ON-FARM BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION: THE RC FRUIT ...

ON-FARM BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION: THE RC FRUIT CONSERVATION FARM

ROBERTO E. CORONEL, Ph.D.

22nd Annual Hawaii International Conference. September 13-16, 2012.

University of Hawaii Campus Center, Honolulu Hawaii. Organized by the Hawaii Tropical Fruit Growers

Professor Emeritus Crop Science Cluster, College of Agriculture UP Los Baños, College Laguna PLDT No. (049) 536 1919 E-mail: recoronel1939@yahoo.com

Owner- Curator RC Fruit Conservation Farm Brgy. Mabacan, Calauan Laguna CP. No. 0918 573 3378

Bahay Kubo

Ba-hay ku-bo ka-hit mun-tiMa-nga pru-tas di-to ay sa-ri sa-ri

Ram-bu-tan at du-rianKa-la-man-si at ka-mias

A-tis, chi-co, bi-ri-baBig-nay, ba-lim-bing, sa-ging, a-te-mo-ya

At sa-ka may-ron pangMan-gos-teen, ci-rue-laLan-zo-nes, pa-pa-ya

Du-hat at lang-kaSa pa-li-gid li-gid ay pu-ro pinya

Ba-hay ku-bo ka-hit mun-tiMa-nga pru-tas di-to ay sa-ri sa-ri

Sam-pa-lok at mang-gaGu-ya-ba-no at tie-saA-biu, pi-li, ma-ko-pa

San-tol, ba-ya-bas, u-bas, a-vo-ca-doAt sa-ka may-ron pang

Ka-soy at cai-mi-toSin-to-nes, ma-bo-lo,

Ri-mas at su-haSa pa-li-gid li-gid ay pu-ro pin-ya

Biodiversity has 3 components – ecosystem, species and genetic resources

Best way to conserve plant biodiversity is to protect and maintain them in their natural habitats – in situ conservation

However, biodiversities in their natural habitats are always under threat and are, in fact, being lost at an alarming rate.

For this reason, research institutions have come to the rescue, albeit quite late.

They collect economic plant species, including related species and their genetic resources, and establish and conserve them in gene banks – ex situ conservation.

Farms and home gardens can also actively participate in plant biodiversity conservation - on-farm biodiversity conservation.

The RC Fruit Conservation Farm is a strong advocate and active practitioner of on-farm biodiversity conservation.

INTRODUCTION

Ecosystem Diversity

Ecosystem. The complex of a community and its environment functioning

as an ecological unit in nature. Forests, deserts, mangroves and marshlands are well-defined ecosystems.

Caves are also considered an ecosystem.

Farms and home gardens, properly managed, are important and useful

ecosystems. Each ecosystem has its own microclimate and a set of flora and fauna.

COMPONENTS OF PLANT BIODIVERSITY

Species Diversity Worldwide, there are more than 1000 tropical fruit species on record.

In RP, more than 300 edible fruits and nuts are grown. Only about 30 are economically useful; the rest are underutilized and unutilized.

Species diversity within a genus is important in varietal improvement and vegetative propagation.

Genus, Family

Number of Species

Representative Species

Citrus, Rutaceae 15 C. sinensis – sweet orange Nephelium, Sapindaceae 25 N. lappaceum – rambutan Durio, Bombacaceae 27 D. zibethinus – durian Carica, Caricaceae 30 C. papaya – papaya Pouteria, Sapotaceae 30 P. caimito - abiu Mangifera, Anacardiaceae 30 M. indica – mango Annona, Annonaceae 50 A. squamosa – sugarapple Artocarpus, Moraceae 50 A. heterophyllus – jackfruit Musa, Musaceae 50 M. edible – banana Persea, Lauraceae 50 P. americana - avocado Vitis, Vitaceae 50 V. vinifera - grape Canarium, Burseraceae 75 C. ovatum – pili Syzygium, Myrtaceae 75 S. cumini – jambolan Garcinia, Guttiferae 150 G. mangostana – mangosteen

Table 1. 14 Fruit Genera with Wide Species Diversity

Table 1 shows 14 fruit genera with wide species diversity - 15 species in genus Citrus to 150 species in genus Garcinia.

Table 2. 9 Fruit Genera with Narrow Species Diversity

Genus, Family Number of

Species Representative Species

Ananas, Bromeliceae

Averrhoa, Oxalidaceae

Cocos, Palmae

Dimocarpus, Sapindaceae

Lansium, Meliaceae

Litchi, Sapindaceae

Punica, Punicaceae

Sandoricum, Meliaceae

Tamarindus, Leguminosae

3

4

1

(monotypic)

3

6

2

2

7

1

(monotypic)

A. comosus – pineapple

A. carambola – starfruit

C. nucifera - coconut

D. longan – longan

L. domesticum – langsat

L. chinensis - lychee

P. granatum – pomegranate

S. koetjape – santol

T. indica - tamarind

Table 2 shows 9 fruit genera with narrow species diversity, including the monotypic genera Cocos and Tamarindus.

Table 3. 13 Fruit and Nut Species with Wide Genetic Diversity

Avocado, Persea americana, Lauraceae Banana, Musa (edible), Musaceae Cashew, Anacardium occidentale, Anacardiaceae Coconut, Cocos nucifera, Palmae Durian, Durio zibethinus, Bombacaceae Grape, Vitis vinifera, Vitaceae Guava, Psidium guajava, Myrtaceae Jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Moraceae Mango (monoembryonic), Mangifera indica, Anacardiaceae Pili, Canarium ovatum, Burseraceae Pummelo, Citrus maxima, Rutaceae Rambutan, Nephelium lappaceum, Sapindaceae Tamarind, Tamarindus indica, Leguminosae

Genetic Resources Diversity

Germplasm diversity is also important in varietal improvement and asexual propagation. Table 3 shows 13 fruit species with wide genetic diversity.

Table 4. 5 Fruit Species with Narrow Genetic Diversity

Breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis, Moraceae

Langsat, Lansium domesticum, Melaceae

Mango (polyembryonic), Mangifera indica, Anacardiaceae

Mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana, Guttiferae

Pineapple, Ananas comosus, Bromeliaceae

Table 4 shows 5 fruit species with narrow genetic diversity.

BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION SYSTEMS

In Situ Conservation

For fruit species, forests are the safest sanctuary for permanent conservation of plant resources.

However, forests are being lost at an alarming rate and with them are lost valuable plant resources.

Illegal logging Agricultural development Urban development

Fortunately, man recognizes the importance of collecting and conserving plant resources in safer places.

Ex Situ Conservation

Plant resources are collected and kept in seed and field gene banks.

Gene banks are established in research centers like IRRI, PhilRice, NPGRL-IPB, etc.

Ex Situ Conservation

Seed gene banks are very costly to established and maintain.

Field gene banks require a large growing area, vulnerable to typhoons and destructive pests.

Long-term life depends on long-term funding.

If not sustained, gene banks may be poorly maintained or even close (e.g. DA Lamao Expt. Sta., Limay, Bataan).

On-farm/ Home Garden Conservation

Also an in situ conservation system

Can serve as duplicate repositories of germplasm collections conserved in research centers.

Elite collections (e.g. cultivars and hybrids, heirloom plants) are usually grown.

Some farms and home gardens also collect and grow underutilized species.

FRUIT BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AT THE RC FRUIT CONSERVATION FARM (RCFC FARM)

Description The RCFC Farm was acquired in 1986.

A 4-ha gently rolling land at the foot of Mt. San Mateo, Imok, Calauan, Laguna.

A neglected coconut farm of old, unproductive palms (RC Farm)

While the coconut was being rehabilitated, outstanding varieties of rambutan and langsat or lanzones were Inter cropped (RC Fruit Farm)

Over the years, (25 years) numerous fruit and nut species from local and foreign sources from the tropics of both hemispheres were collected and established (RC Fruit Conservation Farm).

Focus has shifted from commercial fruit production to fruit biodiversity conservation, promotion and plant material and information dissemination.

Diversity of Fruit Species Collection

Table 5 is a systematic list of edible fruit and nut species collected since 1986 and conserved at RCFC Farm.

Table 5. Systematic list of edible fruit and nut species conserved at the RC Fruit Conservation Farm* Family Common Geographic Fruiting Propagation Genus Name Origin Status Method Species

1. Amygdalaceae 1.1. Parinari Aubl. P. corymbosa (Blume) Miq. Tabon-tabon Asia Fruiting S 2. Anacardiaceae 2.1. Anacardium L. A. occidentale L. Cashew America Fruiting S,CG 2.2. Bouea Meissn. B. macrophylla Griff. Gandaria Asia Juvenile S, CG 2.3. Buchanania Spreng. B. arborescens Blume Balinghasay Asia Fruiting S 2.4. Koordersiodendron Engl. K. pinnatum (Blanco) Merr. Amugis Asia Juvenile S, CG 2.5. Mangifera L. M. altissima Blanco Paho Asia Juvenile S, CG M. caesia Jack Binjai Asia Juvenile S, I M. indica L. Mango Asia Fruiting S, CG M. laurina Blume Apali Asia Juvenile S, CG M. odorata Griff. Kuwini Asia Fruiting S, CG 2.6. Semecarpus L. f. S. cuneiformis Blanco Ligas Asia Fruiting S 2.7. Spondias L. S. cytherea Sonn. Ambarella Asia Fruiting S, AL, SC S. mombin L. Mombin Asia Juvenile S, SC S. pinnata (L. f.) Kurz Alubihod Asia Juvenile S, SC S. purpurea L. Red mombin Asia Juvenile S, SC S. tuberosa Arruda Imbu America Juvenile S

Table 5. Systematic list of edible fruit and nut species conserved at the RC Fruit ConservationFarm* 53. Vitaceae 53.1. Uvaria L. U. rufa L. Susung-kalabaw Asia Juvenile S 54. Zingiberaceae 54.1. Vanoverberghia Merr. V. sepulchrei Merr. Tagbak Asia Fruiting S ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Propagation Methods AL - airlayering CG – cleft grafting DC – division of corm DCr – division of crown I – inarching PB – patch budding RC – root cutting

S – seed SB – shield budding SC – stem cutting SCr – separation of crown SSl – separation of slip SSu – separation of sucker

*Family, genus, scientific and common names were obtained from Blanco (1837), Brown (1947, 1954, 1957), Coronel (1983a,b), 1995, 1996a, b, c, d, 2001 a, b), Coronel et al. (1994), Facciola (1990), Madulid (2001), Merrill (1912, 1923-1925), Monsalud et al. (1966), Ochse et al. (1961), Valmayor and Espino (1975), Verheij and Coronel (1989, 1991), Vietmeyer et al. (1975), Wester (1921) and Willis (1960).

Family Common Geographic Fruiting Propagation Genus Name Origin Status Method Species

Table 6 shows plant genera containing edible fruit species and their family affiliation.

Table 6. Plant genera with edible fruit species and their family affiliation.

Genus Family Genus Family

Acmena DC. Myrtaceae Adansonia L. Bombacaceae Aegle Corr. Serr. Rutaceae Aglaia Lour. Meliaceae Aleurites J. R. & G. Forst. Euphorbiaceae Allophylus L. Sapindaceae Alphonsea Hook. f. & Thoms. Annonaceae Ampelocissus Planch. Vitaceae Anacardium L. Anacardiaceae Anacolosa (Bl.) Bl. Olacaceae Ananas Tourn. Bromeliaceae Annona L. Annonaceae Antidesma L. Euphorbiaceae Ardisia Sw. Myrsinaceae Arenga Labill. Palmae Artocarpus J. R. & G. Forst. Moraceae Atalantia Corr. Serr. Rutaceae Averrhoa L. Oxalidaceae Baccaurea Lour. Euphorbiaceae Bactris Jacq. Palmae Barringtonia J. R. & G. Forst. Lecythidaceae Bischofia Bl. Euphorbiaceae Blighia Koen. Sapindaceae Borojoa Rubiaceae

Bouea Meissn. Anacardiaceae Bridelia Willd. Euphorbiaceae Buchanania Spreng Anacardiaceae Burckella Sapotaceae Byrsonima Rich. ex Juss. Malpighiaceae Calamus L. Palmae Campomanesia Ruiz & Pav. Myrtaceae Canarium L. Burseraceae Capparis Tourn. Capparidaceae Carica L. Caricaceae Carissa L. Apocynaceae Casimiroa La Llave Rutaceae Castanea Mill. Fagaceae Castanopsis (D. Don) Spach Fagaceae Celtis L. Ulmaceae Chrysobalanus L. Chrysobalanaceae Chrysophyllum L. Sapotaceae Cissus L. Vitaceae Citrofortunella Rutaceae Citrus L. Rutaceae Clausena Burm. f. Rutaceae Coccoloba P. Br. Polygonaceae Cocos L. Palmae

Genus

Family Genus

Family

Rheedia L. Guttiferae Rollinia A. St.-Hil. Annonaceae Rubus Tourn. Rosaceae Salacca Reinw. Palmae Salacia L. Hippocrataceae Sandoricum Cav. Meliaceae Saurauia Willd. Actinidiaceae Scolopia Schreber, Flacourtiaceae Semecarpus L. f. Anacardiaceae Sideroxylon L. Sapotaceae Sonneratia L. f. Sonneratiaceae Spondias L. Anacardiaceae Stelechocarpus Hook. Annonaceae f. & Thoms. Sterculia L. Sterculiaceae Strombosia Bl. Olacaceae Strychnos L. Loganiaceae Swinglea Merr. Rutaceae Synsepalum Baill. Sapotaceae

Syzygium Gaertn. Myrtaceae Talisia Aubl. Sapindaceae Tamarindus L. Leguminosae Terminalia L. Combretaceae Tetrastigma Planch. Vitaceae Theobroma L. Sterculiaceae Toddalia Juss. Rutaceae Triphasia Lour. Rutaceae Uvaria L. Annonaceae Vaccinium L. Ericaceae Vangueria Juss. Rubiaceae Vanoverbershia Merr. Zingiberaceae Vitis L. Vitaceae Willaghbeia Roxb. Apocynaceae Ximenia Plum. Olacaceae Ziziphus Mill. Rhamnacea

Table 6. Plant genera with edible fruit species and their family affiliation.

Table 7. Taxonomic distribution of fruit species conserved at the RC Fruit Conservation Farm

Taxon Number _____________________________________________

Family 54

Genus 124

Species 220

In summary the RCFC Farm has collected and established 220 fruit and nut species in 124 genera and 54 families (Table 7).

Families represented in large number of genera include Anacardiaceae (7 genera), Annonaceae (3), Leguminosae (6), Bombacaceae (3), Chrysobalanaceae (3), Euphorbiaceae (4), Meliaceae (3), Moraceae (3), Palmae (5), Rosaceae (3) and Sapotaceae (6).

Genera with high number of edible species include Annona (9 species), Artocarpus (7), Citrus (7), Eugenia (9), Garcinia (6), Mangifera (5), Pouteria (6), Psidium (6), Rheedia (3) and Syzygium (10).

Table 8. Geographic origin of fruit species conserved at the RC Fruit Conservation Farm

Geographic Origin Number of Species Percent (%) _______________________________________________________ Asia/ Pacific 136 61.8 (Indigenous to Philippines) (48) (21.8) America 76 34.6 Africa 8 3.6 TOTAL 220 100.00

Of the 220 fruits and nuts maintained at RCFC Farm, 136 are from Asia and Pacific, 76 from tropical America and 8 from tropical Africa (Table 8).

48 species are indigenous to the Philippines. 58 of exotic species are new introductions

Some Indigenous fruits at the RCFC Farm

Alupag Litchi chinensis ssp philippinensis Sapindaceae

Biasong Citrus micrantha Rutaceae

Binukaw Garcinia binucao Guttiferae

Galo Anacola frutescens Olacaceae

Hagis Syzygium tripinnatum Myrtaceae

Kamansi Artocarpus camansi Moraceae

Some Indigenous Fruits at the RCFC Farm

Katmon Dillenia philippinensis Dilleniaceae

Kubili Cubilia cubili Sapindaceae

Lipote Syzygium curranii Myrtaceae

Mabolo Diospyros blancoi Ebenaceae

Paho Mangifera altissima Anacardiaceae

Pili Canarium ovatum Burseraceae

Some Tropical Asia and Pacific Fruits at the RCFC Farm

Ambarella Spondias cytherea Anacardiaceae

Bignay Antidesma bunius Euphorbiaceae

Breadfruit Artocarpus altilis Moraceae

Malay apple Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae

Marang Artocarpus odoratissimus Moraceae

Kepel Stelechocarpus burahol Annonaceae

Some Tropical Asia and Pacific Fruits at the RCFC Farm

Namnam Cynometra cauliflora Leguminosae

Pulasan Nepheluim ramboutan-ake Sapindaceae

Starfruit Averrhoa carambola Oxalidaceae

Tinctoria Garcinia xanthochymus Guttiferae

Salak Salacca zalacca Palmae

Melinjo Gnetum gnemon Gnetaceae

Some Tropical American Fruits at the RCFC Farm

Abiu Pouteria caimito Sapotaceae

Acerola Malpighia glabra Malpighiaceae

Araza Eugenia stipitata Myrtaceae

Berba Rheedia edulis Guttiferae

Biriba Rollinia mucosa Annonaceae

Black sapote Diospyros digyna Ebenaceae

Some Tropical American Fruits at the RCFC Farm

Canistel Pouteria campechiana Sapotaceae

Granadilla Passiflora quadrangularis Passifloraceae

Grumichama Eugenia dombeyi Myrtaceae

Jaboticaba Mryciaria cauliflora Myrtaceae

Mamey sapote Pouteria sapota Sapotaceae

Pitanga Eugenia uniflora Myrtaceae

Some Tropical African Fruits at the RCFC Farm

Ackee Blighia sapida Sapindaceae

Miracle fruit Synsepalum dulcificum Sapotaceae

Tamarind Tamarindus indica Leguminosae

Voavanga Vangueria madagascariensis Rubiaceae

Diversity of Fruit Variety Collection

RCFC Farm also grows 136 outstanding fruit varieties and forms, many registered with the National Seed Industry Council of the Department of Agriculture (Table 9).

Four registered fruit varieties were selected at the RCFC Farm, namely RCF Gold abiu, RCF Morado caimito, RCF Purple avocado and RCF Mauve sugarapple.

RCF Gold Abiu RCF Purple

Avocado RCF Morado

Caimito RCF Mauve Sugarapple

Some Fruit Variety at the RCFC Farm

Atemoya - African Pride Avocado – Parker Purple Banana – Latundan, Morado, Saba Bignay – Palamuti Canistel – Saludo

Carambola – Fwantung Cashew – Mitra Chempedak – RCF Golden Delicious Durian – UPLB Gold Jackfruit – Cervantes Gold

Java apple – Indon Red Langsat – Duku Mabolo – Seedless Yellow Malay apple – RCF Maroon Mango – Carabao

Melinjo – Cuenca Prolific Papaya – Sinta Pili – Katutubo Pummelo – RCF Pink Seedless

Rambutan – Goyena R5 Santol – La Granja Sapodilla – Gonzalez, Improved Ponderosa Soursop – Davao Prolific

Sugarapple – RCF Mestisa, RCF Mauve Tamarind – RCF Matamis Waterapple – RCF White Bell

Some Fruit Variety at the RCFC Farm

Table 9. Outstanding cultivars of fruit and nut crops grown at the RC Fruit Conservation Farm.

Abiu RCF Gold, RCF Prolific, RCF Oro, RCF Lucky, RCF Jewel, RCF Bounty, RCF Giant

Acerola Sweet Manoa Ambarella RCF Seedless Araza RCF Golden Prolific Atemoya African Pride, Taiwan Avocado RCF Purple, Parker, RCF Green Giant Banana

Latundan, Saba, Morado, Dwarf Cavendish

Bengal currant RCF Deep Red Berba RCF Orange Drop Bignay Palamuti, Red Jumbo Bilimbi RCF Longreen Binukaw RCF Seedless yellow

Fruit Crop Cultivars

Biriba RCF Agridulce, Sekiya Sweet Breadfruit RCF Smooth Seedless Caimito RCF Morado, Rabanal Red, Calma Green Canistel Saludo Carambola Fwantung, Taiwan Prolific Cashew Mitra, Red Princess Chempedak RCF Golden Delicious, Sekiya Supreme Coconut Laguna Tall, Thai Aromatic, Malaysian Golden Dwarf, Makapuno, Coco Niño Durian Chanee, UPLB Gold, Malaysia D24, Arancillo GD 69 Galo Indang Sweet Grumichama Sweet Purple, Yellow Guava RCF White, Hongkong Pink, Beaumont, RCF Sarawak Pink, Llaneza Pink, Borja Pink, Variegated, Señorita Hagis RCF Puti-Pula Jaboticaba RCF Black Beauty

Fruit Crop Cultivars

Table 9. Continuation

Jackfruit Cervantes Gold, Torres, Sinapelo, RCF Victoria, Eviarc Sweet, MMSU- SRO Sweet Jambolan Seedless, Sta. Fe Java apple Taiwan Red, Indon Red, Green Kaffir lime Thai, Indon, Marinduque Kalumpit FCN Prolific Kuwini Zamboanga Sibugay Sweet Langsat Paete, Duku, Thai, Jolo Lime Native Lipote RCF Prolific Red Longan Kohala, Viscaya, Tropical Ly chee UPLB Sweet Mabolo Seedless Yellow Malay apple RCF Maroon Mamey sapote UPLB Round Mandarin orange Szinkom, Ladu Mango Sweet Elena Carabao, Florida Red Giant, Haden, Tommy Atkins, Southern Blush Mangosteen UPLB Sweet Melinjo Cuenca Prolific

Fruit Crop Cultivars

Table 9. Continuation

Miracle fruit RCF Dwarf, RCF Common Mulberry Queensland Sweet Namnam RCF Amarillo Paho Lipa Green Papaya Sinta Pili Katutubo, Mayon, Bicol Dwarf Pineapple Del Monte Sweet, Smooth Cayenne, Queen Pitanga RCF Red Beauty Pulasan Sibabat Pummelo Chandler, Sunwiluk, Amoy Mantan, RCF Pink Seedless Rambutan Lebak Bulus, Seematjan, Rongrien, Goyena R5, Amarillo, Sacay Santol Bangkok Sapodilla Mapino, Gonzalez, Improved Ponderosa, Manila, Pineras Soursop Davao Prolific, Aguinaldo, Dulce Sugarapple RCF Mestiza, RCF Mauve, Seedless Tamarind Aglibut Sweet, RCF Matamis Waterapple RCF White Bell, RCF Red Bell

Fruit Crop Cultivars

Table 9. Continuation

Table 10. Number of fruit species successfully propagated by various methods.

Seed 217 Airlayering (marcotting) 38 Cleft grafting 51 Inarching (approach grafting) 17 Patch budding 7 Shield budding 5 Stem cutting 8 Separation of crown 1 Separation of slip 1 Separation of sucker 2 __________________________________________________

Propagation method Number of Fruit Species

Development of Propagation Methods Propagation is an important component of plant biodiversity management to multiply and disseminate propagules Table 10 shows that 217 species can be propagated by seed.

51 fruit species are successfully propagated by cleft or wedge grafting.

38 fruit species can be propagated by airlayering or marcotting

17 fruit species can be propagated by inarching or approach grafting.

7 fruit species can be propagated by patch and 5 by shield budding 8 fruits by stem cutting.

Mangosteen Melinjo

Miracle fruit

Mangosteen Rambutan

Table 11. Successful graft-compatible combinations in some fruit genera grown at the RC Fruit Conservation Farm.

Annona atemoya A. squamosa A. squamosa A. glabra A. murricata A. montana A. atemoya A. glabra A. diversifolia A. glabra Antidesma Ghaesembilla A. bunius Artocarpus integer A. heterophyllus A. altilis A. camansi A. altilis A. rigidus

Chrysophyllum caimito C. oliviforme Canarium luzonicum C. ovatum Citrofortunella microcarpa Citrus reticulata Citrus aurantifolia C. reticulata C. maxima C. reticulata C. medica C. reticulata C. micrantha C. reticulata C. macroptera C. reticulata C. hystrix C. reticulata

Scion Stock Scion Stock

____________________________________________________________________________

Graft Compatibility Thirty-three (33) successful graft-compatible combinations among related fruit species have been established at the RCFC Farm (Table 11).

Table 11. Successful graft-compatible combinations in some fruit genera grown at the RC Fruit Conservation Farm.

Scion Stock Scion Stock

Garcinia lateriflora G. benthamii Garcinia mangostana G. zanthochymus Gnetum indicum G.gnemon Mangifera odorata M. indica M. laurina M. indica M. altissima M. indica Manilkara zapota M. kauki M. kauki M. zapota Nephelium ramboutan-ake N. lappaceum

Psidium guava P. molle P. littorale P. molle Rheedia edulis Garcinia benthamii Syzygium samarangense S. aqueum S. samarangense S. jambos S. aqueum S. jambos

_________________________________________________________________________

Graft Compatibility 33 graft-compatible combinations have been successfully demonstrated (Table 9)

Successful graft of Annona squamosa on A. glabra on

Successful graft of Annona muricata on A. montana

on

Successful graft of Artocarpus altilis on A. camansi

on

Successful graft of Artocarpus integer on A. heterophyllus

on

Successful graft of Antidesma ghaesembilla on A. bunius

Successful graft of Artocarpus altilis on A. rigidus

Successful graft of Canarium luzonicum on C. ovatum

on

on

on

Successful graft of Citrus maxima on C. reticulata

Successful graft of Citrus hysrix on C. reticulata

Successful graft of Gacinia lateriflora on G. benthami

on

on

on

Successful graft of Garcinia binucao on G. benthami

Successful graft of Nephelium ramboutan-ake on N. lappaceum

on

on

Successful graft of Syzygium samarengense on S. jambos

Successful graft of Syzygium samarengense on S. aqueum

on

on

Graft Compatibility Successful grafts of Chrysophyllum cainito on C. oliviforme and vice versa

Successful grafts of Mangifera odorata on M. indica

on

on

Successful graft of Mangifera altissima on M. indica

on

Successful graft of Mangifera monandra on M. indica

on

Successful graft of Garcinia mangostana on G. xanthochymus

ON

Table 12. Underutilized fruit species grown at the RC Fruit Conservation Farm with economic potential as new crops. Common Name Scientific Name Common Name Scientific Name For Dessert (24 species) Abiu Pouteria caimito Atemoya Annona cherimoya Avocado Persea americana Biriba Rollinia mucosa Caimito Chrysophyllum cainito Carambola Averrhoa carambola Chempedak Artocarpus integer Galo Anacolosa frutescens Grumichama Eugenia dombeyi Guava Psidium guajava Indian jujube Ziziphus mauritiana Jaboticaba Myrciaria cauliflora Jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus Jambolan Syzygium cumini Java apple Syzygium samarangense Kuwini Mangifera odorata Longan Dimocarpus longan Malay apple Syzygium malaccense Mamey sapote Pouteria sapota Salak Salacca zalacca Sapodilla Manilkara zapota Soursop Annona muricata Sugarapple Annona squamosa Tamarind Tamarindus indica

[For Processing (30 species) Abiu Pouteria caimito Acerola Malpighia glabra Araza Eugenia stipitata Bengal currant Carissa carandas Bignay Antidesma bunius Bilimbi Averrhoa bilimbi Binukaw Garcinia binucao Breadfruit Artocarpus altilis Canistel Pouteria campechiana Cashew Anacardium occidentale Guava Psidium guajava Hagis Syzygium tripinnatum Jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus Jambolan Syzygium cumini Kalumpit Terminalia microcarpa Lipote Syzygium curranii Lovi-lovi Flacourtia inermis Macadamia Macadamia integrifolia Malay gooseberry Phyllanthus acidus Marang Artocarpus odoratissimus Melinjo Gnetum gnemon Miracle fruit Synsepalum dulcificum Namnam Cynometra cauliflora Pili Canarium ovatum Pitanga Eugenia uniflora Santol Sandoricum koetjape Soursop Annona muricata Sugarapple Annona squamosa Tamarind Tamarindus indica Tinctoria Garcinia xanthochymus

UNDERUTILIZED FRUITS WITH ECONOMIC POTENTIAL AS NEW CROPS 24 underutilized fruits have economic potential as new crops for dessert (Table 12).

ABIU ATEMOYA AVOCADO BIRIBA CAIMITO CARAMBOLA

CHEMPEDAK GALO GRUMICHAMA GUAVA INDIAN JUJUBE JABOTICABA

JACKFRUIT JAMBOLOAN JAVA APPLE KUWINI LONGAN MALAY APPLE

MAMEY SAPOTE SALAK SAPODILLA SOURSOP SUGARAPPLE TAMARIND

UNDERUTILIZED FRUITS WITH ECONOMIC POTENTIAL AS NEW CROPS 30 underutilized fruits have economic potential as new crops for processing (Table 12).

Some fruits can be utilized both raw or processed like abiu, jackfruit, guava, soursop, tamarind.

ABIU ACEROLA ARAZA BENGAL CURRANT BIGNAY BILIMBI BINUKAW BREADFRUIT

CANISTEL CASHEW GUAVA HAGIS JACKFRUIT JAMBOLAN KALUMPIT LIPOTE

LOVI-LOVI MACADAMIA MALAY GOOSEBERRY MONKEY JACKFRUIT MELINJO MIRACLE FRUIT NAMNAM PILI

PITANGA SANTOL SOURSOP SUGARAPPLE TAMARIND TINCTORIA

RCFC FARM AS INSTRUCTION, RESEARCH AND EXTENSION LABORATORY Horticulture students (fruit crops major) study wide fruit species and cultivar diversity and evaluate various fruit production practices at RCFC Farm.

RCFC FARM AS INSTRUCTION, RESEARCH AND EXTENSION LABORATOR Conducts training seminars on various aspects of fruit production.

Hosts visits of local and foreign visitors

RCFC FARM AS INSTRUCTION, RESEARCH AND EXTENSION LABORATORY Is featured on print and broadcast media.

Participates in plant shows

Donates seeds and seedlings to government research institutions.

RCFC FARM AS INSTRUCTION, RESEARCH ANDEXTENSION LABORATORY Disseminates extension publications such as brochure, fruit list, posters and booklet

RCFC FARM AS SHOWROOM RCFC Farm demonstrates a unique 3-tiered planting system to reduce typhoon damage

Advocates non-use of inorganic fertilizers and chemical pesticides Demonstrates use of multiple rootstocks and topworking

RCFC FARM AS SHOWROOM

Demonstrates use of old motorbike tires to protect newly planted seedlings

Demonstrates grafting male scions on female trees of dioecious species such as pili, melinjo and binukaw to improve fruit set and yield.

chempedak

melinjo

CONCLUDING REMARKS The RCFC Farm plays an active role in on-farm biodiversity conservation.

It is the first and perhaps the only one in the Philippines.

It hopes to contribute to the global effort in plant biodiversity conservation at the farm level.

This is relevant and meaningful in the Philippines where numerous economic plant species are being constantly threatened with extinction.

And their rich and valuable genetic resources are being severely eroded every year.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author acknowledges with gratitude Ken Love and

the Hawaii Tropical Fruit Growers for the invitation and

financial assistance which enabled him to attend and

participate in this international symposium. He also

acknowledges the valuable assistance of his laboratory aide,

Russel M. Pabalate, for typing and preparing this material for

oral presentation.

An invitation

You are all cordially invited to visit the RC Fruit Conservation Farm in Mabacan, Calauan, Laguna, Philippines to see the wide diversity of fruits grown in the Farm and to savor the taste of the many fruits in season.

Salamat at Mabuhay

Mahalo

283 pages: 54 fruit families 135 fruit genera 276 fruit species described 159 fruit species in color

The book is available at the following outlets in UP Los Baños, College, Laguna: University Book Store, UPLB-FI Bldg; Agri – Book Store, International House; Fruit Crops Nursery (Tel. 049-536-3537)

The Author Owner -Curator, RC Fruit Conservation Farm Author – Promising Fruits of the Philippines Co-editor – Plant Resources of South- East Asia 2 Edible Fruits and Nuts Awardee – DA Gawad Saka Outstanding Agricultural Scientist Awardee – Achievement Award for Research, DOST National Research Council of the Philippines Awardee – DA-Khush Award of Distinction Federation of Crop Science Societies of the Philippines Awardee – Achievement Award for Research, Crop Science Society of the Philippines Awardee – Award of Distinction, Philippine Fruit Association Awardee – Distinguished Alumnus Award, College of Agriculture, UP Los Baños Awardee – Karangalang Dangal ng Lipi, Provincial Government of Bulacan Member – International Society for Horticultural Science Member – International Society of Citriculture Member – Crop Science Society of the Philippines Member – Philippines Fruit Association Member – Rare Fruit Society of the Philippines Member – Los Baños Horticultural Society

By ROBERTO E. CORONEL

Professor Emeritus

A scholar of the East-West Center, University of Hawaii Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 1963-1965

This is the Admin. Bldg. of the East-West Center or EWC, short for Center for Cultural Interchange between East and West at the Manoa campus of University of the Hawaii in the city of Honolulu on Oahu Island.

At the back of the Admin. Bldg. is this beautiful garden donated by some Japanese businessmen

This is our 13-storey dormitory, known then as High Rise Hall, but now called Hale Manoa.

This is my bedroom at the 6th floor of the High Rise Hall

This is Henke Hall of the Department of Horticulture, College of Tropical Agriculture where I worked to complete my M.S.

My adviser Dr. Robert Warner in his class in Crop Ecology with graduate students from different countries.

At the Waimanalo Experimental Station of the University of Hawaii where I conducted my thesis on the macadamia.

This is my car which I shared with a Filipino scholar.

On weekends, we go around the island. This guy who owns this T-bird is Jack Kayatani, a local boy who became a close friend, Since he studies Spanish he affectionately calls me Amigo.

At the Hanauma Beach with Filipino scholars. Elvis Presley’s movie Blue Hawaii was partly shot here.

A Filipino family invites me in their home in Wahiawa.

This is the famous Diamond Head, a dead volcano on Oahu.

At a lei store at the Honolulu International Airport. We’re sending off a UP Los Baños dean.

Leis put on UPLB dean. With some Filipino scholars.

At the Waikiki Beach with a Filipino passing by Honolulu.

In the UH campus with some Filipino scholars.

Breakfast with some Filipino scholars at the EWC Cafeteria after a Sunday Mass.

Third Anniversary celebration of EWC on live telecast.

In action with Filipino scholars at the 3rd anniversary of EWC.

Filipino scholars at the lanai of the EWC. Below is the beautiful Japanese Garden.

During the successful Filipino night performing La Jota Moncadeña.

Performing the Tinikling. I’m at the right partly covered by partner.

One more time. Filipino scholars all, stage performers for a night, acknowledging applause from appreciative audience.

Playing host to a Filipino passing by the East – West Center.

The Philippine tricolor, the flag of the State of Hawaii and the flag of the United States flying side by side, in front of the Jefferson Hall where we staged the Filipino night.

Near the flagpole at the EWC with two scholars.

International Day at the EWC with scholars from different Asian and Pacific countries.

Two beautiful rainbows after a brief shower at the Manoa Valley with EWC scholars. Manoa means rainbow.

On the day of my graduation at UH with an MS in Horticulture.

With my adviser Dr. Robert Warner.

With poster family headed by Larry Coronel. Young boy is Dominic.

At the Honolulu International Airport with close friends.

Ditas Rivera, a Filipino scholar, putting on a lei on me. It’s time to say Aloha.

Denis Liew, an EWC scholar from Sarawak, Malaysia putting on a lei on me. Denis taught me how to eat sashimi and use the chopstick at a Japanese restaurant, the Kuhio Grill, in Moiliili, Honolulu.

All the leis on, I am ready to leave Honolulu and say my final Aloha.

From Honolulu I stopped over in Hongkong before returning to Manila.

With John Townsend and wife at his residence on Kauai. September 1991.

With John Towsend and conference participant. What has become of John’s extensive fruit collection after his death?

With Don Baker in Hilo during the 1991 fruit conference organized by the Hawaii Tropical Fruit Growers.

With Don’s parents in September 1991.

Hanauma Bay. January 2005. It has changed a lot since I was there in 1964.

With Frank Sekiya. I visited his fruit collection and got a lot of his accessions including a chempedak.

With Ken Love during a recent visit.

With Dr. Francis Zee at his research facilities. I also collected several fruits including a pulasan.

With Dr. Francis Zee and sorry I forgot his name.

Ken Love giving me something. Looking is my companion Lito Carpio.

With Brian Lievens who wrote a favorable review about my book Promising Fruits of the Philippines.

This is ALOHA with Francis and Ken.

A L O H A AND

MAHALO