October 26, 2015S. Mathews1 Human Geography By James Rubenstein Chapter 1 Key Issue 1 How Do Geographers Address Where Things Are?

April 20, 2023 S. Mathews 1

Human Geography

By James RubensteinChapter 1Key Issue 1

How Do Geographers Address Where Things

Are?

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Before travel began, a map existed.

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Earth is a Map

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Cartography

The science of map-making.

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Maps

A two-dimensional or flat-scale model of Earth's surface, or a portion of it.

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Two purposes of Maps

Store reference material

Communicate geographic information

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Geographers Think about the arrangements of people and activities found in space.

Try to understand why those people and activities are distributed across space as they are.

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Geographers use maps

as a method of depicting the distribution of features

as a tool for explaining observed patterns.

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Earliest Mapmaking

The earliest surviving maps were drawn by Babylonians on clay tablets about 2300 B.C.

Polynesian peoples navigated for thousands of years with three dimensional maps.

Mediterranean sailors and traders made maps as early as 800 B.C.

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Thales (624?-546? B.C.)

Applied principals to measuring land area.

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Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)

First to demonstrate the earth was spherical. Observed the curved shadow of the earth on the moon during an eclipse and That the visible groups of stars change as one travels north or south.

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Eratosthenes (2767-1947 B.C.)

First to use the word geography Calculated the circumference of the earth Made one of the earliest maps of the known world, correctly dividing Earth into five climatic regions.

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Ptolemy (A.D. 1007-1707)

Wrote an eight-volume Guide to Geography, taking advantage of information collected

by merchants and soldiers who traveled throughout the Roman

Empire.

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Non-European Phei Hsiu, "father of Chinese cartography," produced an elaborate map of China,A.D. 267.

The Muslim geographer al-Idrisi (1100-1165?) prepared a world map and geography text in 1154.

lbn- Battutah (1305-13687) wrote Rihlah (Travels) based on three decades of joumeys.

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During the Age of Exploration and

DiscoveryGeography and mapmaking enjoyed a

revival.By the 17th century, maps accurately displayed the

outline of most continents and the position of oceans.

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Gerardus Mercator (A.D. 1512-94)

Best known for the Mercator projection - a

cylindrical map projection still widely

used today.

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Mercator Projection

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Bernhardus Varenius (A.D. 1622-50)

Produced Geographia Generalis, which stood

form more than a century as the standard treatise on systemic geographic.

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Map Scale

The relationship of a feature’s size on a

map to its actual size on Earth.

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Scale is represented in 3

ways:- a fraction (1/24,000) or ratio (1:24,000)

- a written statement (" 1 inch equals 1

mile") - a graphic bar scale.

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The level of detail and the amount of area covered on a map

depends on its scale.

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Projection

The scientific method of transferring

locations on the Earth’s surface to a

flat map.

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Projection To communicate

geographic concepts effectively through

maps, cartographers must design them

properly and assure that users know how to

read them.

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From Sphere to Flat

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Map Distortion

The Earth's spherical shape poses a

challenge because drawing the Earth on a

flat piece of paper unavoidably produces

some distortion.

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Four types of distortion

shape can be distorted distance may be increased or decreased

relative size may be altered

direction between points can be distorted

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In addition to the global system of latitude and

longitude, other mathematical

indicators of locations are used in different parts of the world.

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U.S. Land Ordinance of 1785

In the United States, the Land Ordinance of 1785 divided much of the country into a system of townships and

ranges to facilitate the sale of land to settlers in the

West.

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Townships and Ranges A township is a square 6 miles on

each side. Each township has a number

corresponding to its distance north or south of a particular base line.

Each township has a second number, known as the range, corresponding to its location east or west of a principal meridian.

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Quarter-Section A township is divided into 36

sections, each of which is 1 mile by 1 mile.

Each section is divided into four quarter-sections.

A quarter-section, which is 0.5 mile by 0.5 mile, or 160 acres, was the amount of land many western pioneers bought as a homestead.

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A Township

equals 36

Sections

Section

Township

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Principal Meridians

Some of the north-south lines

separating townships are called principal

meridians.

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Principal Meridians

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Base Lines

Some east-west lines are designated base

lines.

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Bas

e Li

ne

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Contemporary Tools

Two important technologies that developed during the past quarter century are

geographic information systems (computer programs for manipulating geographic data).

remote sensing from satellites (to collect data).

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Geographic Information System

(GIS)A high-performance computer system that processes geographic

data.

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GISInformation such as topography, political

boundaries, population density, manufacturing,

soil type, earthquake faults, and so on is stored as separate information layers.

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Layered Informatio

n

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Remote Sensing

The acquisition of data about Earth's surface

from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other

long-distance methods.

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Remote SensingSatellites scan the Earth’s surface

and record reflected radiation.Scanned images are transmitted

to receiving stations in digital form.

Can show an object 1 meter across.

Weather satellites take a broader view, looking at several

kilometers at a time.

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Global Positioning System (GPS)A system, using 24

satellites, that determines accurately the precise position of something on Earth

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GPS Commonly used in navigation of aircraft, ships, and autos.

Detecting the vehicle’s current location, device can provide directions to a desired location.

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Frank and Earnest on GPS