Nwrec container workshop iii 2006 irrigation
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Irrigation decisions: When and how much?
North Willamette Research andExtension Center
Jim Owen, Jr.
Irrigation Decisions:How much?
• Leaching fraction• Cyclic irrigation
How often?• Substrate• Grouping
• Plant Architecture
When?• Time of Day
USDA, 2004.
Leaching FractionLeaching Fraction = Volume Leached / Volume Applied
Irrigation volume determined by plant and substrate
Leaching Fraction
Lined or sealed Sealed outside pot
Leaching Fraction = Volume Leached / Volume Applied
Total Water Applied for container diameter area is measured as “total volume” to calculate leaching fraction
Leaching Fraction ~ 15%-20%
Plastic bags work for leaching fractions too!
Water Applied Water Leached
Leaching fraction
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Clay 0.10 LFClay 0.20 LF
Cu
mul
ativ
e in
fluen
t (L
)Treatment
Day after initiation
Leaching fraction
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Clay 0.10 LFClay 0.20 LF
Cum
ulat
ive
influ
ent
(L)
Treatment
Day after initiation
7 gal
Leaching fraction
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Clay 0.10 LFClay 0.20 LF
Cum
ulat
ive
influ
ent
(L)
Treatment
Day after initiation
90,000 gallons of water saved per growing acre
while maintaining growth
Leaching fractionAdvantages
Based on plant needDisadvantages
Management
USDA, 2004.
Cyclic Irrigation
Total water applied daily divided equally and applied in intervals to minimize water channeling and maximize subtrate rewetting
Cyclic Irrigation
Lateral unsaturated flow
Wetting front
0.2leaching fraction
1st irrigation cycle(some channeling)
2nd irrigation cycle 3rd irrigation cycle
Ted Bilderback (personal communication)
Cyclic irrigation
Fain, Tilt, Sibley. 2000. Less is More! Highlights of Agriculture Research
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
shoot dry wt (oz) shoot ht. increase(in)
1 cycle3 cycles6 cycles
red maple
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
0:0
0
1:0
0
2:0
0
3:0
0
4:0
0
5:0
0
6:0
0
7:0
0
8:0
0
0.10.2
Wat
er g
ain
(ml)
Time (Sept.)
Leaching fraction
Cyclic Irrigation
Owen. 2006
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
0:0
0
1:0
0
2:0
0
3:0
0
4:0
0
5:0
0
6:0
0
7:0
0
8:0
0
0.10.2
Wat
er g
ain
(ml)
Time (Sept.)
Leaching fraction
Cyclic Irrigation
1st Cycle
Owen. 2006
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
0:0
0
1:0
0
2:0
0
3:0
0
4:0
0
5:0
0
6:0
0
7:0
0
8:0
0
0.10.2
Wat
er g
ain
(ml)
Time (Sept.)
Leaching fraction
Cyclic Irrigation
2nd Cycle
Owen. 2006
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
0.10.2
Wat
er g
ain
(ml)
Time (Sept.)
Leaching fraction
Cyclic Efficiency3rd Cycle
Owen. 2006
Cyclic IrrigationAdvantages
Increases plant growth Increase water use efficiencyIncreases nutrient use efficiency
DisadvantagesIrrigation timingManagement
USDA, 2004.
Irrigation timing
c b a b
What time of day to apply irrigationPre-dawnAMPMAll day
Does it matter?
Irrigation timing
c b a b
Irrigation timing – micro-irrigation
Warren and Bilderback. 2002. J. Environ. Hort
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Pre-dawn
AM PM All day
Co
ton
east
er d
ry w
eig
ht
(g)
c b a b
Irrigation timing – micro-irrigation
Warren and Bilderback. 2002. J. Environ. Hort
0123456789
10
11:00 AM 1:30 PM 4:30 PM
Co
ton
east
er P
ho
tosy
nth
esis
Pre-dawnAMPMAll day
Irrigation timing – micro-irrigation
Warren and Bilderback. 2002. J. Environ. Hort
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
7:00
AM
9:00
AM
11:0
0 AM
1:00
PM
3:00
PM
5:00
PM
7:00
PM
9:00
PM
11:0
0 PM
1:00
AM
Su
bs
tra
te t
em
pe
ratu
re (
C)
PMpre-dawn
Irrigation timing – micro-irrigation
Warren and Bilderback. 2002. J. Environ. Hort
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
7:00
AM
9:00
AM
11:0
0 AM
1:00
PM
3:00
PM
5:00
PM
7:00
PM
9:00
PM
11:0
0 PM
1:00
AM
Su
bs
tra
te t
em
pe
ratu
re (
C)
PMpre-dawn
Irrigation timing
c b a b
Irrigation timing - overhead
Williamson et al. 2005. SNA
0
50
100
150
200
250
Co
ton
east
er d
ry W
eig
ht
(g)
Pre-Dawn
All Day
PM
aab
Irrigation timing - overhead
Williamson et al. 2005. SNA
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1 7 13 19 1 7 13 19 1 7 13 19
pre-dawn
all daypm
Su
bst
rate
tem
per
atu
re (
C)
Aug 26 03 Aug 27 03 Aug 28 03
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
pre-dawnall daypm
Irrigation timing - overhead
Williamson et al. 2005. SNA
Su
bst
rate
Tem
per
atu
re (
C)
Aug 26 Aug 27
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
pre-dawnall daypm
Irrigation timing - overhead
Williamson et al. 2005. SNA
Su
bst
rate
tem
per
atu
re (
C)
Aug 26 Aug 27
12:0012:00
3:003:00
6:006:00
Pre-DawnPre-Dawn
Irrigation timing - overhead
Williamson et al. 2005. SNA
Irrigation Treatment
Volume Applied
(L)
Total dry mass (g)
WUE
(mls/g)
Predawn 40.5 b 173 b 175 a
All day 37.5 b 219 a 134 b
PM 50.5 a 231 a 177 a
Irrigation timing
Williamson et al. 2005. SNA
AdvantagesIncreases plant growth Regulate substrate temperatureIncrease water use efficiency
DisadvantagesIrrigation timingManagement
Plant Grouping
USDA, 2004.
Group plants by similarities to increase irrigation effeciency
Plant GroupingGroup by:
Size• Container
• Plant
Species• Plant type
• Water needs
Architecture
USDA, 2004.
Plant Architecture
Williamson et al. 2005. SNA
How does the architecture of a plant’s canopy affect its demands for overhead irrigation?
Plant Architecture
Williamson et al. 2005. SNA
Plant Architecture
Williamson et al. 2005. SNA
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
22 29 32 40 47 49 54 66 73 82 92 99 105
Days After Initiation
Dai
ly V
olu
me
app
lied
(m
l)
Cotoneaster
Vitex
Cotoneaster Cotoneaster dammeridammeri ‘Skogholm‘Skogholm
Vitex trifoliaVitex trifolia ‘Variegata‘Variegata’’
Plant Architecture
Williamson et al. 2005. SNA
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
33 50 72 92 105
Days
Per
cen
tage
irri
gati
on C
aptu
re
CotoneasterGardenia
Cotoneaster Cotoneaster dammeridammeri ‘Skogholm‘Skogholm
Gardenia augustaGardenia augusta ‘Chuck Hayes’ ‘Chuck Hayes’
Plant Architecture
Williamson et al. 2005. SNA
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
22 29 32 40 47 49 54 66 73 82 92 99 105
Days After Initiation60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
33 50 72 92 105
Days After Initiation
Cotoneaster
Gardenia
Vitex
Daily Volume AppliedDaily Volume Applied Percentage CapturePercentage Capture
Substrate
Water buffering capacityClayPeatParticle size
• Fine : coarse
Substrate
Industrial Mineral Aggregate Processing
• Particle Size• 0.25 to 0.85 mm• 0.85 to 4.75 mm
Substrate
0
40
80
120
160
200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0.25-0.85 mm0.85-4.75 mmControl
Cum
ulat
ive
wat
er a
pplie
d (L
)
Day after initiation
Substrate amendment
Substrate
0
40
80
120
160
200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0.25-0.85 mm0.85-4.75 mmControl
Cum
ulat
ive
wat
er a
pplie
d (L
)
Day after initiation
Substrate amendment
5 gal
Substrate
0
40
80
120
160
200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0.25-0.85 mm0.85-4.75 mmControl
Cum
ulat
ive
wat
er a
pplie
d (L
)
Day after initiation
Substrate amendment
8 gal
Substrate
0
40
80
120
160
200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0.25-0.85 mm0.85-4.75 mmControl
Cum
ulat
ive
wat
er a
pplie
d (L
)
Day after initiation
Substrate amendment
8 gal
WUE 731 ml g-1
to 599 ml g-1
Substrate
0
40
80
120
160
200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0.25-0.85 mm0.85-4.75 mmControl
Cum
ulat
ive
wat
er a
pplie
d (L
)
Day after initiation
Substrate amendment
107,000 gallons of water saved per growing acre
while maximizing growth
Questions
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