnomethodology from Phenomenological theories
• Don Zimmerman
• Used conversion methods to study how people handle emergencies
• (Bentz & Shapiro, 1998)
Aspects of Phenomenology Aspects of Phenomenology that may enhance your that may enhance your
researchresearch
• Pay attention to context, perception and subjective experience
• Understand one’s own consciousness prior to research
• Get beneath your subject and take a look at the structures that underlie experience
• Pay attention to cultural assumptions
• Use empathic understanding when interacting with participants
Aspects of Phenomenology Aspects of Phenomenology that may enhance your that may enhance your
researchresearch
• Act to prevent the data from being prematurely structured into existing categories of thinking
• Question your own judgement
• Use empathic immersion – slow down the process and dwell on the topic; magnify and amplify the situation
• Keep a research journal for your own reflections and insights.
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