NMISTAKABLE SIGNS OF AGRI FOOD SYSTEMS …...7 UNMISTAKABLE SIGNS OF AGRI-FOOD SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION IN SSA 1. Major growth in per capita incomes 2. Impressive agricultural growth
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T.S.JayneandHolgerKray
SeminaratMinistryofAgriculture,GovernmentofTanzania
10April2018Dodoma,Tanzania
UNMISTAKABLE SIGNS OF AGRI-FOODSYSTEMS TRANSFORMATION IN AFRICA
7UNMISTAKABLESIGNSOFAGRI-FOODSYSTEMTRANSFORMATIONINSSA
1. Majorgrowthinpercapitaincomes
2. Impressiveagriculturalgrowthrates
3. RiseofcommercializedAfricaninvestorfarmers
4. RapidinvestmentinagriculturalvaluechainsbyAfricanentrepreneurs
5. Diversificationofthelaborforceintooff-farmactivities
6. Greatervibrancyofagriculturalfactorsmarkets
7. ImprovedmarketaccessconditionsforAfricanfarmers
2
7UNMISTAKABLESIGNSOFAGRI-FOODSYSTEMTRANSFORMATIONINSSA
1. Majorgrowthinpercapitaincomes
3
• 35%growthininflation-adjustedrealp.c.incomesinSSA,2000-2014
– Doubling inmanycountries
• Povertyratesfallingfortheregion
– %ofpeoplelivingonlessthan$1.90adaydeclinedfrom54%in
1990to41%in2013(Barrettetal.,2017)
4
RISINGREALINCOMES
7UNMISTAKABLESIGNSOFAGRI-FOODSYSTEMTRANSFORMATIONINSSA
1. Majorgrowthinpercapitaincomes
2. Impressiveagriculturalgrowthrates
5
Annualinflation-adjustedagriculturalgrowthrates,2000-2016:
• Sub-SaharanAfrica: +4.62%
– Tanzania: +3.50%
• EastAsia: +3.07%
• SouthAsia: +2.96%
• LatinAmerica: +2.49%
• World: +2.75%
6
IMPRESSIVEAGRICULTURALGROWTH
AGRICULTURALVALUEADDEDANNUALGROWTHRATES2000-2016(constantlocalcurrencyunits)
Ethiopia Nigeria Rwanda Moz'bique Mali Tanzania Kenya Malawi Zambia%growth 6.2 5.91 5.47 4.72 4.55 3.5 3.07 1.89 -0.92
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7Source: World Development Indicators, 2017
%growthra
te
8Source:IFADRuralDevelopmentReport,2016;WorldDevelopmentIndicatorsdatabase,2016.
RELATIONSHIPBETWEENAGRICULTURALGROWTHANDPOVERTYREDUCTION
7UNMISTAKABLESIGNSOFAGRI-FOODSYSTEMTRANSFORMATIONINSSA
1. Majorgrowthinpercapitaincomes
2. Impressiveagriculturalgrowthrates
3. RiseofcommercializedAfricaninvestorfarmers
9
Farmsize Numberoffarms(%oftotal)%growthin
numberoffarmsbetweeninitialand
latestyear
%oftotaloperatedlandonfarmsbetween0-100
ha
2008 2012 2008 2012
0– 5ha 5,454,961(92.8) 6,151,035(91.4) 12.8 62.4 56.3
5– 10ha 300,511(5.1) 406,947(6.0) 35.4 15.9 18.0
10– 20ha 77,668(1.3) 109,960(1.6) 41.6 7.9 9.7
20– 100ha 45,700(0.7) 64,588(0.9) 41.3 13.8 16.0
Total 5,878,840(100%) 6,732,530(100%) 14.5 100.0 100.0
- 6.1%
+6.1%
CHANGESINFARMSTRUCTUREINTANZANIA(2008-2012)LSMS/NATIONALPANELSURVEYS
Source:GhanaGLSSSurveys,1992,2013
GhanaNumberoffarms %growthinnumber
offarms %oftotalcultivatedarea
1992 2013 1992 2013
0-2ha 1,458,540 1,582,034 8.5 25.1 14.2
2-5ha 578,890 998,651 72.5 35.6 31.3
5-10ha 116,800 320,411 174.3 17.2 22.8
10-20ha 38,690 117,722 204.3 11.0 16.1
20-100ha 18,980 37,421 97.2 11.1 12.2
>100ha -- 1,740 - -- 3.5
Total 2,211,900 3,057,978 38.3 100 100
51%oftotalfarm-land
CHANGESINFARMSTRUCTUREINGHANA(1992-2013)
12Source:NPS2009,2011,2013,2015
MEDIUMSCALEFARMS’SHAREOFTOTALCROPVALUEINTANZANIA–14%TO30%IN6YEARS
7UNMISTAKABLESIGNSOFAGRI-FOODSYSTEMTRANSFORMATIONINSSA
1. Majorgrowthinpercapitaincomes
2. Impressiveagriculturalgrowthrates
3. RiseofcommercializedAfricaninvestorfarmers
4. RapidinvestmentinagriculturalvaluechainsbyAfricanentrepreneurs
13
• 8-fold increase in the volumes and value of food marketed
through rural-to-urban value chains since 2000 (Tschirley et al,
2017)
• Underlying drivers:
– rapidly rising urban demand
– high global food prices
– agricultural sectoral reforms of 1990s
14
RAPIDINVESTMENTINAGRICULTURALVALUECHAINSBYAFRICANENTREPRENEURS
7UNMISTAKABLESIGNSOFAGRI-FOODSYSTEMTRANSFORMATIONINSSA
1. Majorgrowthinpercapitaincomes
2. Impressiveagriculturalgrowthrates
3. RiseofcommercializedAfricaninvestorfarmers
4. RapidinvestmentinagriculturalvaluechainsbyAfricanentrepreneurs
5. Diversificationofthelaborforceintooff-farmactivities
15
RAPIDDECLINEINSHAREOFLABORFORCEINFARMING(INFULL-TIMEEQUVALENTS)
Source:Yeboah andJayne(2018)
Source:Yeboah andJayne(2018)
FARMINGISTHESINGLELARGESTEMPLOYERINMOSTCOUNTRIESDESPITEDECLININGJOBSHARE
18
010
2030
4050
6070
8090
Sha
re in
tota
l em
ploy
men
t (%
)
5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5
Log of GDP per Capita (2010 US dollar)
Botswana Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Malawi MauritiusNigeria Senegal South Africa Tanzania Zambia
Agriculture
19
010
2030
4050
6070
Sha
re in
tota
l em
ploy
men
t (%
)
5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5
Log GDP per Capita (2010 US dollar)
Botswana Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Malawi MauritiusNigeria Senegal South Africa Tanzania Zambia
Services
20
05
1015
2025
30
Sha
re o
f tot
al e
mpl
oym
ent (
%)
5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5
Log GDP per Capita (2010 US dollar)
Botswana Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Malawi MauritiusNigeria Senegal South Africa Tanzania Zambia
Manufacturing
Source:YeboahandJayne(2018)
MAJORITYOFOFF-FARMAGRI-FOODSYSTEMJOBSINCOMMERCE,MUCHLESSINAGRO-PROCESSING
7UNMISTAKABLESIGNSOFAGRI-FOODSYSTEMTRANSFORMATIONINSSA
1. Majorgrowthinpercapitaincomes
2. Impressiveagriculturalgrowthrates
3. RiseofcommercializedAfricaninvestorfarmers
4. RapidinvestmentinagriculturalvaluechainsbyAfricanentrepreneurs
5. Diversificationofthelaborforceintooff-farmactivities
6. Greatervibrancyofagriculturalfactorsmarkets
22
Inherited 33.17%
Gifted 10.33%
Purchased 29.63%
Borrowed 11.09%
Rented 9.63%
Other(squatting/clearedland/allocated) 6.16%
Observations 4,291
Inherited/gifted38.34%
Purchased36.46%
Borrowed6.90%
Rented7.00%
Othermodeofacquisition11.30%
PERCENTOFTOTALFARMLANDAREA
Source:LSMS/NationalPanelSurvey2014/15
PERCENTOFPLOTS
23
MODEOFACQUISITIONOFALLFARMPLOTSINTANZANIA
24
Source:VanderWesthuisenetal,2018,basedonTradeMapdatabase
NOMINALVALUEOFTRACTORIMPORTSTOSUB-SAHARANAFRICA(EXCL.SOUTHAFRICA),2001-2015
25Source:VanderWesthuisen,2018,basedonLSMS/NPSsurveys
%OFFARMHOUSEHOLDSRENTINGTRACTORSERVICESINTANZANIA,2009VS2015
26Source:LSMS2009,2011,2013,2015
MEANLANDPRICESINTANZANIA:+53.9%INREALTERMSIN6YEARS
Sources:LSMS-ISAandIHSforlandandwages;FEWSNETforureaandmaize
OUTPUTANDFACTORPRICEINDICES,RURALMALAWI,2004-2013
7UNMISTAKABLESIGNSOFAGRI-FOODSYSTEMTRANSFORMATIONINSSA
1. Majorgrowthinpercapitaincomes
2. Impressiveagriculturalgrowthrates
3. RiseofcommercializedAfricaninvestorfarmers
4. RapidinvestmentinagriculturalvaluechainsbyAfricanentrepreneurs
5. Diversificationofthelaborforceintooff-farmactivities
6. Greatervibrancyofagriculturalfactorsmarkets
7. ImprovedmarketaccessconditionsforAfricanfarmers
28
Source:SitkoandJayne,2014
FARMERREPORTEDNUMBERSOFTRADERSBUYINGMAIZEINTHEIRVILLAGE,2014
30Source:ChamberlinandJayne,2012
CHANGEINFARMHOUSEHOLDS’DISTANCETOSERVICESINRURALKENYA,1997-2010
1. Futureaggrowthneededfromhighervalueperhectareandperlaborer,notjustareaexpansion
31
MAJORCHALLENGESTOBETACKLED
32
AFRICA’SAGRICULTURALGROWTHSTILLRELIESMAINLYONCROPLANDEXPANSION,NOTENOUGHONPRODUCTIVITYGROWTH
Source:EconomicResearchService,https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/international-agricultural-productivity/
1. Africa’slaborforcediversifyingawayfromsubsistencefarming
2. Shareoflaborforceinnon-farmemploymentupsharplysince2000
3. Governancehasimproved,albeitunevenly.Daysofhyperinflation,blackmarketexchangerates
andmacroturmoillargelyover.
4. GreaterproportionofyoungAfricansacquiringsecondaryanduniversityeducations
5. PercapitaGDPincreasedbetween2000and2014by35%inrealterms.SSAhasbeenworld’s
second-fastestgrowingeconomy,exceededonlybyAsia
6. +4.6%inflation-adjustedp.a.aggrowthbetween2000-2016(WB,2017)vs.worldavg.of2.75%
7. Womenhavebecomeconsiderablymoreactiveinlabormarketsandbetterabletoholdstocksof
wealthontheirown
8. Povertyratesdeclinedsignificantlysince2000
9. Nutritionalindicatorsalsoshowgradualbutclearimprovement
33
SUMMARY:UNMISTAKABLEPROGRESSINSSA
YOUTHLIVELIHOODSOPTIONS
62%<25years
40%Non-farm
60%Farming
Pulledoutofagriculture• Injobswithhighbarrierstoentry• Post-secondaryeducation• Investedinskills
80%
YOUTHLIVELIHOODSOPTIONS
62%<25years
40%Non-farm
60%Farming
10%Successfulnon-farm
30%Strugglingnon-farm
10%Successfulfarming
50%Strugglingfarm
70%Successfulnon-farm
30%Successfulfarming
Policies• Inclusiveeconomic
growth• Infrastructure• R&D• Education
– Post-secondary
Policies• R&D/ext.• Landaccess• Finance• Infrastructureand
investmentsalongvaluechain
– Irrigation– Roads– Electricity
STRUCTURALTRANSFORMATIONPATHWAY
T.S.JayneandHolgerKray
SeminaratMinistryofAgriculture,GovernmentofTanzania
10April2018Dodoma,Tanzania
UNMISTAKABLE SIGNS OF AGRI-FOODSYSTEMS TRANSFORMATION IN AFRICA
37
Source:UN2013
SUBSAHARANAFRICA:ONLYREGIONOFTHEWORLDWHERERURALPOPULATIONCONTINUESTORISEPAST2050
SSATotalFoodImports from7to40billionUSD(2001-2015)(intraSSAtradefrom1to10billionUSD)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
TotalFoodImportsl_SSA
TotalFoodImports_nonSSA
Totalvaluefoodimportsas%valueofdomesticagricultureproduction
Billions of nominal U
SDTo
tal v
alue
food
impo
rts a
s %
of A
frica
n ag
ricul
tura
l pro
duct
ion
valu
e
39
Source:VanderWesthuisenetal.,2018,basedonNPS/LSMSsurveys
%OFFARMHOUSEHOLDSRENTINGTRACTORSERVICESINTANZANIA,2009VS2015
40
Distancefromfarmto:
Percentileoffarmhouseholddistribution
Mean 10th 25th 50th 75th 95th
-------------- kmdistance--------------
Nearestdistricttown(km)
37.1 6.0 13.0 30.0 58.0 94.0
Pointofmaizesaletotrader(km)
Source:ChapotoandJayne,2014,basedon2014CropForecastSurvey,n=13,859farmhouseholds
MARKETACCESSCONDITIONS,ZAMBIA,2014
41
Distancefromfarmto:
Percentileoffarmhouseholddistribution
Mean 10th 25th 50th 75th 95th
-------------- kmdistance--------------
Nearestdistricttown(km)
37.1 6.0 13.0 30.0 58.0 94.0
Pointofmaizesaletotrader(km)
6.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 58.0
Source:ChapotoandJayne,2014,basedon2014CropForecastSurvey,n=13,859farmhouseholds
MARKETACCESSCONDITIONS,ZAMBIA,2014
1. Futureaggrowthneededfromhighervalueperhectareandperlaborer,notjustareaexpansion
2. Land/soildegradation– willmakecontinuedagriculturaltransformationmoredifficultunless
addressed
• Proximatecauses:lowadoptionof“climatesmart”and“sustainable”landmanagement
practices
• Underlyingculprits– ineffectivenationalagR&Dandextensionsystems
3. The“employmentchallenge”:eachyear,roughly17millionyoungAfricansenterworkingage
42
MAJORCHALLENGESTOBETACKLED
62%<25yearsold
LOOMINGEMPLOYMENTCHALLENGEINSSA
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