Neuroanatomy%20%28 orientation%2c%20forebrain%290
Post on 13-May-2015
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INTRODUCTION TO THE BRAIN
Outline
Nervous System Orientation of the Brain Ways to Divide the Brain
Lobes Evolutionary
Forebrain Prosencephalon Diencephalon Telencephalon
Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
Neuroanatomy Anatomy of the nervous system Study of the various parts of the nervous
system and their respective function(s)
Nervous system consists of many substructures, each comprised of many neurons
Nervous System
Brain Spinal cord
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic
Nervous System Parasympathetic
Nervous System
Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System
Brain Orientation
Brain Orientation
Sagittal
Coronal
Horizontal
Brain Orientation
Rostral Caudal Ventral Dorsal
Anterior Posterior Inferior Superior
DIVISION OF THE BRAIN
FOREBRAIN
Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral Cortex
Divided into 4 lobes
Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal
Cerebral Hemispheres
Motor and Somatosensory Cortices
Primary Motor Cortex Primary Somatosensory
Cortex
Somatosensory Homunculus
Primary Motor Cortex
FOREBRAIN
Prosencephalon
Basal Forebrain
Cholinergic output of the CNS Nucleus basalis
Arousal, wakefulness, attention
FOREBRAIN
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Sensory relay
“Gateway to the cortex”
Hypothalamus
Homeostasis
Endocrine Function
Anterior Pituitary
Adenohypophysis
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Prolactin Gonadotropins
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Posterior Pituitary
Neurohypophysis
Oxytocin Milk let-down Maternal care
Vasopressin or Anti-diuretic hormone Water retention
FOREBRAIN
Telencephalon
Limbic System
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Directly connected to the olfactory bulb and the hippocampus
Important in emotion
Fear response
Hippocampus
Important in memory and learning
Alzheimer’s Disease Destruction of
hippocampal neurons
Symptoms include memory loss, neurofibrillary tangles, and amyloid plaques
Miosis
Miosis
4 Hypotheses for the Development of AD Demyelination Hypothesis
Cholinergic Hypothesis
Amyloid Beta Hypothesis
Tau Hypothesis
AD- Demyelination Hypothesis
Cortex shrivels
Hippocampus shrinks
Ventricles fill with fluid
AD- Amyloid Beta and Tau
Fewer neurons
Fewer synapses
Tangles
Plaques
AD- Tau Hypothesis
Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease
Treatments
Early stages
Mild to moderate stages
Severe stages
Alzheimer’s Disease
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