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Leonardo ENERGY Webinar:Photovoltaic Installations

Ton van der Wekken

9 May 2007

Contents

• Photovoltaic (PV) principle• Market development• Building integrated PV (BIPV)• Examples BIPV• PV technology• Cost breakdown• Example: 5 kWp system• Future trends

Photovoltaic principle: Electricalenergy from solar irradiation

Photovoltaic principle: Gridconnection

Worldwide capacity of installed PV, off-grid and grid-connected

Cumulative installed PV power by application area

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

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3500

4000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005Year

Cum

ulat

ive

inst

alle

d ca

paci

ty [M

W]

Grid-connected

Off-grid

Leading European countriesin PV

Cumulative installed PV European Country 2003 2004 2005 [MWp] [MWp] [MWp] Austria 16.8 21.1 24.0 France 21.1 26.0 33.0 Germany 431 794 1429 Italy 26.0 30.7 37.5 Netherlands 45.9 49.1 50.8 UK 5.9 8.2 10.9 Spain 27.0 37.0 57.4 Switzerland 21.0 23.1 27.1

Building Integrated Photovoltaics(BIPV): Pros and Cons

• Pros BIPV- No or limited permitting procedures- Showing awareness of inhabitants/owners- Generating and use coincide in time and place- Multifunctional application often feasible- High technical potential

• Cons BIPV- Systems are relatively small- Without incentives not cost effective- Additional contract for reimbursement feed-in- At budget cut: PV drops out first

Ground based PV system

Ground Based PV compared totraditional power plants

• Pros ground based PV– Neither air nor noise pollution;– No greenhouse gases;– No visual nuisance.

• Cons ground based PV– A hectare per MWp installed;– High costs per MWp;– Permitting procedures comparable to other

power plants

Residental houses, PV installed on sloped roof

Multifunctional: Roof from semi-transparant PV

Multifunctional:PV integrated in sound barrier

Multifunctional:PV integrated in sun blind

PV-Technology:some facts

• Installed PV power defined as Watt-peak (Wp, kWp and MWp)

• Central and Northern Europe: maximum irradiation1000 W/m2

• Southern Europe: max. irradiation 1700 W/m2

• Optimal orientation: South• Optimal tilt angle PV modules: 35 - 38°

PV-Technology:cell materials and efficiencies

Cell material Cell efficiency [%]

System efficiency[%]

Yearly yield [kWh/m2]

Mono-crystalline (m-Si) 17 13.5 85 - 90

Poly-crystalline (p-Si) 15 12 80 - 85

Thin film (a-Si) 8 6.5 50 - 60

PV-Technology:electrical scheme

PV-Technology:Maximum Power Point Tracking

(MPPT)

Cost breakdown PV system-From 15 to 5 €/Wp in a decade-

PV component Costs [€/Wp]

Modules 4.0 – 4.5

Inverter 0.5 – 1.0

Balance of System (BOS) 1.0

TOTAL 5.5 – 6.5

5-kWp roof integrated PV systemOrientation Sloped roof, oriented south to south-west

Support structure In the roof tile plane upon the roof battens Module support profiles (aluminium) mounted on the roof battens Brackets to clamp the modules on the support profiles

Module data Gross dimensions 0.8 x 1.6 meters, Al frame Maximum power 150 Wp 72 multi-crystalline Si-cells measuring 12.5 x 12.5 cm Module efficiency 13% Junction box including bypass diodes at the back

System layout 32 modules (lay-out 4x8) Gross area 6.4 x 6.4 m (41 m2) Installed power 4800 Wp 4 parallel strings, 8 modules per string connected in series 2 inverters of 2500 W, 2 strings per inverter

Performance 3500 kWh per year

Electrical connection PV system

Two separate electrical connections of 2500 W Two different meterings, one for use by the house equipment and the other for feed-in by the PV-system.

Lifetime Modules and support structure 30 years Watertightness of materials 20 to 25 years Inverters 10 to 15 years

Financial data Turnkey investment € 30,000

Simple Pay Out Time (SPOT) 43 years at € 0,20 /kWh, an average consumer tariff 17 years at € 0,50 /kWh high feed in tariff (based on incentives)

Future developments

• Cost reduction by economics of scale• Thin film cells

– Shortage of crystalline Si boosts thin film – Materials are amorphous silicon (a-Si), copper

indium diselenide (CIS), cadmium telluride(CdTe)

• Concentrator cells (CPV)– Efficiency >20%– Use of mirrors and sun tracking system

• Speral solar technology- Minute silicon beads on Al foil- Less Si material needed

Experience you can trust.

Thank you for your attention!

Any questions?