NLN Review 2012

• The grouping of organisms into KINGDOMS is based on 3 factors:

– 1. Cell Type (prokyotic or eukaryotic)– 2. Cell Number (unicellular or

multicellular)– 3. Feeding Type (autotroph or

heterotroph)

1. Cell Type- The presence or absence of cellular structures such as the nucleus, mitochondria, or a cell wall

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes – Bacteria! • DO NOT HAVE:

•An organized nucleus•Structured organelles

Prokaryotes – Typical BacteriaBasic Structure

• DNA – strands floating in cytoplasm/small rings called plasmids • Ribosomes- RNA/protein synthesis sites• Cytoplasm-water based• Cell membrane & Wall

Eukaryotes • DO HAVE:

• Nucleus organized with a membrane • other organelles

2nd criteria for Kingdom Divisions: Cell Number

•Unicellular- single celled organism – protozoans, bacteria, some algae•Multicellular- many celled organism – cells start to specialize/differentiate

• Unicellular • Multicellular

3rd Criteria for Kingdom DivisionsFeeding Type - How the organisms get their

food

–Autotroph or Producer

Make their own food

–Heterotroph or ConsumerMust eat other organisms to surviveIncludes decomposers – those that eat dead matter!

There used to be only 5 kingdoms

1. Moneran

2. Protista3. Fungi4. Plantae5. Animalia

This kingdom has now been divided into 2 – archaebacteria & eubacteria

6 Kingdoms• Archaebacteria• Eubacteria• Protista• Fungi• Plantae• Animalia

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Kingdom Cell Type

Cell # Feeding Type

Archaebacteria

Prokaryote

Unicellular Autotroph

Eubacteria Prokaryote

Unicellular Both

Protista Eukaryote

Most Unicellular

Both

Fungi Eukaryote

both Heterotroph

Plantae Eukaryote

Multicellular

Autotroph

Animalia Eukaryote

Multicellular

Heterotroph

Cell Wall

Yes

Yes

Yes & NO

Yes

Yes

NO

Archaebacteria•Ancient

bacteria-– Live in very

harsh environments

– extremophiles

Eubacteria• It is the eubacteria

that most people are talking about when they say bacteria, because they live in more neutral conditions.

Bacteria•Bacteria are

unicellular prokaryotes

Bacterial Shapes•Bacteria come in

3 main shapes– Rod or Stick

(bacilli)– Sphere (cocci)– Helical or spiral

(borrelia)

Bacterial Locomotion•Some bacteria

have flagella or cilia for movement

•Some secrete a slime layer and ooze over surfaces like slugs

Bacterial Nutrition•Some bacteria are

autotrophs and can photosynthesize

•Some bacteria are heterotrophs

Protists• Protists include

many widely ranging microbes, including slime molds, protozoa and primitive algae.

Odds & Ends Kingdom

Protista Kingdom• There are animal-like, fungus-

like, and plant-like protists

• Some are beneficial

• Some protists can cause diseases in humans, such as:

Protists Locomotion•3 types of movement:

–Pseudopod (false foot)

–Flagella/cilia–Contractile vacuoles

Protists Nutrition•Protists can be autotrophs or heterotrophs

Fungi Kingdom• The Kingdom Fungi

includes some of the most important organisms.

• By breaking down dead organic material, they continue the cycle of nutrients through ecosystems.

Fungi• All fungi are eukaryotic

• They may be unicellular or multicellular

• All fungi have a cell wall

Unicellular (yeast)

Multicellular

Fungi• Fungi can be

very helpful and delicious

• Many antibacterial drugs are derived from fungi

Penicillin

Fungi• Fungi also causes a number of

plant and animal diseases:

•Athlete's Foot

Fungi Locomotion• Fungi are

stationary

• They have root-like structures that they use for attachment

Fungi Nutrition• All fungi are

heterotrophs - Saprophytes-get their

nutrients from dead organic matter- Mutualists – live symbiotically- Parasites – absorb from a host, eventually killing the host

Plant Kingdom• All plants

are multicellular, their cells having a cell wall, and…

• they are autotrophs

• 4 important plant groups are the:

Mosses (Bryophyte

s)

Ferns (Pteridophyt

es)

Conifers (Gymnosper

ms)

Flowering Plants

(Angiosperms)

Non-vascular

Vascular

• Nonvascular Plants - Mosses

• the simplest of all land dwelling plants • lack an internal means for water transportation  • do not produce seeds or flowers

- fertilization depends on water medium to get the sperm to the egg.

• lack a woody tissue necessary for support around their “stems” and so are usually relatively short

• Mosses

• Vascular Plants

•Internal transportation System• Xylem – water carrying tubes • Phloem – sugar carrying tissues • enables plants to evolve into larger specimens.

•Produce Seeds – protects and nourishes an Embryo of the new plant

Gymnosperms– Conifers (pine cones)– Oldest vascular

plants

Angiosperms - flowering plants

Animalia KingdomAll animals are:-Multicellular: cells lacking a cell wall -Heterotrophs -Capable of movement at some point in their lives.

2nd Criteria for Animal Classification

• Skeletal Characteristics– Invertebrates

have a hard external skeleton made of chitin known as an exoskeleton

– Vertebrates have a hard internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage

• Kingdom– Phylum Major phylums of

animals are…•Subphylum

– Class» Order» Family» Genus» species

• Ecology- • the study of interactions between

– organisms and organisms– organisms and their environment

Factors that affect us:

1. Abiotic Factors Wind/Air currents

Soil

Light

Temperature

• A- stands for non• Bio- stands for living

• Abiotic Factors- nonliving factors

2. Biotic Factors:

• Biotic- Living factors

What is the organization of Ecological Study?

PopulationCommunity

Ecosystem

Biosphere

Organism

Levels of Organization• Individual- one

organism (living)

• Ex a moose

• Population- groups of individuals that belong to the species and live in the same area. (living-living same species)

• Ex many moose

• Community- groups of different populations (more than one population or different groups of species)

Ex many groups of moose beavers, trees, grass (all living)

• Ecosystem- all organisms in a particular area along with the nonliving. (living and nonliving)

Ex many groups of moose beavers, trees, grass, rocks, water, mountains

• Biome- group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities

• Biomes: tropical rain forest, tropical dry forest, tropical savannah, temperate grassland, desert, temperate woodland and shrubland, temperate forest, northwestern coniferous forest, boreal forest (taiga), tundra, mountains and ice caps

• Biosphere- all of the planet where life exhists, includes land, water, and, air

• Life extends 8 km up and 11 km below the surface

IN AN ECOSYSTEM:

Organisms live in a Habitat

Organisms fit into a Niche of the environment

Habitat vs. Niche

• Habitat- an area where an organism lives • Niche- an organisms role in its environment

– The Long Version full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions. Includes where in the food chain it is, where an organism feeds

• Habitat is like an address in an ecosystem and a niche is like an occupation in an ecosystem.

Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs

ENERGY FLOW

Energy Flow (Trophic Levels)• Producers- make their own food

• Consumers- get energy from consuming producers

Producers• Producers- capture

energy from sunlight or chemicals and use the energy to produce food.

• Producers are autotrophs- they make food from their environment

2 main types of autotrophs• One type gets

energy from the sun-by photosynthesis

• Another type gets energy without light- by chemosynthesis

Consumers• Consumers are

heterotrophs- get energy from other organisms

Types of Consumers• Herbivores- eat only plants• Carnivores- eat animals• Omnivores- eat both plants and

animals• Detritivores- eat dead matter (plants

and animals)

Feeding Relationships• Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction

from:– 1. the sun or inorganic compounds– 2. To autotrophs (producers)– 3. To heterotrophs (consumers)– Decomposers get energy from decomposing dead

organisms

Food Web- A network of feeding relationships.

(More realistic that a food chain)

Food Chain- a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating or being eaten.

Food Web

They can become very complex!

Trophic levels• Each step in a food

chain or a food web is called a trophic level.– Producers are the first

trophic level– Consumers are the

second, third, or higher trophic level

• Each trophic level depends on the one below for energy

Energy Pyramid• Only part of the energy

stored in one level can be passed to the next- most energy is consumed for life processes (respiration, movement, etc., and heat is given off)

• Only 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms in the next trophic level

Biomass Pyramid

• Biomass- the total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level.

• A biomass pyramid represents the amount of potential food available for each trophic level in an ecosystem.

Energy Losses • Energy transfers are never 100 percent efficient

• Some energy is lost at each step

• Limits the number of trophic levels in an

ecosystem

• Energy flow is a one way path! (not a cycle)

All Heat in the End

• At each trophic level, the bulk of the energy received from the previous level is used in metabolism

• This energy is released as heat energy and lost to the ecosystem

• Eventually, all energy is released as heat

Two groups of flowering plantsMonocotDicotyledons

Cotyledons Two One

Leaf venation

Netted Parallel

Root system

Tap root system Fibrous root system

A comparison of monocots and dicots

The flower is the defining reproductive adaptation of angiosperms                        Flowers are made up of four types of modified leaves sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.                                    a.  Stamens are the male reproductive organs that produce microspores. b.  Carpels are female reproductive organs that produce megaspores. 

The structure of a flower.

Plants: Grouped by characteristics

• Vascular– Three main parts: roots, stems and leaves

• Roots can be different sizes:– Fibrous and tap roots

• Storage roots; beets, carrots, sweet potatoes and turnips– Roots have different functions: anchoring the plant, taking

in water and minerals, and store food.

• Nonvascular– Simple; most grow in moist places– No vascular tissues.

Vascular Plants: Stems• Function of stems

– Support, transport of water & food • Most stems grow upward• Some stems grow sideward

– Types of stems• Green• Woody

– Transport of materials• Xylem & phloem

Plants are classified by characteristics.

Plants that make seeds Plants that do not make seeds

Flowering Plants

Conifers Ferns Mosses

Plants reproduce differently

a protective covering that surrounds the seed

anchor the plant in place and absorb water and other minerals from the soil.

carries water and food to the rest of the plant.

makes the plant's food.

makes seeds.

• Most flowers have four parts

– Flower parts

Sepal – one of the leaf-like parts that protects a flower bud and that is usually green

Pistil – part of a flower that makes the eggs that grow into seeds

Stamen – part of a flower that makes pollen

Pollen – tiny grains that make seeds when combined with a flower’s egg

How Do Flowers Make Seeds and Fruits?

Great Plant Escape- Plant parts

Ovary – the bottom part of the pistil in which seeds form

Ovule - the inner part of an ovary that contains an egg

embryo – tiny part of a seed that can grow into a new plant

How Fertilization Occurs

• When a pollen grain reaches a pistil, it grows a thin tube to the ovary. Sperm from the pollen grain combines with an egg, and a seed forms.

Fertilization – the combination of sperm from a pollen grain with an egg to form a seed

How Pollination Occurs• Butterflies may carry pollen

from the stamen of one flower to the pistil of the the same flower. Sometimes the butterfly may carry pollen from the stamen of one flower to the pistil of another flower of the same kind.

Pollination- the movement of pollen from a stamen to a pistil

Some flowering plants are

dicot seed – a seed that has two seed leaves that contain stored food

monocot seed – a seed that has one seed leaf and stored food outside the seed leaf