Nondestructive Texture Assessment of Fruits and Vegetables by Itzhak Shmulevich Unlimited Postharvesting Leuven June 11-14, 2002.
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Nondestructive Texture Assessment Nondestructive Texture Assessment of Fruits and Vegetablesof Fruits and Vegetables
by by
Itzhak ShmulevichItzhak Shmulevich
Unlimited PostharvestingUnlimited PostharvestingLeuven June 11-14, 2002Leuven June 11-14, 2002
The Department of The Department of Agricultural Agricultural EngineeringEngineeringTechnion-Israel Institute of TechnologyTechnion-Israel Institute of Technology
Technion-Israel Institute of Technology The Department of Civil &
Environmental Engineering,
Agricultural Engineering Option
Presentation outlinePresentation outline
Introduction - firmness quality nondestructive measurements;
Impact technique vs. acoustic technique; Experimental report on various fruits; Results;
Discussion;
Conclusions.
QUALITY QUALITY ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
Quality Factors of Quality Factors of Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products
AppearanceAppearance - visual- visual Texture Texture - feel- feel Flavor Flavor - taste and smell- taste and smell SafetySafety Nutritive ValueNutritive Value
TextureTexture
Texture can be defined by subjective Texture can be defined by subjective terms such as:terms such as:
Firmness Firmness Mealiness, Hardness, Softness, Mealiness, Hardness, Softness, Brittleness, Ripeness, Toughness, Brittleness, Ripeness, Toughness, Chewiness, Smoothness, Crispness, Chewiness, Smoothness, Crispness, Oiliness, Springiness, Toughness, Oiliness, Springiness, Toughness, Fibrousness, or Juiciness etc.Fibrousness, or Juiciness etc.
Quality Sensing in Quality Sensing in Commercial SettingsCommercial Settings
RequirementsRequirements
NondestructiveNondestructive
External and internal propertiesExternal and internal properties
AccuracyAccuracy
Speed (5-15 fruits/sec)Speed (5-15 fruits/sec)
Recognize inherent product variabilityRecognize inherent product variability
NONDESTRUCTIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE
SENSOR SENSOR TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY
NondestructiveNondestructive Firmness Firmness Measurement TechniquesMeasurement Techniques
Fruit Response to ForceFruit Response to Force Detection by Impact ForceDetection by Impact Force Forced VibrationsForced Vibrations Mechanical or Sonic ImpulseMechanical or Sonic Impulse Ultrasonic TechniquesUltrasonic Techniques Indirect Firmness MeasurementIndirect Firmness Measurement
Research Research ObjectiveObjective
The motivation of the present work is to develop
a fast nondestructive method for quality firmness
testing of fruit and vegetable.
The general objective of the research is to
compare sensing the fruitfirmness using low
mass impulse excitation to the acoustic response
For quality assessment of fruit and vegetable.
TextureTexture
Relationship between turgor Relationship between turgor pressure and tissue rigiditypressure and tissue rigidity
E=3.6 p +2.5 x10E=3.6 p +2.5 x1077 [ dynes/cm [ dynes/cm22]]
Modulus of ElasticityModulus of Elasticity
NondestructiveNondestructive Firmness Firmness MeasurementMeasurement
Impact Force TechniqueImpact Force Technique
NondestructiveNondestructive Firmness Firmness MeasurementMeasurement
Acoustic TechniqueAcoustic Technique
Method and Method and MaterialsMaterials• Mango (210) Kent cultiver;Mango (210) Kent cultiver;
• Shelf life conditions: 20 Shelf life conditions: 20 00C 50%RH;C 50%RH;
• 12 days, ( 10 experiments):12 days, ( 10 experiments): 80 fruit were tested daily only 80 fruit were tested daily only nondestructivelynondestructively 130 fruit were tested both 130 fruit were tested both nondestructively and nondestructively and destructively 12 fruit were tested destructively 12 fruit were tested daily;daily;
• Special experimental set up for input Special experimental set up for input and outputand output signals measurements;signals measurements;
• Brix by digital refractometer, Atago's Palette 100.Brix by digital refractometer, Atago's Palette 100.
.
Low-Mass Impact (LMI) Low-Mass Impact (LMI) FirmnessFirmness
IQ FirmnessIQ Firmness
IQ IQ TM TM Firmness Tester Firmness Tester
Sinclair International Sinclair International LTDLTD
DestructiveDestructive Firmness Firmness
MeasurementMeasurement
Destructive TestsDestructive Tests
Destructive TestsDestructive Tests
Quality Detection by Quality Detection by Impact ForceImpact Force
Time [msec]
Force[N]
22
p
p
T
FC
p
p
T
FC 1
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
x 10-3
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Time [sec]
Am
plit
ude [
volt]
d
sec
N
Fp
Tp
td
Quality Detection by Impact Quality Detection by Impact ForceForceChen. P (1996), Farabee (1991)
Delwiche (1989 ,1991), Nahir et al. (1986 )
The Acoustic The Acoustic Parameters Parameters
of a Fruitof a Fruit Natural frequencies and firmness index - Natural frequencies and firmness index - FIFI
FI = f FI = f 22 m m 2/32/3 {10{104 4 kgkg2/32/3 s s-2-2} }
where: where: f f - first spherical resonant frequency - first spherical resonant frequency
mm - fruit’s mass. - fruit’s mass. Damping ratio - Damping ratio - The centeroid of the frequency response - The centeroid of the frequency response - ffcc
Firmalon PrototypeFirmalon Prototype
FirmalonFirmalon
Typical Acoustic Fruit Typical Acoustic Fruit ResponseResponse
Frequency DomainFrequency DomainTime DomainTime Domain
(b)-5
-3
-1
1
3
5
0 5 10 15 20 25TIME (ms)
AM
PL
ITU
DE
(V
)
Sensor-1
Sensor-2
Sensor-3
(d)0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0 400 800 1200 1600FREQUENCY (Hz)
AM
PL
ITU
DE
(V
)
Sensor-1
Sensor-2
Sensor-3
Microphone Based Microphone Based System for Acoustic System for Acoustic
Firmness TestingFirmness Testinghp 35665A
Impact
Microphone Signal conditioner
Source: J. De BaerdemaekerSource: J. De Baerdemaeker
Comparison Between Comparison Between Two Acoustic Test Two Acoustic Test
MethodsMethods
35302520151055
10
15
20
25
30
35
FIRMNES INDEX - METHOD-A
FIR
MN
ES
S I
ND
EX
- B y = 0.00328 + 0.9954x
R^2 = 0.977
BRAEBURN
3025201510500
5
10
15
20
25
30
FIRMNESS INDEX - METHOD-AFI
RM
NE
SS
IN
DE
X -
B
y = -0.30995 + 1.0080x R^2 = 0.989
JONAGOLD
Method-A:Method-A: Microphone Microphone Method-B:Method-B: Piezoelectric-Film Sensor Piezoelectric-Film Sensor
Source: N. Galili & J. De BaerdemaekerSource: N. Galili & J. De Baerdemaeker
Acoustic Firmness Acoustic Firmness SensorSensor
A F SA F S TMTM
Source: AWETASource: AWETA
Method and Method and MaterialsMaterials• Mango (319) Tommy Atkins cultivar;Mango (319) Tommy Atkins cultivar;
• Shelf life conditions: 20 Shelf life conditions: 20 00C 50%RH;C 50%RH;
• 13 days, ( 12 experiments):13 days, ( 12 experiments): 25 fruits were tested daily both 25 fruits were tested daily both nondestructively nondestructively and destructively;and destructively;
• Three experiment set-up for input and Three experiment set-up for input and outputoutput signals measurements;signals measurements;
• Brix by digital refractometer, Atago's Palette 100.Brix by digital refractometer, Atago's Palette 100.
.
Quality Detection by Quality Detection by Impact ForceImpact Force
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x 10-3
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Time [sec]
Forc
e
[N]
day-1day-3day-5day-7
Correlation Between Correlation Between Firmness Index (FI) Firmness Index (FI)
and Sinclair (IQ)and Sinclair (IQ)y = 1.2575x + 6.8966R2 = 0.7385 n=319
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Firmness by Firmalon [FI]
Fir
mn
ess
by
Sin
clai
r [I
Q]
Mango-Tommy
ResulResultsts
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Time [day]
Fir
mn
es
s I
nd
ex
[10̂
4kg
2̂/3
S-̂2
] ( b )
ResulResultsts
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time [day]
IQ [
Firm
ness
Uni
t]
( a )
SummarySummary
The firmness indices from the two methods gave clear indications of the ripening process of mango fruit during shelf life.
The Sinclair firmness tester (IQ) correlated well to the acoustic and the destructive tests than the low-mass impact (LMI) by pendulum technique.
The good correlation between the firmness index, measured by an acoustic technique (FI) and the IQ firmness by Sinclair indicates that either of the two may successfully be implemented as an on-line sorter for mango fruit.
Current ResearchCurrent Research
IQ IQ TM TM Firmness Tester Firmness Tester
Sinclair International Sinclair International LTDLTD
NONDESTRUCTIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE
SENSOR SENSOR TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY
NondestructiveNondestructive Firmness Firmness Measurement TechniquesMeasurement Techniques
Fruit Response to ForceFruit Response to Force Detection by Impact ForceDetection by Impact Force Forced VibrationsForced Vibrations Mechanical or Sonic ImpulseMechanical or Sonic Impulse Ultrasonic TechniquesUltrasonic Techniques Indirect Firmness MeasurementIndirect Firmness Measurement
NondestructiveNondestructive Firmness Firmness MeasurementMeasurement
Impact Force TechniqueImpact Force Technique
NondestructiveNondestructive Firmness Firmness MeasurementMeasurement
Acoustic TechniqueAcoustic Technique
Relationship between turgor Relationship between turgor pressure and tissue rigiditypressure and tissue rigidity
E=3.6 p +2.5 x10E=3.6 p +2.5 x1077 [ [ dynes/cmdynes/cm22]]
The Acoustic The Acoustic Parameters Parameters
of a Fruitof a Fruit Natural frequencies and firmness index - Natural frequencies and firmness index - FIFI
FI = f FI = f 22 m m 2/32/3 {10{104 4 kgkg2/32/3 s s-2-2} }
where: where: f f - first spherical resonant frequency - first spherical resonant frequency
mm - fruit’s mass. - fruit’s mass. Damping ratio - Damping ratio - The centeroid of the frequency response - The centeroid of the frequency response - ffcc
DestructiveDestructive Firmness Firmness
MeasurementMeasurement
ResultsResults
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Frequency [Hz]
Norm
alize A
mplitu
de
day-1 day-3 day-5 day-7 day-9 day-12
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Frequency [Hz]
Norm
alize A
mplitu
de
day-1 day-3 day-5 day-7 day-9 day-12
Parameters Parameters extracted from the extracted from the
measurementsmeasurements Low-Mass Impulse parameters: Low-Mass Impulse parameters:
C1 = Fp/Tp; C2 = Fp/Tp2 ; w (-20); and fc(in).
Acoustic parameters:
f1 ; FI ; and fc(out);
Destructive parameters: E ; Pene and Brix.
Quality Detection by Quality Detection by ImpactImpact
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x 10-3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time [sec]
F [N
]
day 1day 2day 3day 4
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Frequency [Hz]
Norm
alize
Am
plitu
de
day 1day 2day 3day 4
SummarySummary The new parameter of the input excitation signal in
frequency domain fc(in) can give a clear indication of firmness and ripening degree of mango fruit, independently of fruit size and shape.
Better correlations were achieved between the destructive indices and the input nondestructive parameter, as in compared to the output parameters. This can be explained by the fact that the output acoustic signal gives global indication of fruit properties and is sensitive to fruit shape, while the input signal represents local properties.
Summary (Cont. )Summary (Cont. )
The good correlation between the input and output parameters of the nondestructive tests indicates that integration of the two may improve the accuracy of the nondestructive dynamic tests for mango quality assessment.
Method and Method and MaterialsMaterials
Fruit Cultivar Amount Days
Nectarine Flamekiss 280 6
Avocado Fuerte 150 7
Melon Galia 160 11
Mango Tommy Atkins 309 12
Method and Method and MaterialsMaterials
• Shelf life conditions: 20 Shelf life conditions: 20 00C 50%RH;C 50%RH;
• Between 10 and 25 fruits were tested Between 10 and 25 fruits were tested daily both daily both nondestructively and destructively;nondestructively and destructively;
• Three experiment set-up for input and Three experiment set-up for input and outputoutput signals measurements;signals measurements;
• Destructive test;Destructive test;
• Brix by digital refractometer, Atago's Palette 100.Brix by digital refractometer, Atago's Palette 100.
.
ResulResultsts
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time [day]
IQ
[Fir
mn
ess
Un
it]
( a )
ResulResultsts
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Time [day]
Fir
mn
es
s I
nd
ex
[10̂
4kg
2̂/3
S-̂2
] ( b )
Correlation Between Correlation Between Firmness Index (FI) Firmness Index (FI)
and Sinclair (IQ)and Sinclair (IQ)y = 1.2575x + 6.8966
R2 = 0.738 n=309
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Firmness by Firmalon [FI]
Fir
mn
es
s b
y S
inc
lair
[IQ
]Mango-Tommy
Pearson linear correlation between the Pearson linear correlation between the nondestructive and destructive tests,nondestructive and destructive tests,
n=280 n=280 FlamekissFlamekiss-Nectarine,-Nectarine, Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level
FI F1 SIQ TIQ E F
FI 1 0.976 0.787 0.881 0.873 0.875F1 1 0.773 0.874 0.878 0.865
SIQ 1 0.880 0.810 0.841TIQ 1 0.908 0.928
E 1 0.922F 1
Pearson linear correlation between the Pearson linear correlation between the nondestructive and destructive tests,nondestructive and destructive tests,
n=150 n=150 Fuerte-Fuerte-Avocado,Avocado, Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level
FI F1 SIQ TIQ E MTCFI 1 0.977 0.714 0.721 0.689 0.695F1 1 0.737 0.747 0.702 0.710
SIQ 1 0.990 0.953 0.955TIQ 1 0.958 0.965
E 1 0.943MTC 1
Pearson linear correlation between the Pearson linear correlation between the nondestructive and destructive tests,nondestructive and destructive tests,
n=160 n=160 GaliaGalia-Melon,-Melon, Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level
FI F1 SIQ TIQ E ECFI 1 0.960 0.750 0.761 0.892 0.669F1 1 0.683 0.731 0.821 0.613
SIQ 1 0.864 0.846 0.651TIQ 1 0.854 0.708
E 1 0.840EC 1
Pearson linear correlation between the Pearson linear correlation between the nondestructive and destructive tests,nondestructive and destructive tests,
n=309 Tommy Atkins-Mango,n=309 Tommy Atkins-Mango, Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level
FI F1 SIQ TIQ E MTC
FI 1 0.955 0.859 0.742 0.716 0.487F1 1 0.801 0.714 0.648 0.440
SIQ 1 0.807 0.686 0.580TIQ 1 0.474 0.633
E 1 0.277MTC 1
Tommy Atkins-MangoTommy Atkins-Mango n=309 n=309
Thanks For Your Thanks For Your AttentionAttention
Thanks to the Thanks to the organizer organizer for a great for a great SymposiumSymposium
Pearson linear correlation between the Pearson linear correlation between the nondestructive and destructive tests,nondestructive and destructive tests,
n=205 n=205 TomatoTomato,, Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level
FI F1 SIQ TIQ E F(x=2mm)
FI 1 0.949 0.710 0.763 0.560 0.614F1 1 0.701 0.731 0.523 0.590
SIQ 1 0.873 0.541 0.693TIQ 1 0.587 0.684
E 1 0.498F
(x=2mm)1
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