Nutrient Management Update · Phosphorus Management Katie Campbell-Nelson UMass Extension Vegetable Specialist kcampbel@umass.edu 413-545-1051. Thank you! Joel Tilley ... MA all crops
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Phosphorus Management
Katie Campbell-NelsonUMass Extension
Vegetable Specialist
kcampbel@umass.edu
413-545-1051
Thank you!Joel Tilley
Tracy Allen
Dawn Pettinelli
Bruce Hoskins
Phosphorus (P)Outline
• Phosphorus cycle
• National P use and removal rates
• New England soil test interpretations
• 24,000 Soil test P results!
• Phosphorus Management and Discussion
Quick
VeryVerySlow
ReleaseRates
Journal of Environmental Quality-Jarvie et al., 2015
Ratio of phosphorus removed to phosphorus applied, 2007Summarized by USGS hydrologic regions
IPNI. 2012. A Nutrient Use Information System (NuGIS) for the U.S. Norcross, GA. January 12, 2012. Available on line >www.ipni.net/nugis<
Magdoff et al., 1999. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 63:999-1006
Relative yield of alfalfa in 31 Vermont soils with a range in soil test P (low to high).
Critical soil test P = 4 ppm
P Interpretation example
P interpretations for Modified Morgan (mg/kg or ppm)
Very Low
Low/ Below
Optimum Medium OptimumAbove
Optimum Excessive
MA all crops 0-2 2-4 4-14 14-40 > 40
CT Agronomic Crops 0-6.5 9-10 10-17.5 > 17.5
VT all crops 0-1.9 2-3.9 4-7.9 8-39.9 >40
ME established lawn 0-1.75 1.75-3.5 3.5-5 >5
ME potatoes 0-1.75 1.75-5 5-25 >25
SARE 'Building Soils for Better Crops'
0-2 2-4 4-7 7-20
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
P p
pm
Number of samples
Agronomic Fruit Gardener Lawn and Turf
Trees and Nursery Vegetable Organic Other
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Median P ppm
‘Optimum’ range in VT
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Below Optimum Optimum Above Optimum
% of samples in 3 P levels
Agronomic Fruit GardenerLawn and Turf Trees and Nursery VegetableOrganic Other
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00
P p
pm
pH
Modified Morgan extracted P ppm in relation to pH
Slide credit: Jennifer Weld, PennState, 2016
Slide from Tom Morris
8/4/2014
2.5 miles out into the lake
Toledo
Lake Erie
Bloom
Phosphorus Discussion
• Agronomy farms have low P; why?
• Vegetable and Organic crops have higher P; why?
• What does the soil test P level have to do with environmental risk?
• Where are areas of P risk on your farm?
• What practices will you try to reduce your P risk?
Katie Campbell-NelsonUMass Extension
Vegetable Specialist
kcampbel@umass.edu
413-545-1051
Nitrogen Management
Nitrogen (N)Outline
• Nitrogen Cycle
• How vegetables use N
• How to increase N efficiency
• Nitrogen stories from 6 farms
• Nitrogen Management and Discussion
ReleaseRates
TheNitrogen
Cycle
Slow
Organic N
Quick
NH4NO3
Nitrogen use curves
Time to take a PSNT
Estimating Nitrogen availabilityNew England Vegetable Management Guide:
https://nevegetable.org/
Most Plant Available Nitrogen is released 4-6 weeks after cover crop kill.
Divide the total estimated N content of your green manure by 2 if you are plowing it down and the weather is expected to be warm with adequate rain (based on seasonal averages, or, if you’re feeling lucky, on astrological predictions). Divide by 4 (conservative estimate) if you are leaving the green manure on the surface in a no-till system or if you are cropping during a cold or very wet season.
Thanks!
• Thanks to Farmers: Andrew Lawson, Kevin O’Dwyer and crew, Ryan Karb, Steve Chiarizo, Laura and Charlie Tangerini, Edwin and Joe Matuszko, and Maria Topitzer.
• Thanks to staff and advisors: Genevieve Higgins, Michele Meder, Julie Stultz-Fine, Samantha Glaze Corcoran, and Masoud Hashemi, Kate Parsons, Paul Peckham
MethodsSix farms
Three treatments 1. No Cover Crop2. Rye (70lbs/A) and Vetch (20lbs/A) 3. Farmer Choice
• With and without 60lbsN/Ac after incorporation
Four Replications, Complete Randomized Block Design
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
UMass Twin Oaks Langwater Tangerini Lyonsville ManyHands
lbs
N p
er
Acr
e
Farm
Nitrogen in Aboveground Covercrop Biomass
No Cover (weeds) Rye Vetch Farmer Choice
May 22, 2017
RV
Farm
Farmer Choice
(lbs/acre)
and $/acre
Cash Crop
and N needs
(lbs/acre)
Fall 2016 %
SOM and
(ppm NO3)
Soil TypeMethod of
incorporation
UMassRye (60), Vetch (20),
Tillage Radish (5)
$ 96
Sweet corn
(100-130)
1.7
(20)
Winooski
silt loam
flail mow,
moldboard
plow
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 2 4 6 8
pp
m N
O3
Weeks after coverincorporation
UMass Soil Nitrate
No Cover Crop
Rye, Vetch
Farmer Choice
60 lbs N/A + No Cover Crop
60 lbs N/A + Rye, Vetch
60lbs N/A + Farmer Choice
ns
*
* *
apply 60lbs N/A germination 1 ft. tall6 in. tallSweetcorn growth stage
NC
NC + N RV + N FC + N
RV FC
UMass Yield
* A 'Good' yield for sweetcorn is 750-1,500 doz/A and for cabbage is 20,000-40,000 lbs/A according to the New England Vegetable Management Guide.
C
B
AB AB
ABA
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
No CoverCrop
Rye, Vetch FarmerChoice: Rye,
Vetch, Radish
No CoverCrop + 60 lbs
N/A
Rye, Vetch+ 60 lbs N/A
FarmerChoice: Rye,
Vetch, Radish+ 60lbs N/A
Yiel
d d
oz/
A
Cover Crop and Nitrogen Treatments
UMass: Sweetcorn Yield doz/A*
GO
OD
EX
CEL
LEN
T P
OO
R
P = 0.0016
RV
FC
NC
April, 2017
Farm
Farmer Choice
(lbs/acre)
and $/acre
Cash Crop
and N
needs
(lbs/acre)
Fall 2016 %
SOM and
(ppm NO3)
Soil TypeMethod of
incorporation
Twin
Oaks
Fria annual rye (6),
Crimson Clover (4),
Tillage Radish (10)
$51
Cabbage
(160)
2.2
(28)
Deerfield
loamy fine
sand
rotary mow,
moldboard
plow
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 2 4 6 8
pp
m N
O3
Twin Oaks Soil Nitrate
ns
*
ns
ns
apply 60lbs N/A transplant cupping6 in. tallCabbage growth stage
Twin Oaks Yield
NC NC + N RV + N FC + NRV FC
C
BC
B
B
A
A
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
No CoverCrop
Rye, Vetch FarmerChoice: Friarye, Crimson
clover,Radish
No CoverCrop + 60 lbs
N/A
Rye, Vetch +60 lbs N/A
FarmerChoice: Friarye, Crimson
Clover,Radish +
60lbs N/A
Yie
ld lb
s/A
Cover Crop and Nitrogen Treatments
Twin Oaks: Cabbage Yield lbs/A*
PO
OR
G
OO
D
EXC
ELLE
NT
P = 0.0002
* A 'Good' yield for cabbage is 20,000-40,000 lbs/A according to the New England Vegetable Management Guide
RV
May 26, 2017
Farm
Farmer Choice
(lbs/acre)
and $/acre
Cash Crop
and N
needs
(lbs/acre)
Fall 2016 %
SOM and
(ppm NO3)
Soil TypeMethod of
incorporation
Langwater
Oat (90), Pea (50),
Vetch (40)
$308
Winter
Squash
(110-140)
6.8
(105)
Charlton-
Paxton fine
sandy loam
flail mow,
chisel plow,
disc harrow
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 2 4 6 8
pp
m N
O3
Weeks after incorporation
Langwater Soil Nitrate
apply60lbs N/A germination vining
2-6 true leavesWinter squash growth stage
*
*
*
*
FC
May 26, 2017
Farm
Farmer Choice
(lbs/acre)
and $/acre
Cash Crop
and N
needs
(lbs/acre)
Fall 2016 %
SOM and
(ppm NO3)
Soil TypeMethod of
incorporation
Tangerini
Oat (90), Crimson
clover (15), Vetch (18)
$205
Chard
(105-130)
3.4
(30)
Merrimac
fine sandy
loam
flail mow,
rototill,
perfecta
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0* 2 4 6 8
pp
m N
O3
Tangerini Soil Nitrate
apply60lbs N/A
near harvest!transplantChard growth stage
* 25 lbsN/A from 5-4-3 chicken manure was applied to the whole plot by the farmer.
*
*
*
*
May 23, 2017
NC FC RV
Farm
Farmer Choice
(lbs/acre)
and $/acre
Cash Crop
and N needs
(lbs/acre)
Fall 2016 %
SOM and
(ppm NO3)
Soil TypeMethod of
incorporation
Many
Hands
Summer 2016 seeded:
Sorghum Sudan (90)
$234
Spring 2017 Seeded:
Oat (100), Pea (100)
$251
Cabbage
(160)
6.2
(5)
Pootatuck
fine sandy
loam
disced twice
September 4, 2016
RV
Farm
Farmer Choice
(lbs/acre)
and $/acre
Cash Crop
and N
needs
(lbs/acre)
Fall 2016 %
SOM and
(ppm NO3)
Soil TypeMethod of
incorporation
Langwater
Oat (90), Pea (50),
Vetch (40)
$308
Winter
Squash
(110-140)
6.8
(105)
Charlton-
Paxton fine
sandy
loam
flail mow,
chisel plow,
disc harrow
Many
Hands
Summer 2016 seeded:
Sorghum Sudan (90)
$234
Spring 2017 Seeded:
Oat (100), Pea (100)
$251
Cabbage
(160)
6.2
(5)
Pootatuck
fine sandy
loam
disced twice
RV
May 26, 2017
Langwater vs. Many Hands
May 23, 2017
NC FC RV
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 2 4 6 8
pp
m N
O3
Weeks after incorporation
Many Hands Soil Nitrate
apply 60lbs N/A
transplant not yet cupping
Cabbage growth stage7" tall x
10" wide
ns
ns
ns ns
Many Hands Yield
NC
NC + N RV + N FC + N
RV FC
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
No Cover Crop Rye, Vetch Farmer Choice:Fall; SorghumSudan, Spring;
Oat, Pea
No Cover Crop+ 60 lbs N/A
Rye, Vetch +60 lbs N/A
Farmer Choice+ 60lbs N/A
Yie
ld lb
s/A
Cover Crop and Nitrogen Treatments
Many Hands: Cabbage Yield lbs/A
PO
OR
G
OO
D
EXC
ELLE
NT
B
* A 'Good' yield for cabbage is 20,000-40,000 lbs/A according to the New England Vegetable Management Guide 2016-2017.
A
AA
B
B
P=0.0016
Farmer Adaptations• Transplants 4 weeks after incorporation.
• Direct seed 2 weeks after incorporation.
• Experiment with less nitrogen fertilizer.
• Take more soil Nitrate tests
Plant tillage radish at 10lbs/Ac for weed control Start growing crimson clover
Nitrogen Discussion
• How else can the soil nitrate test be used besides predicting need for sidedressing?
• What sources of nitrogen do you currently use?
• What steps can you take on your farm to increase your N use efficiency?
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