Transcript
Despite growth, India cannot provide service to its poor
Team Extreme
Economic Growth
Economic growth means an increase in the output of goods and services produced in a country over a period of time, thereby increasing the national income and per capita income
Poor
A person is called poor if he has no • money • goods • other means of support
Parameters
• Education
• Safe water
• Agriculture and drought prone areas
Contd..
• Poverty
• Inequality in income
• Child labor
• Sanitation and health
Literate
• In the census enumeration, ‘a person, who can read and write with understanding in any language, is treated as literate. The person may or may not have received any formal education’.• So if we see as per census the literacy rate
is 62%
Functional literacy
• A person is functionally literate who can engage in all those activities in which literacy is required for and also for enabling him or her to continue to use reading, writing and do calculation.
• As per Functional literacy rate is 40%
Illiterate
• Illiterate is a person who is not capable of reading and writing. Poverty happens to be the single most important factor contributing to the high illiteracy rate in India
• Family background also leads to illiteracy
Annual Status of Education Report (ASER 2005 & ASER 2006)
• ½ of I std cannot recognize alphabets or numbers• After 5 months, other ½ can recognize but not able to read
• ½ of III std can read a std I level text• Can solve a subtraction with borrowing
• ½ of V std can read a std II text fluently• ½ of V std can solve a division sum of 3 digit
by 1 digit
Problems in rural school
• Lack of blackboards• Inadequate classrooms • No drinking water facilities• Lack of teaching staff
Safe Water
Safe Drinking Water
• 55,067 villages face the problem of access to safe water
• Women and children are more affected• According to the data received from State
Governments based on a survey undertaken in 2000
• 2,16,968 habitations are affected due to a variety of water quality problems with the following break-up
Source: Department of Drinking Water Supply, M/o Rural Development
Contd..
• Rural development and Engineering department has tested the water samples in rural areas on a massive scale and it was found that more than 40% of samples are unfit for drinking purposes. Important pollutants are excess fluoride, excess iron, excess Nitrate and higher dissolved solids (Brackish water) etc.,
Contd..
– excess fluoride - > 10.5% – excess iron - > 12.0%– excess Nitrate - > 08.0%– higher dissolved solids - > 08.0%
• In India more than 66 Million people consuming ground water, which more than un-safe level of fluorides
Contd..
• More than 30 Million people are consuming ground water having higher level of Arsenic
• 20% to 30% infectious diseases are from Microbial contamination of water
Source: indiawaterportal.org
Diseases caused due to contaminated water
• Diarrhea diseases• Malaria• Protein-energy malnutrition
Crippling Fluorosis – In Dhar District
Source: indiawaterportal.org
Source: indiawaterportal.org
Agriculture
Farmer Suicides
Facts
• 14000 in 1999 increased to 18000 in 2006• Rate of 14.2% to 15%• Suicide 43.9% out of which 64% were farmers• Maharastra,TN, AP, UP, KA
Source: thehinduonline.com
Loans
• Corruption• Illegal proof• Debt trap• Delay in sanction
Contd..
• High interest• Submission of form• Less number of financial institution
Cultivation cost
• Subsidies– fertilizer– Loan
• Pesticides– Black market
• Seeds
Source: A.Sugumaran, Customs & Central Excise,Chennai
contd..
• Seeds– Insects– Lack of advance technology– Improper research center
Irrigation
• Monsoon• Ground water• Bore well• Setup cost• Improper distribution of water• Delay in distribution
Power supply
• Installation cost• Low supply
Procurement
• Lower than market value• Middleman• Private vendors• No proper storage facility• Labour insufficiency
POVERTY
As a situation where an individual is unable to earn sufficient income to purchase the bare
minimum means of subsistence
POVERTY LINE
As per THE SIXTH FIVE YEAR PLAN:
The nutrition required is 2400 calories per person per day in rural area and 2100 calories
in urban areas
VICIOUS CIRCLE OF POVERTY
MEASURING POVERTY IN INDIA
• Consumer expenditure surveys conducted by NATIONAL SAMPLE SURVEY (NSS) organization
• Population- weighted average of the poverty measures for urban and rural areas of major states
• Urban and rural poverty lines developed by India’s Planning commission (1979)
ECONOMETRIC MODEL OF POVERTY IN INDIA
• Real non-agricultural product per head• Average farm productivity• State development spending• Inflation rate• Dummy variable for states
INEQUALITY
• Reducing inequalities income & wealth
• The gap between rich & poor
• Urban – Rural gap widened
Evolution of Inequality
Evolution of Poverty
Poverty Incidence
Gini
Gini Rural
RURAL SECTOR LAGGING
• The importance of rural economic growth, and agriculture growth in particular, to poverty reduction in India has long been recognized
• Agriculture as a whole has lagged the non-agriculture sector even today
• While India aggregate GDP grew at the rate of 6.7 percent per annum over the period 1993-94 -2000-01, agriculture and allied services grew at only 3.2 percent per annum
Over 20% of the country’s GNP is contributed by
A child labour…
• is under the age of 14• receives extremely little or no pay• is controlled by violence or other threats• has no option to leave the situation• has no access to education or health care
Source: BBC
Sector
Source:Indiatogether.org
Legal minimum ages for different types of work in selected countries
Source: Combating child labor,ILO, GenevaSource: UNICEF
Uttar Pradesh
Bihar
Maharastra
Madhya Pradesh
West Bengal
Andhra Pradesh
Tamil Nadu
Rajasthan
Karnataka
Gujarat
Orissa
Kerala
Assam
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Iran
Vietnam
Philippines
Ethiopia
Zaire
Thailand
Myanmar
Tanzania
Sudan
Canada
Iraq
60 40 20 0 20 40 60Child population in millions
Many states have child populations similar to large countries
Population: 1,027 million Children 0-18: 380 million (37%)
India : The scale of things...
2 2 2 23
45
8
15
18
0
5
10
15
20
MadhyaPradesh
Punjab Kerala UttarPradesh
Bihar Orissa India Rajasthan Tamil Nadu AndhraPradesh
% o
f chi
ldre
n ag
ed 5
-14
year
s w
orki
ng fo
r som
eone
els
eChild Labour
5% of children aged 5 -14 years in India work as child labourers working for someone else
Source: Census
General Pattern of Child Labour
• Bonded child labour• Agricultural sector• Street work
Bonded child labour
• 10 million as house servant• Agriculture, Mining, Brick-kilns, Construction
work, Bidi-making (cigarettes), Gem-cutting and Polishing work, Electroplating, Dyeing, Washing and Domestic work
• 20 percent of these bonded child labourers were sold
Source: Dr. G. Varandani, Child Labour and Women WorkersSource: UNICEF
Agricultural sector
• More than 50%
Street work
Source: Child Labour Cell, Street Children of Madras - A situational Analysis, (Study conducted by Joe Arimpoor), National Labour Institute, Noida, Ghaziabad, U.P.
Street work
• Rs.100 per month• Local police & Municipal cleaners • Staff members of the municipality(Bangalore)
Source: Ibid, p. 52.
Some most hazardous form of child labour in the manufacturing
sector of India
Glass Factory
• Firozabad, Agra district of Uttar Pradesh• 50,000 children below the age of 14• Carrying molten glass on a seven-foot iron rod
called labya• Children’s faces – furnaces were burning at
1500-1800 centigrade
Source: Burra Neera, Born to work, Child Labour in India, p. 42-3.
Match Factory
• More than seven decades• Total labour force 200,000 of which 35% are
children• 14 hours a day including National Holiday
Source: Child Labour Cell, Child Labour in the Match Industry of Sivakasi, p. 12.
Carpet Industry
• Increased from 100,000 in 1975 to 300,000 in 1990
• 420,000 child labourers• Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh & villages in Bihar-
kidnapped from their poverty• Labour-intensive(Age of five, made to work
for 20 hours a day )
Source: UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children 1997, p. 68.Source: Janet Hilowitz, Labelling Child Labour Products, A Preliminary Study, p. 15.Source: Nazir Ahmad Shah, Child Labour in India, p. 105.
Brass Industry
• 40,000-45,000 children are employed• Moulding-15000 children are employed• Temperature in the furnace is about 1100
centigrade• 600 box furnace workshops• No child under 14 was paid more than 200
rupees per month, irrespective of the type and duration of the work
Source: Burra Neera, Born to work, Child Labour in India, p. 168.
Lock Industry
• Aligarh district of Uttar Pradesh• 60 percent of the workers• Children do polishing, electroplating, spray
painting and working on hand presses• 12-14 hours a day• Exhaustion causes accidents
Source: Child Labour Cell, Child Labour in the Lock Industry of Aligargh, p. 10.
Electroplating & Polishing
• More than 70 percent of workers are children below the age of 14 years
• Work with naked hands in dangerous chemicals
• Power cut
Source: Ibid, p. 8.
Spraying
• 50 per cent of the workforce• Inhale large quantities of paint and paint
thinners• leading to severe chest disorders. They suffer
from breathlessness fever, tuberculosis, bronchitis, asthma, and pneumoconiosis
Number 1
There is no product that has not been scented by the sweat of a child labourer. India today has earned the dubious distinction of having the highest child labour force in the world.
Source: Joe Arimpoor, "Profile of the Child Worker", Social Action
Why does it exists ?
Poverty: Children who live in extreme poverty are most susceptible to enslavement
Tradition: Some parents view their children as property over which they have the right to control
Control: Children are attractive labour because they are easier than adults to manipulate and control
Contd..
Cheap and Replaceable: Overpopulation in some regions mean there is an abundant supply of children who are available as labour
Physical Size: Because they are smaller than adults, child slaves are more desirable for certain tasks such as weaving rugs
Child Labour Poll
What can we do?
1.Educate yourself about Child Labour2.Contact local, state, and national
politicians for support against Child Labour-Write letters asking for their opinion on
Child Labour3.Talk to your parents about Child Labour
-Educate the adults in your life!4.Advocate for Child Labour awareness!
-Begin a social awareness/ human rights club.
Health Sector
• Birth Rate : 22.69/1,000 population• Death Rate : 6.58/1,000 population• IMR : 34.61/1,000 population• HIV Infected : 5.1 Million• Major Infectious diseases : degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: chikungunya, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and malaria animal contact disease: rabies note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country.
• Source : CIA.GOV
Amenities
Sanitation
VECTOR BORNE DISEASESDUE TO POOR SANITATION
• MALARIA• 1.64 MILLION CASES (2003), DEATHS 943• DENGUE FEVER• CASES 12750 , DEATHS 217• FILARIASIS
• CASES 19 MILLIONS
Cholera
Cases : 2873
Death :2
Diarrheas
TYPHOID PATIENT
Cases - 329499Deaths - 672(1995)
Conclusion
?
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