Objectives 1.To identify the ways of preventing diseases. 2.To investigate symptoms, prevention and treatment of common animal diseases. 3.To learn to.
Post on 19-Dec-2015
219 Views
Preview:
Transcript
Objectives
1. To identify the ways of preventing diseases.
2. To investigate symptoms, prevention and treatment of common animal diseases.
3. To learn to diagnose common animal diseases.
2
Table of Contents
Terminology
Disease Treatment & Prevention Methods
Nutritional Diseases
Bacterial Diseases
Viral Diseases
Fungal Diseases
Parasitic Diseases 3
4
Diseases
• Prevent or impair an animal’s daily functioning and can be harmful to development
• Can be caused by the following:– nutrient deficiencies– pathogens
5
Nutrient Deficiencies
• Result from under consumption of key nutrients
• Can affect the internal processes of animals
• Lower an animal’s immune system and increase chances of illness
6
Process of Immunity in Animals• Passive immunity
– antibodies come from outside the body– not permanent
• Active immunity– body produces own antibodies– permanent
• Protects animals from– bacteria, viruses and parasites
7
Nutritional Requirements
• Depend on an animal’s age and function• Allow animals to receive a well-balanced
diet• Include:
– vitamins– fats– carbohydrates– protein– minerals
8
Pathogens
• Are any organism causing a disease• Can be microscopic or macroscopic
9
Microscopic: an organism too small to be seen by the unaided eye, but large enough to be studied under a microscope. Example: bacteria, viruses
Macroscopic: an organism large enough to be perceived or examined by the unaided eye such as a worm or tick
Pathogens
• Are classified as follows:– viruses– bacteria– parasites– fungi– protozoa
10Source: www.ars.usda.gov
Pathogens
11
Viruses Bacteria Parasites
Fungi Protozoa
Viruses
• Cannot reproduce without a host• Consist of DNA and RNA • Can take over the functions of the host
cell
12
Bacteria
• Are single celled organisms• May produce toxins harmful to the body• Multiply rapidly without a host• Can be identified by shape
13
Bacteria Shapes
• Include:– cocci: spherical-shaped
– bacilli: rod-shaped
– spirilli: spiral-shaped
14
Parasites
• Can be external or internal• Effect host animals through contact or
ingestion• Have various life cycles• Are living organisms
15
Internal Parasite Life Cycle
16
External Parasite Life Cycle
17
Fungi
• Studies are known as mycology • Live in air, soil, plants and water• Produce transmittable spores which can
cause fungal diseases
18Mycology: the study of the characteristics of fungi
Protozoa
• Greek for first animal • Is a single-celled organism • Breath, move and reproduce similar to
multi-cellular animals• Can be classified into many different
types
19
20
Parasitic Treatments
• Usually involve a type of Anthelmintics• Vary depending on the parasite and host • Can cause parasite resistance • May require a veterinarian's prescription
and extended withdrawal time
21
Anthelmintics: an agent which destroys or causes the expulsion of parasitic intestinal worms
Vital Signs
• Help in early detection of health problems• Vary with activity and environmental
conditions• Include:
– temperature– pulse rate– respiration rate
22
Vital SignsSpecies Temperature,
°FPulse Rate,heart beats/min
Respiration Rate,breaths/min
Cattle 100.4-102.8 60-70 10-30
Sheep 100.9-103.8 70-80 12-20
Goats 101.7-105.3 70-80 12-20
Swine 102.0-103.6 60-80 8-13
Horses 99-100.8 32-44 8-16
23
Prevention
• Starts with proper management• Reduces chance of disease • Results in a healthy, productive herd
24
Proper Management
• Allows producers to prevent causes, prevent symptoms and treat diseases
• Involves the following techniques:– providing shelter– cleaning and sanitizing facilities and
equipment– rationing adequate diets– monitoring herd health daily– isolating new animals before introduction to
the herd25
26
Milk Fever
• Is a metabolic disorder• Is also known as
hypocalcemia• Affects cattle, sheep
and goats• Occurs when the
animal has low blood calcium levels during lactation
27
Milk Fever
• Symptoms include:– muscle tremors– wobbly– downer cow
• inability to stand– low body temperature– unconscious/coma
28
Milk Fever
• Treatments include:– injecting a solution of calcium borogluconate
subcutaneously or intravenously– providing a combined mineral solution
29
Intravenously: entering by way of vein
Subcutaneously: located or placed just beneath the skin
Milk Fever
• Prevention options include:– providing vitamin D, five to seven days
before parturition – keeping animals on a low calcium diet while
not lactating– providing high doses of calcium one day
before and one day after calving • alfalfa hay is high in calcium
30
• Is generalized as nutritional muscular dystrophy
• Affects young, rapidly growing lambs/kids (from dams with selenium deficient diets)
• Affects calves and foals• Is the result of a selenium and/or vitamin
E deficiency
31
White Muscle Disease
• Affects two different muscle groups, cardiac and skeletal
• Cardiac symptoms include:– sudden death– respiratory distress
• Skeletal symptoms include:– muscular weakness– inability to stand – muscle tremors
32
White Muscle Disease
Source: www.ars.usda.gov
White Muscle Disease
• Treatments include:– injections of selenium – oral drenches of selenium/vitamin E
• Can be prevented by:– supplementing the diet of susceptible
animals with selenium and vitamin E
33
Warning: too much selenium can cause toxicity in animals
Bloat
• Can occur in all ruminants• Refers to rapid fermentation, producing
excess gas or foam in the rumen• Is caused by consuming highly
concentrated rations and lush legume pastures
34
Fermentation: breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes
Bloat
• Symptoms include:– abdominal distention on left side– loss of appetite– respiratory distress– difficulty walking or moving
35
Bloat
• Treatments include:– keeping animal on feet and moving– drenching with mineral oil or poloxalene– putting stomach tube down throat to relieve
pressure from gas• Can be prevented by:
– feeding dry roughage with a mix of grasses– keeping animals from eating an excess of
lush green grass, especially alfalfa• Is difficult to prevent
36
Colic
• Is the general term referring to abdominal pain
• Mainly impacts horses because they are unable to vomit
• Is caused by a wide range of conditions affecting the digestive tract, including:– sudden changes in feed– a predominantly concentrate diet– cribbing– lack of water– presence of bloodworms
37
Colic
• Symptoms include:– distended abdomen– rolling and kicking – excruciating pain– sweating– constipation
• Can result in a twisted intestine
Source: Tiffanie Brooks, D.V.M. Texas Tech University
38
• Treatments include:– walking the horse– taking to veterinarian—animal might need
sedatives, laxatives, pain medicine or surgery
• Can be prevented by:– feeding small rations – feeding good quality roughages– providing clean water– monitoring eating habits– controlling internal parasites 39
Colic
Entertoxemia (Overeating Disease)
• Commonly affects sheep and goats• Is caused by toxins produced by naturally
occuring intestinal bacteria– Clostridium perfringens types C & D
• Occurs usually when an animal consumes excessive amounts of high energy feeds or milk
• Produces a quickly absorbed toxin• Can cause acute death
40
Entertoxemia (Overeating Disease)
• Symptoms include:– sudden death– diarrhea – neurologic signs
• circling• head pressing• incoordination• convulsions
41
Entertoxemia (Overeating Disease)
• If caught early, can be treated by:– administering antitoxins– administering oral antibiotics– feeding hay
42Source: www.ars.usda.gov
Entertoxemia (Overeating Disease)
• Can be prevented by:– slowly introducing concentrates– careful regulation of energy intake– administering a vaccination against
Clostridium perfringens types C & D to pregnant and young animals at approximately four weeks of age
43
Vaccination: injection of a killed microbe in order to stimulate the immune system against the microbe, thereby preventing disease
• Also known as carbohydrate engorgement
• Affects cattle• Is caused by a sudden shift from a
forage-based to a high concentrate diet• Results from low rumen pH due to an
increase of propionic acid production
44
Lactic Acidosis
Propionic Acid: an acid produced by bacteria in the rumen with a very low pH
• Symptoms include:– abdominal distension or bloat– dehydration– diarrhea– sore hooves– liver abscesses– decreased milk
production
45
Lactic Acidosis
Source: www.ars.usda.gov
Lactic Acidosis
• Includes the following treatments:– gradually adding more roughages to the
diet– adding feed
additives to help raise the rumen pH
– giving oral antacids– giving oral fluids
46
Lactic Acidosis
• Can be prevented by:– maintaining a roughage diet of 10 percent or
more – utilizing ionophores as feed additives
47
Ionophores: a group of organic compounds, facilitate the transport of ions across the cell membrane
48
Johne’s Disease
• Is an incurable wasting disease of adult cattle
• Is caused by organisms in the intestinal cells and lymph nodes– organisms are passed out in feces and
easily survive in manure • Causes progressive thickening of the
intestinal walls• Affects young animals and may not show
symptoms until adulthood49
Johne’s Disease • Can be determined with tests performed
by a veterinarian• Symptoms may not be present• Symptoms can include:
– chronic diarrhea– weight loss – lowered milk
production
50
So
urce
: ww
w.a
rs.usd
a.g
ov
Johne’s Disease • Has no effective treatment• Can be prevented by checking health
history of animals before purchase
51
Blackleg • Is caused by a spore forming bacterium
attacking skeletal muscles• Spores can live in soil for years• Can cause death without any symptoms
52
Blackleg • Symptoms include:
– lameness– swelling over neck, shoulder and thighs
• will make a crackling sound when rubbed– wounds and bruises occurring in young
calves from four months to two years old– death occurs in one or two days
53
• Treatment:– massive doses of antibiotics may save
animals if detected early, not always effective
• Can be prevented by:– administering a vaccination at three to
four months of age
54
Blackleg
Foot Rot
• Is a contagious disease of sheep, goats and cattle
• Is caused by an interaction of two anaerobic bacteria– Fusobacterium necrophorum – Bacteroides nodosus
55Anaerobic: organisms living without oxygen
Foot Rot
• Bacteria must penetrate the interdigital epidermis
• Causes severe lameness• Contributing factors include:
– mud– manure– stones
56
Foot Rot
• Symptoms include:– moist and reddened hooves– inflamed interdigital space and coronary
band – foul odor– lameness
57
Foot Rot
• Treatments include:– foot trimming– antibiotics– zinc sulfate or copper sulfate footbaths – zinc sulfate as a dry chemical
58
Foot Rot
• Can be prevented by:– avoid using facilities
used by infected animals in the last two weeks prior to foot trimming
– trimming and treating the feet of all new animals
59
60
Bluetongue
• Is a viral disease mainly affecting sheep and goats but can affect cattle
• Can be transmitted by:– insects – in utero– infected needles– semen
61
Source: Dr. CV Kimberling, CSU Veterinary Extension
Bluetongue
• Symptoms include:– abortion– weak, “dummy lamb”
births– fever– excessive salivation– nasal discharge– inflamed mouths– swelling of muzzle and
ears– blue tongue 62
So
urce
: Dr. C
V K
imb
erlin
g, C
SU
Ve
terin
ary E
xten
sion
Bluetongue
• Does not have a known cure
• Can be prevented by the following:– controlling vectors– using insecticides
63
So
urce
: Dr. C
V K
imb
erlin
g, C
SU
Ve
terin
ary E
xten
sion
Bovine Virus Diarrhea
• Is a viral disease affecting cattle of all ages
• Spreads by contact• Is a transplacental pathogen
64
Transplacental: relating to or involving passage through or across the placenta
Bovine Virus Diarrhea
• Transmitted by blood feeding flies and contact with fomites
• Can appear in the following forms:– mild – acute– chronic
65
Fomite: any inanimate object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms Examples: soil, holding pens, chutes, feeding troughs
Bovine Virus Diarrhea
• Symptoms of an acute infection:– lethargy– poor appetite – diarrhea– fever– nasal discharge– oral erosions– abortions
66
Source: www.aphis.usda.gov
Bovine Virus Diarrhea
• Has no cure• Treatments are given to control
symptoms• Prevention methods include:
– vaccinating animals with a modified live virus
67
Foot-and-Mouth Disease
• Is a severe, highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven hoofed animals
• Leaves recovered animals debilitated
• Virus survives in lymph nodes and bone marrow at neutral pH
68
So
urce
: Dr. A
.P. Kn
igh
t, CS
U
Ve
terin
ary E
xten
sion
Foot-and-Mouth Disease
• Can be spread by physical contact with the virus by susceptible animals
• Virus includes more than 60 subtypes
69Source: Dr. A.P. Knight, CSU Veterinary Extension
Foot-and-Mouth Disease
• Symptoms include:– blisters– erosions in the mouth,
on teats and hooves– excessive salivation – fever– lameness
70
So
urce
: Dr. A
.P. Kn
igh
t, CS
U V
ete
rina
ry Exte
nsio
n
Foot-and-Mouth Disease
• Treatment:– vaccines must be matched to the specific
type and subtype of the virus• Prevention:
– observe excessive salivation, or lameness– report any signs of disease to your
veterinarian– do not bring prohibited animal products or
other at-risk materials from other countries into the United States
71
Porcine Circovirus
• Is an emerging problem in the United States
• Has two strains including:– PCVD1– PCVD2
• Is a member of the virus family Circoviridae
• Type II is the strain which affects pigs
72
73
• Symptoms include:– poor growth– increased mortality– weight loss– enlarged lymph
nodes– jaundice
• Can be present with no symptoms
Porcine Circovirus
Porcine Circovirus
• Includes the following treatment:– vaccines administered to piglets three to five
weeks of age in two doses • Can be controlled by:
– sanitizing facilities – quarantine new and sick animals from the
herd– lowering stress of animals– increasing immune system through proper
nutrition74
Avian Influenza
• Affects turkeys and chickens• Is transmitted through inhalation of feces
from an infected bird• Ranges from a mild to a highly fatal
disease depending on the strain
75
• Symptoms include:– coughing– sneezing– weight loss
• Treatment:– antibiotics for infected birds
76
Avian Influenza
• Can be prevented by:– decreasing contact with feces of wild birds– avoiding live markets– using good sanitation practices
77
Avian Influenza
Sore Mouth (Orf)
• Is the most common skin disease affecting sheep and goats
• Is a viral infection • Can produce painful
human infections• Affects young
animals more frequently
78
Source: Dr. CV Kimberling, CSU Veterinary Extension
Sore Mouth (Orf)
• Symptoms include:– loss of appetite– vesicles appear on lips, gums and tongue,
causing redness or swelling– vesicles break and form sores
79
Sore Mouth (Orf)
• Is a self-limiting infection • Treatments include:
– applying antibiotic ointment to the sores– tube feeding young individuals if not nursing
• Can be prevented by:– good sanitation– vaccination
80Source: Dr. CV Kimberling, CSU Veterinary Extension
81
Ringworm
• Known as Club Lamb Fungus• Affects all animals• Is highly contagious • Can be transmitted to humans• Is a fungus which invades the skin and
hair (wool)
82
Ringworm
• Symptoms include:– lesions appearing on the head, neck and
back– hair loss around infected area
83
So
urce
: Dr. C
.V. K
imb
erlin
g, C
SU
V
ete
rina
ry Exte
nsio
n
Source: Dr. A.P. Knight, CSU Veterinary Extension
Ringworm
• Treatment:– applying anti-fungal ointments to lesions
• Can be prevented by:– proper sanitation of brushes, clippers and
bedding– minimizing contact with infected animals
84
• Is a type of sunburn• Affects grazing animals• Is caused by a poisonous substance
"sporidesmin” produced by fungus on pasture plants
• Causes liver damage
85
Facial Eczema
• Symptoms include:– sunburn– puffy eyes – puffy face– rapid weight loss– jaundice
86
Facial Eczema
Facial Eczema
• Includes the following treatments:– sheltering animals from direct sunlight – removing animal from infected field– contacting a veterinary practitioner
87
Facial Eczema
• Prevention methods include:– keeping track of fungi counts in pastures– minimizing close grazing of pasture– shifting livestock to the pastures with low
fungi counts
88
89
Mange
• Affects all animals • Is caused by an external parasite • Can be identified in various types,
including: – sarcoptic mange– psoroptic mange– chorioptic mange– demodectic mange – psorergatic mange
• Is most commonly identified as Chorioptic Mange in the United States 90
Mange
• Symptoms include:– lesions – itchiness– crusts and scabs– hair loss– ulcerations on the
legs – weight loss– decreased milk production– increased susceptibility to other diseases
91
Source: Dr. A.P. Knight, CSU Veterinary Extension
Mange
• Treatments include:– spraying the animal with a medicated
solution at high pressure– using a lime-sulfur dip weekly in cattle
• Can be prevented by:– avoiding close confinement– keeping animals outdoors as much as
possible– quarantining new animals
92
Coccidiosis
• Is caused by a number of protozoan from the family Coccidia
• Is caused by protozoan rupturing the intestinal cell lining
• Can be found in all animals, mostly in poultry and cattle
93
Protozoan: predominately single cell organism housing a membrane bound nucleus and belonging to the protista kingdom
Coccidiosis
• Symptoms include:– diarrhea (bloody at times) – straining – loss of appetite– fever
94
• Includes the following treatment:– sulfonamides is the drug mostly used
• Can be prevented by:– good sanitation– placing sulfa guanidine or nitrofurazone in
feed or water– using a feed with correct minerals and
antibiotics
95
Coccidiosis
Ostertagious
• Is the principal worm parasite of beef and dairy cattle
• Attacks the lining of the abomasum
• Causes irritation and interferes with the digestive function
96
Ostertagious
• Symptoms include:– decreased weight gain– decreased milk production – Ioss of blood protein– diarrhea
97
Ostertagious
• Includes the following treatments:– administered at three-week intervals
• Thiabendazole• Ivermectin
• Can be prevented by:– administering one or more anthelmintic
treatments during a production cycle – providing higher levels of protein in the diet– late turnout onto pasture in the spring
98
Haemonchus Contortus
• Is better known as the "barber pole" or wire worm
• Is the single most deadly stomach worm• Affects sheep in warm, moist climates• Pierces the lining of
the abomasum, causing protein loss
99
Haemonchus Contortus
• Symptoms include:– anemia– pale mucous membranes– swelling under the jaw
100
Haemonchus Contortus
• Treatment:– deworming using:
• Levamisole• Ivermectin• Thiabendazole
• Can be prevented by:– deworming at birth– carefully monitoring herds
101
Ascaris
• Is a common parasite affecting swine of two to three months of age
• Is generally known as roundworms• Resides in the stomach, intestinal tract
and even the lungs of swine• Can be transmitted to humans through
ingestion
102
Ascaris
• Symptoms include:– weight loss– slow weight gain– abdominal pain– coughing or trouble
breathing– pneumonia
103
Ascaris
• Includes the following treatments:– deworming animals using medicines such as:
• Fenbendazole• Doramectin• Levamisole
• Can be prevented by:– thorough cleaning and sanitation– control of pests and rodents– minimizing traffic– good nutrition
104
105
Assessment1. Which of the following CANNOT can cause disease?
A. FungiB. VirusesC. VitaminsD. Parasites
2. Nutrient deficiencies are caused by a lack of all but which of the following?
A. LiquidsB. VitaminsC. MineralsD. Protein
106
Assessment3. A cocci bacterium is shaped like which of the following?
A. RodB. SpiralC. SphericalD. Circular
4. Which of the following is the study of fungi?
A. OrganismB. MycologyC. PolyporeD. Mushroom
107
Assessment5. Which of the following is a metabolic disorder occurring when
an animal has a low blood calcium level?A. White muscle diseaseB. Milk feverC. ColicD. Bloat
6. Which of the following digestive tract disease mainly affects horses?
A. ColicB. BloatC. Johne’s diseaseD. Acidosis
108
Assessment7. Which of the following is NOT a vital sign?
A. Blood sugar levelB. TemperatureC. Pulse rateD. Respiration rate
8. Which of the following is a nutritional disease relating to the
process of fermentation? A. EntertoxemiaB. ColicC. Milk feverD. Bloat
109
Assessment9. White muscle disease affects cardiac as well as which of the
following muscles? A. VascularB. SkeletalC. MuscularD. Vervous
10. Which disease is caused by a spore forming bacterium?
A. BlacklegB. Lactic acidosisC. Foot-and-mouth diseaseD. Bovine virus diarrhea
110
Assessment11. Foot rot is caused by which of the following?
A. Anaerobic bacteriaB. Proper managementC. Soil fungusD. Poor digestive health
12. Which of the following is a disease which can only be
transmitted through insects?A. BlacklegB. RingwormC. BluetongueD. Foot rot
111
Assessment13. Which viral disease has no known cure?
A. RingwormB. Bovine virus diarrheaC. Avian influenzaD. Foot rot
14. Foot-and-mouth disease has more than how many subtypes?
A. 20B. 30C. 50D. 60
112
Assessment15. Avian influenza can be prevented by avoiding which of the
following?A. Live marketsB. AntibioticsC. PesticidesD. Vitamins
16. Which viral disease can also infect humans?
A. Sore mouthB. Bovine virus diarrheaC. AcidosisD. Avian influenza
113
Assessment17. Which of the following is a common symptom among viral
diseases? A. FeverB. Frequent urination C. HyperactivityD. Vomiting
18. Club lamb fungus is another name for which of the
following?A. Facial eczemaB. MangeC. RingwormD. Sore mouth
114
Assessment19. The main symptom of facial eczema is which of the
following?A. Weight gainB. LesionsC. DiarrheaD. Sunburn
20. The most common form of mange in the Untied States is
which of the following?A. Psoroptic mangeB. Chorioptic mangeC. Demodectic mange D. Sarcoptic mange
115
Assessment21. The principle worm parasite in beef interferes with what
functions? A. RespiratoryB. Cardiac C. MuscularD. Digestive
22. Which of the following is NOT the most deadly stomach worm affecting sheep?
A. Haemonchus contortus B. Barber pole wormC. Wire worm D. Ring worm
116
Assessment23. Ascaris is a common parasite found in which species?
A. HorsesB. SheepC. ChickensD. Swine
24. Which of the following is NOT a common prevention
method for parasitic diseases?A. Deworming at birthB. Good sanitationC. Contacting a veterinarian D. Isolating infected animals
117
Assessment25. Which of the following is commonly known as roundworms?
A. RingwormB. AscarisC. Barber poleD. Blackleg
118
Resources• Animal Disease Information. (2010). Retrieved from
http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu• Pond, Wilson G. Pond, Kevin R.(2000). Introduction to Animal
Science. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. • National Animal Disease Center.(2009). Retrieved from
http://ars.usda.gov/• United States Animal Health Report. (2008). Retrieved from
http://www.aphis.usda.gov• Weaver, David Johne's Disease or Paratuberculosis. (2010).
Retrieved from the http://extension.missouri.edu• Photos Courtesy of:
– Dr. AP Knight, CSU Veterinary Extension – Dr. CV Kimberling, CSU Veterinary Extension– Tiffanie Brooks, D. V. M. Texas Tech University
119
Acknowledgements
120© MMXIVCEV Multimedia, Ltd.
Production Coordinator:Amber Krause
Project Coordinator:Meghan Williams
Graphic Designer:Melody Rowell
Production Manager:Maggie Bigham
V.P. of Brand ManagementClayton Franklin
Collaborator:Tiffanie Brooks, D.V.M.
Executive Producers:Gordon W. Davis, Ph.D.
top related